Perceived teacher confirmation: The development and validation of an instrument and two studies of the relationship to cognitive and affective learning

Human Communication Research

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 264-291

  Ellis, Kathleen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034164155     PISSN: 03603989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00758.x     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Andersen, J. F. (1979). Teacher immediacy as a predictor of teaching effectiveness. In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 3 (pp. 543-559). New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books.
2. Andersson, B., & Nilsson, S. (1964). Studies in the reliability and validity of the critical incident technique. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48, 398-403.
3. Bavelas, J. B. (1992). Research into the pragmatics of human communication. Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies, 11, 15-29.
4. Bavelas, J. B., & Chovil, N. (1986). How people disqualify: Experimental studies of spontaneous written disqualification. Communication Monographs, 53, 70-74.
5. Bavelas, J. B., Hagen, D., Lane, L., & Lawrie, D. A. (1989, May). Interactive gestures and a systems theory of conversation. Paper presented at annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, CA.
6. Bloom, B. S. (1956). (Ed.). A taxonomy of educational objectives: Handbook 2: The cognitive domain. New York: Longmans.
7. Bloom, B. S. (1976). Human characteristics and school learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
8. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley & Sons.
9. Brophy, J., & Good, T. L. (1986). Teacher behavior and student achievement. In M. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Teaching (pp. 318-375), New York: Macmillan.
10. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1989). Single sample cross-validation indices for covariance structures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24, 445-455.
11. Buber, M. (1957). Distance and relation. Psychiatry, 20, 97-104.
12. Burgoon, J. K., & Dillman, L. (1991). Relational message interpretations of touch, conversational distance, and posture. In W. R. Cupach & S. Metts (Eds.), Advances in interpersonal communication research: Proceedings of the Western States Communication Association Interpersonal Interest Group (pp. 1-22). Normal: Illinois State University.
13. Burgoon, J. K., & Hale, J. L. (1984). The fundamental topoi of relational communication. Communication Monographs, 51, 193-214.
14. Byrne, B. M. (1989). A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York: Springer-Verlag.
15. Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456-466.
16. Chovil, N. (1980). A test of encoding and decoding relationship messages. Unpublished honors thesis. Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
17. Chovil, N. (1989). Communicative functions of facial displays in conversation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
18. Christophel, D. M. (1990). The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning. Communication Education, 39, 325-340.
19. Christophel, D. M., & Gorham, J. (1995). A test-retest analysis of student motivation, teacher immediacy, and perceived sources of motivation and demotivation in college classes. Communication Education, 44, 292-306.
20. Cissna, K. N. (1975). Facilitative communication and interpersonal relationships: An empirical test of a theory of interpersonal communication. Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, Denver, CO. (University Microfilms No. 76-1233)
21. Cissna, K. N., & Keating, S. (1979). Speech communication antecedents of perceived confirmation. The Western Journal of Speech Communication, 43, 48-90.
22. Cissna, K. N., & Sieburg, E. (1981). Patterns of interactional confirmation and disconfirmation. In C. Wilder-Mott & J. H. Weakland (Eds.), Rigor and imagination: Essays from the legacy of Gregory Bateson (pp. 253-282). New York: Praeger.
23. Cissna, K. N., & Sieburg, E. (1990). Patterns of interactional confirmation and disconfirmation. In J. Stewart (Ed.), Bridges not walls (pp. 237-246). New York: McGraw-Hill.
24. Clarke, F. P. (1973). Interpersonal communication variables as predictors of marital satisfaction-attraction. Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, Denver, CO. (University Microfilms No. 73-30-188).
25. Cook, M. N. (1980). Communicative confirmation and interpersonal satisfaction of mothers and their adolescent sons. Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, Denver, CO.
26. Coovert, M. D., Penner, L. A., & MacCallum, R. (1990). Covariance structure modeling in personality and social psychological research. In C. Hendrick & M. S. Clark (Eds.), Research methods in personality and social psychology (pp. 185-216). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
27. Ellis, K. (1995). Communication in large lecture classes: What is it like for students and teachers? How can we make it better? Unpublished manuscript, University of Denver, Denver, CO.
28. Ellis, K. (1996). Perceived parental confirmation and self-esteem of the adult child. Unpublished manuscript, University of Denver, Denver, CO.
29. Fisher, B. A., & Drecksel, G. L. (1983). A cyclical model of developing relationships: A study of relational control interaction. Communication Monographs, 50, 66-78.
30. Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 327-357.
31. Friedman, M. (1983). The confirmation of otherness in family, community, and society. New York: Pilgrim Press.
32. Frymier, A. (1993). The relationships among communication apprehension, immediacy and motivation to study. Communication Reports, 6, 8-17.
33. Frymier, A. B., Shulman, G. M., & Houser, M. (1996). The development of a learner empowerment measure. Communication Education, 45, 181-199.
34. Gorham, J. (1988). The relationship between verbal teacher immediacy behaviors and student learning. Communication Education, 37, 40-53.
35. Hoyle, R. H. (1995). (Ed.). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Hu, L. T., Bentler, P. M., & Kano, Y. (1992). Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted? Psychological Bulletin, 112, 351-362.
37. Hutchinson, S. R., & Olmos, A. (1998). Behavior of descriptive fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis using ordered categorical data. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5, 344-364.
38. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7 user's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
39. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8 user's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
40. Keating, S. (1977). The effects of agreement, disagreement, facilitative communication, and self-disclosure on the perceived confirmation of males and females. Master's final research project, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO.
41. Laing, R. D. (1961). The self and others. New York: Pantheon.
42. Leth, P. (1977). Self-concept and interpersonal response in a classroom: An exploratory study. Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. (University Microfilm No. 78-13,080)
43. Leth, S. A. (1977). Interpersonal response: Confirmation, rejection, and disconfirmation in established friendships. Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. (University Microfilm No.77-7482)
44. Marsh, H. W. (1987). The hierarchical structure of self-concept and the application of hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Educational Measurement, 27, 17-39.
45. McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P., Plax, T. G., & Kearney, P. (1985). Power in the classroom V: Behavior alteration techniques, communication training, and learning. Communication Education, 34, 214-226.
46. McCroskey, J. C., Richmond, V. P., Sallinen, A., Fayer, J. M., & Barraclough, R. A. (1995). A cross-cultural and multi-behavioral analysis of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and teacher evaluation. Communication Education, 44, 281-291.
47. McCroskey, J. C., Sallinen, A., Fayer, J. M., Richmond, V. P., & Barraclough, R. A. (1996). Nonverbal immediacy and cognitive learning: A cross-cultural investigation. Communication Education, 45, 200-211.
48. Millar, F. E., & Rogers, L. E. (1976). A relational approach to interpersonal communication. In G. R. Miller (Ed.), Explorations in interpersonal communication (pp. 87-103). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
49. Patton, M. L. (1980). Qualitative evaluation methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
50. Plax, T. G., Kearney, P., McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1986). Power in the classroom VI: Verbal control strategies, nonverbal immediacy and affective learning. Communication Education, 35, 43-55.
51. Richmond, V. P., Gorham, J. S., & McCroskey, J. C. (1987). The relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learning. In M. McLaughlin (Ed.), Communication yearbook 10 (pp. 574-590). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
52. Rindskopf, D. (1984). Latent variable models: Applications in education. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 9, 104-121.
53. Ronan, W. W., & Latham, G. P. (1974). The reliability and validity of the critical incidents technique: A closer look. Studies in Personnel Psychology, 6, 53-64.
54. Ross, R. F. (1973). Perceived communication patterns and predictive accuracy of supervisor/ subordinate dyads. Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, Denver, CO. (University Microfilms. No. 73-28-534)
55. Scott, M. D., & Wheeless, L. R. (1975). Communication apprehension, student attitudes, and levels of satisfaction. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 39, 188-198.
56. Sieburg, E. (1969). Dysfunctional communication and interpersonal responsiveness in small groups. Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, Denver, CO.
57. Sieburg, E. (1975). Interpersonal confirmation: A paradigm for conceptualization and measurement. San Diego, CA: United States International University. (ERIC Document No. ED 983 634/CS 500-881)
58. Sieburg, E. (1985). Family communication: An integrated systems approach. New York: Gardner Press.
59. Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
60. Sundell, W. (1972). The operation of confirming and disconfirming verbal behavior in selected teacher-student interactions. Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, Denver, CO. (University Microfilm No. 72-25 030)
61. Teven, J. J., & McCroskey, J. C. (1997). The relationship of perceived teacher caring with student learning and teacher evaluation. Communication Education, 46, 1-9.
62. Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication: A Study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes. New York: Norton.
63. Waxwood, V. A. (1976). Intercultural and intracultural communication: A study of relationship cues in an interpersonal setting. Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. (University Microfilms No. 76-25-470)
64. Wilen, W. W. (1987). Questions, questioning techniques, and effective teaching. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
65. Wood, J. T. (1982). Communication and relational culture: Bases for the study of human relationships. Communication Quarterly, 30, 75-83.