The immune response and the evaluation of acquired immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle: A review

Parasitology

Volumn 120, Issue SUPPL., 2000, Pages

  Claerebout, E ^a   Vercruysse, J ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Cattle; Gastrointestinal nematodes; Immunity; Ostertagia ostertagi; Rodent models

Indexed keywords

CATTLE; GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION; GOBLET CELL; HELPER CELL; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MAST CELL; MOUSE; NEMATODIASIS; NONHUMAN; OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI; PARASITE IMMUNITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RODENT;

ANIMALIA; BOS TAURUS; BOVINAE; NEMATODA; OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI; RODENTIA;

EID: 0034106328     PISSN: 00311820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0031182099005776     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. ADAMS, D. B., MERRITT, G. C. & CRIPPS, A. W. (1980). Intestinal lymph and the local antibody and immunoglobulin response to infection by Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep. Australian Journal of Experimental Biological and Medical Science 58, 167-177.
2. AHMAD, A., WANG, C. H. & BELL, R. G. (1991). A role for IgE in intestinal immunity. Expression of rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis in rats transfused with IgE and thoracic duct lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 146, 3563-3570.
3. ALBERS, G. A. A. (1981). Genetic resistance to experimental Cooperia oncophora infections in calves. PhD Thesis, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
4. ALMERIA, S., CANALS, A., GÓMEZ-MUÑOZ, M. T., ZARLENGA, D, S. & GASBARRE, L., C. (1998). Characterization of protective immune responses in local lymphoid tissues after drug-attenuated infections with Ostertagia ostertagi in calves. Veterinary Parasitology 80, 53-64.
5. ALMERIA, S., CANALS, A., ZARLENGA, D. S. & GASBARRE, L. C. (1997a). Isolation and characterization of abomasal lymphocytes in the course of a primary Ostertagia ostertagi infection. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 57, 87-98.
6. ALMERIA, S., CANALS, A., ZARLENGA, D. S. & GASBARRE, L. C. (1997b). Quantification of cytokine gene expression in lamina propria lymphocytes of cattle following infection with Ostertagia ostertagi. Journal of Parasitology 83, 1051-1055.
7. ALMOND, N. M. & PARKHOUSE, R. M. E. (1986). Immunoglobulin class-specific responses to biochemically defined antigens of Trichinella spiralis. Parasite Immunology 8, 391-406.
8. ANDERSON, R. M. (1998). Complex dynamic behaviours in the interaction between parasite populations and the host's immune system. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 551-566.
9. ARMOUR, J. (1989). The influence of host immunity on the epidemiology of trichostrongyle infections in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 32, 5-19.
10. ARMOUR, J., BAIRDEN, K., HOLMES, P. H., PARKINS, J. J., PLOEGER, H. & SALMAN, S. K. (1987). Pathophysiological and parasitological studies on Cooperia oncophora infections in calves. Research in Veterinary Science 42, 373-381.
11. ARMOUR, J. & DUNCAN, M. (1987). Arrested larval development in cattle nematodes. Parasitology Today 3, 171-176.
12. BAIRD, A. W. & O'MALLEY, K. E. (1993). Epithelial ion transport possible contribution to parasite expulsion. Parasitology Today 9, 141-143.
13. BAKER, D. G. & GERSHWIN, L. J. (1992). Seasonal patterns of total and Osterlagia-spcecific IgE in grazing cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 44, 211-221.
14. BAKER, D. G. & GERSHWIN, I., J. (1993). Inverse relationship between IgE and worm burdens in cattle infected with Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 47, 87-97.
15. BAKER, D. G., SCOTT, J. L. & GERSHWIN, L. J. (1993). Abomasal lymphatic lymphocyte subpopulations in cattle infected with Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia sp. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 39, 467-473.
16. BANCROFT, A. J., ELSE, K. J., SYPEK, J. P. & GRENCIS, R. K. (1997). IL-12 promotes a chronic intestinal nematode infection. European Journal of Immunology 27, 2536-2540.
17. BANCROFT, A. J., MCKENZIE, A. N. J. & GRENCIS, R. K. (1998). A critical role for IL-13 in resistance to intestinal nematode infection. Journal of Immunology 160, 3453-3461.
18. BEHNKE, J. M. (1987). Evasion of immunity by nematode parasites causing chronic infection. Advances in Parasitology 26, 1-70.
19. BEHNKE, J. M., WAHID, F. N., GRENCIS, R. K., ELSE, K. J., BEN-SMITH, A. & GOYAL, P. K. (1993). Immunological relationships during primary infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius) : down regulation of specific cytokine secretion (IL-9 and IL-10) correlates with poor mastocytosis and chronic survival of adult worms. Parasita Immunology 15, 415-421.
20. BENDIXSEN, T., EMERY, D. L. & JONES, W. O. (1995). The sensitization of mucosal mast cells during infections with Trichostrongylus colubriformis or llaenmnchns contortus in sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 25, 741-748.
21. BETTS, C. J. & ELSE, K. J. (1999). Mast cells, cosinophils and antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity are not critical in resistance to Trichuris muris. Parasite Immunology 21, 45-52.
22. BIENENSTOCK, J. & BEFUS, A. D. (1980). Mucosal immunology. Immunology 41, 249-270.
23. BONE, L. W. & KLESIUS, P. H. (1985). Effects of host serum on in vitro oviposition by Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 10, 27-32.
24. BOTTJER, K. P., KLESIUS, P. H. & BONE, L. W. (1985). Effects of host serum on feeding by Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda). Parasite Immunology 7, 1-9.
25. BRIGANDI, R. A., ROTMAN, H. L., YUTANAWIBOONCHAI, A., LEON, O., NOLAN, T. J., SCHAD, G. A. & ABRAHAM, D. (1996). Strongyloidcs stercoralis: role of antibody and complement in immunity to the third stage larvae in BALB/cByJ mice. Experimental Parasitology 82, 279-289.
26. BROWN, W. C., DAVIS, W. C., DOBBELAERE, A. E. & RICEFICHT, A. C. (1994). CD4+ T-cell clones obtained from cattle chronically infected with Fasciola hepatica and specific for adult worm antigen express both unrestricted and Th2 cytokine profiles. Infection and Immunity 62, 818-827.
27. BUDDLE, B. M., JOWETT, G., GREEN, R. S., DOUCH, P. G. C. & RISDON, P. L. (1992). Association of blood eosinophilia with the expression of resistance in Romney lambs to nematodes. International Journal for Parasitology 22, 255-260.
28. BUTTERWORTH, A. E. (1984). Cell-mediated damage to helminths. Advances in Parasitology 23, 143-235.
29. CANALS, A. & GASBARRE, L. C. (1990). Ostertagia ostertagi: isolation and partial characterization of somatic and metabolic antigens. International Journal for Parasitology 20, 1047-1054.
30. CANALS, A., ZARLENGA, D. S., ALMERIA, S. & GASBARRE, I., C. (1997). Cytokine profile induced by a primary infection with Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Immunology and Imnuinopathology 58, 63-75.
31. CHARLEY-POULAIN, J., LUFFAU, G. & PERY, P. (1984). Serum and abomasal antibody response of sheep to infections with Haemonchus contortus. Veterinary Parasitology 14, 129-141.
32. CHEN, V., KUCHROO, V. K., INOBE, J., HAFLER, D. A. & WELNER, H. L. (1994). Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 265, 1237-1240.
33. CHRISTENSEN, C. M. (1991). Studies of the immune response in cattle infected with normal or inhibited larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi (Trichostrongylidae), PhD thesis, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 239.
34. CHRISTENSEN, C. M., NANSEN, P., HENRIKSEN, S. A. A., MONRAD, J. & SATRIJA, F. (1992). Attempts to immunize cattle against Ostertagia ostertagi infections employing 'normal' and 'chilled' (hypobiosis-prone) third stage larvae. Veterinary Parasitology 44, 247-261.
35. CLAEREBOUT, E., AGNEESSENS, J., SHAW, D. J. & VERCRUYSSE, J. (1999a). Larval migration inhibition activity in abomasal mucus and serum from calves infected with Ostertagia ostertagi. Research in Veterinary Science 66, 253-257.
36. CLAEREBOUT, E., DORNY, P., VERCRUYSSE, J., AGNEESSENS, J. & DEMEULENAERE, D. (1998b). Effects of preventive anthelmintic treatment on acquired resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 76, 287-303.
37. CLAEREBOUT, E., HILDERSON, H., MEEUS, P., DE MAREZ, T., BEHNKE, J., HUNTLEY, J. & VERCRUYSSE, J. (1996). The effect of truncated infections with Ostertagia ostertagi on the development of acquired resistance in calves. Veterinary Parasitology 66, 225-239.
38. CLAEREBOUT, E., HILDERSON, H., SHAW, D. J. & VERCRUYSSE, J. (1997). The presence of an early L4 population in relation to the acquired resistance of calves naturally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 68, 337-346.
39. CLAEREBOUT, E., RAES, S., GELDHOF, P., AGNEESSENS, J. & VERCRUYSSE, J. (1999b). IgA response associated with reduced fecundity of Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle. 17th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, Copenhagen.
40. CLAERBOUT, E., VERCRUYSSE, J., DORNY, P., DEMEULENAERE, D. & DEREU, A. (1998a). The effect of different infection levels on acquired resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in artificially infected cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 75, 153-167.
41. COFFMAN, R. L., SEYMOUR, B. W. P., HUDAK, S., JACKSON, J. & RENNICK, D. (1989). Antibody to IL5 inhibits helminth induced eosinophilia in mice. Science 245, 308.
42. CONSTANT, S. L. & BOTTOMLY, K. (1997). Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell responses: the alternative approaches. Annual Revue of Immunology 15, 297-322.
43. CROSS, D. A., KLESIUS, P. H. & HAYNES, T. B. (1986). Lymphocyte blastogenic responses of calves experimentally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 22, 49-55.
44. CROWLE, P. K. & REED, N. D. (1981). Rejection of the intestinal parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis by mast cell deficient W/W anaemic mice. Infection and Immunity 33, 54-58.
45. DAWKINS, H. J. S., WINDON, R. G. & EAGLESON, G. K. (1989). Eosinophil responses in sheep selected for high and low responsiveness to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal for Parasitology 19, 199-205.
46. DE MAREZ, T., COX, E., CLAEREBOUT, E., VERCRUYSSE, J. & GODDEERIS, B. M. (1997). Induction and suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by antigen extracts of Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 57, 69-77.
47. DESSEIN, A. J., PARKER, W. L., JAMES, S. L. & DAVID, J. R. (1981). IgE antibody and resistance to infection. I. Selective suppression of the IgE antibody response in rats diminishes the resistance and the eosmophil response to Trichinella spiralis infection. Journal of Experimental Medicine 153, 423-436.
48. DINEEN, J. K., GREGG, P. & LASCELLES, A. K. (1978). The response of lambs to vaccination at weaning with irradiated Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae: segregation into 'responders' and 'non-responders'. International Journal for Parasitology 8, 59-63.
49. DINEEN, J. K. & WINDON, R. G. (1980). The effect of sire selection on the response of lambs to vaccination with irradiated Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae. International Journal for Parasitology 10, 189-196.
50. DORNY, P., CLAEREBOUT, E., VERCRUYSSE, J., HILDERSON, H. & HUNTLEY, J. F. (1997). The influence of a Cooperia oncophora priming on a concurrent challenge with Ostertagia ostertagi and C. oncophora in calves. Veterinary Parasitology 70, 143-151.
51. DOUCH, P. G. C., HARRISON, G. B. L., BUCHANAN, L. L. & BRUNSDON, R. V. (1984). Relationship of histamine in tissues and antiparasitic substances in gastrointestinal mucus to the development of resistance to trichostrongyle infections in young sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 16, 273-288.
52. DOUCH, P. G. C., HARRISON, G. B. L., BUCHANAN, L. L. & GREER, K. S. (1983). In vitro bioassay of sheep gastrointestinal mucus for nematode paralysing activity mediated by substances with some properties characteristic of SRS-A. International Journal for Parasitology 13, 207-212.
53. DOUCH, P. G. C., HARRISON, G. B. L., ELLIOTT, D. C., BUCHANAN, L. L. & GREER, K. S. (1986). Relationship of gastrointestinal histology and mucus antiparasite activity with the development of resistance to trichostrongyle infections in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 20, 315-331.
54. DOUCH, P. G. C., MORUM, P. E. & RABEL, B. (1996). Secretion of antiparasite substances and leukotrienes from ovine gastrointestinal tissues and isolated mucosal mast cells. International Journal for Parasitology 26, 205-211.
55. DUNCAN, J. L., SMITH, W. D. & DARGIE, J. D. (1978). Possible relationship of levels of mucosal IgA and serum IgG to immune unresponsiveness of lambs to Haemonchus contortus. Veterinary Parasitology 4, 21-27.
56. ELSE, K. J. & FINKELMAN, F. D. (1998). Intestinal nematode parasites, cytokines and effector mechanisms. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 1145-1158.
57. ELSE, K. J., FINKELMAN, F. D., MALISZEWSKI, C. R. & GRENCIS, R. K. (1994). Cytokine-mediated regulation of chronic intestinal helminth infection. Journal of Experimental Medicine 179, 347-351.
58. ELSE, K. J. & GRENCIS, R. K. (1991). Cellular immune responses to the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. I. Differential cytokine production during acute or chronic infection. Immunology 72, 508-513.
59. ELSE, K. J., HÜLTNER, L. & GRENCIS, R. K. (1992). Cellular immune responses to the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. II. Differential induction of Th-cell subsets in resistent versus susceptible mice. Immunology 75, 232-237.
60. EMERY, D. L., MCCLURE, S. J. & WAGLAND, B. M. (1993). Production of vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock. Immunology and Cell Biology 71, 463-472.
61. EYSKER, M. (1993). The role of inhibited development in the epidemiology of Ostertagia infections. Veterinary Parasitology 46, 259-269.
62. FAULKNER, H., HUMPHREYS, N., RENAULD, J. C., VAN SNICK, J. & GRENCIS, R. K. (1997). Interleukin-9 is involved in host protective immunity to intestinal nematode infection. European Journal of Immunology 27, 2536-2540.
63. FINKELMAN, F. D., MADDEN, K. B., CHEEVERS, A. W., KATONA, I. M., MORRIS, S. C., GATELY, M. K., HUBBARD, B. R., GAUSE, W. C. & URBAN, J. F. JR. (1994). Kffects of interleukin 12 on immune responses and host protection in mice infected with intestinal nematode parasites. Journal of Experimental Medicine 179, 1563-1572.
64. FINKELMAN, F. D., PEARCE, E. J., URBAN, J. F. JR. & SHER, A. (1991). Regulation and biological function of helminth-induced cytokine responses. Immunology Today 12, 62-67.
65. FINKELMAN, F. D., SHEA-DONOHUE, T., GOLDHILL, J., SULLIVAN, C. A., MORRIS, S. C., MADDEN, K. B., GAUSE, W. C. & URBAN, J. F. JR. (1997). Cytokine regulation of host defence against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes: lessons from studies with rodent models. Annual Revue of Immunology 15, 505-533.
66. FRANKENA, K. (1987). The interaction between COOPERIA spp. and OSTERTAGIA spp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in cattle. PhD thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 101.
67. GALLI, S. J., GORDON, J. R. & WERSHIL, B. K. (1991). Cytokine production by mast cells and basophils. Current Opinion in Immunology 3, 865-873.
68. GAMBLE, H. R. & ZAJAC, A. M. (1992). Resistance of St. Croix Iambs to Haemonchus contortus in experimentally and naturally acquired infections. Veterinary Parasitology 41, 211-225.
69. GASBARRE, L. C. (1986). Limiting dilution analyses for the quantification of cellular immune responses in bovine ostertagiasis. Veterinary Parasitology 20, 133-147.
70. GASBARRE, L. C. (1994). Ostertagia ostertagi: changes in lymphoid populations in the local lymphoid tissues after primary or secondary infection. Veterinary Parasitology 55, 105-114.
71. GASBARRE, L. C. (1997). Effects of gastrointestinal nematode infection on the ruminant immune system. Veterinary Parasitology 72, 327-343.
72. GASBARRE, L. C. & CANALS, A. (1989). Induction of protective immunity in calves immunized with adult Oesophagostomum radiatum somatic antigens. Veterinary Parasitology 34, 223-238.
73. GASBARRE, L. C., LEIGHTON, E. A. & DAVIES, C. J. (1993b). Influence of host genetics upon antibody responses against gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 46, 81-91.
74. GASBARRE, L. C., NANSEN, P., MONRAD, J., GRONVELD, J., STEFFAN, P. & HENRIKSEN, S. A. (1993a). Serum antitriehostrongyle antibody responses of first and second season grazing calves. Research in Veterinary Science 54, 340-344.
75. GILL, H. S. (1991). Genetic control of acquired resistance to haemonchosis in Merino lambs. Parasite Immunology 13, 617-628.
76. GILL, H. S., GRAY, G. D., WATSON, D. L. & HUSBAND, A. J. (1993a). Isotype-specific antibody responses to Haemonchus contortus in genetically resistant sheep. Parasite Immunology 15, 61-67.
77. GILL, H. S., HUSBAND, A. J., WATSON, D. L. & GRAY, G. D. (1994). Antibody-containing cells in the abomasal mucosa of sheep with genetic resistance to Haemonchus contortus. Research in Veterinary Science 56, 41-47.
78. GILL, H. S., WATSON, D. L. & BRANDON, M. R. (1993b). Monoclonal antibody to CD4+ T cells abrogates genetic resistance to Haemonchus contortus in sheep. Immunology 78, 43-49.
79. GRANSMULLER, A., ANTEUNIS, A., VENTURIELLO, S. M., BRUSCHI, F. & BINAGHI, R. A. (1987). Antibody-dependent in vitro cytotoxicity of newborn Trichinella spiralis larvae: nature of cells involved. Parasite Immunology 9, 281-293.
80. GRENCIS, R. K. (1996). T cell and cytokine basis of host variability in response to intestinal nematode infections. Parasitology 112, S31-S37.
81. GRENCIS, R. K., ELSE, K. J., HUNTLEY, J. F. & NISHIKAWA, S. I. (1993). The in vivo role of stem cell factor (c-kit) ligand on mastocytosis and host protective immunity to the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis in mice. Parasite Immunology 15, 55-59.
82. GRENCIS, R. K. & ENTWISTLE, G. M. (1997). Production of an Interferon gamma homologue by an intestinal nematode: functionally significant or interesting artefact? Parasitology 115, S101-S105.
83. GRENCIS, R. K., HÜLTNER, L. & ELSE, K. J. (1991). Host protective immunity to Trichinella spiralis in mice: activation of Th cell subsets and lymphokine secretion in mice expressing different response phenotypes. Immunology 74, 329-332.
84. GRENCIS, R. K., RIEDLINGER, J. & WAKELIN, D. (1985). L3T4-positive T lymphoblasts are responsible for transfer of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in mice. Immunology 56, 213-218.
85. HERNDON, F. J. & KAYES, S. G. (1992). Depletion of eosinophils by anti-IL5 monoclonal antibody treatment of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis docs not alter parasite burden or irnmunological resistance to reinfection. Journal of Immunology 149, 3642-3647.
86. HILDERSON, H., BERGHEN, P., DE GRAAF, D. C., CLAEREBOUT, E. & VERCRUYSSE, J. (1995a). Immunisation of calves with Ostertagia ostertagi fourth stage larval antigens failed to protect calves from infection. International Journal for Parasitology 25, 757-760.
87. HILDERSON, H., DE GRAAF, D. C., VERCRUYSSE, J. & BERGHEN, P. (1993b). Characterisation of Ostertagia ostertagi antigens by the different bovine immunoglobulin isotypes. Research in Veterinary Science 55, 203-208.
88. HILDERSON, H., DORNY, P., BERGHEN, P., VERCRUYSSE, J., FRANSEN, J. & BRAEM, L. (1991). Gastrin and pepsinogen changes during an Ostertagia ostertagi challenge infection in calves. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B 38, 25-32.
89. HILDERSON, H., VERCRUYSSE, J., CLAEREBOUT, E., DE GRAAF, D. C., FRANSEN, J. & BERGHEN, P. (1995b). Interactions between Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves. Veterinary Parasitology 56, 107-119.
90. HILDERSON, H., VERCRUYSSE, J., DE GRAAF, D. C., BASTIAENSEN, P., FRANSEN, J. & BERGHEN, P. (1993a). The presence of an early L4 larvae population in relation to the immune response of calves against Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 47, 255-266.
91. HUNTLEY, J. F. (1992). Mast cells and basophils: a review of their heterogeneity and function. Journal of Comparative Pathology 107, 349-372.
92. HUNTLEY, J. F., GIBSON, S., BROWN, D., SMITH, W. D., JACKSON, F. & MILLER, H. R. P. (1987). Systemic release of a mast cell proteinase following nematode infections in sheep. Parasite Immunology 9, 603-614.
93. HUNTLEY, J. F., GOODEN, C., NEWLANDS, G. F. J., MACKELLAR, A., LAMMAS, D. A., WAKELIN, D., TUOHY, M., WOODBURY, R. G. & MILLER, H. R. P. (1990). Distribution of intestinal mast cell proteinase in blood and tissue of normal and Trichinella infected mice. Parasite Immunology 12, 85-95.
94. HUNTLEY, J. F., NEWLANDS, G. F. J. & MILLER, H. R. P. (1984). The isolation and characterization of globule leucocytes: their derivation from mucosal mast cells in parasitized sheep. Parasite Immunology 6, 371-390.
95. HUNTLEY, J. F., PATTERSON, M., MACKELLAR, A., JACKSON, F., STEVENSON, L. M. & COOP, R. L. (1995). A comparison of the mast cell and eosinophil responses of sheep and goats to gastrointestinal nematode infections. Research in Veterinary Science 58, 5-10.
96. HUNTLEY, J. F., SCHALLIG, H. D. F. H., KOOYMAN, F. N. J., MACKELLAR, A., JACKSON, F. & SMITH, W. D. (1998b). IgE antibody during infection with the ovine abomasal nematode, Teladorsagia circumcincta: primary and secondary responses in serum and gastric lymph of sheep. Parasite Immunology 20, 565-571.
97. HUNTLEY, J. F., SCHALLIG, H. D. F. H., KOOYMAN, F. N. J., MACKELLAR, A., MILLERSHIP, J. & SMITH, W. D. (1998a). IgE responses in the serum and gastric lymph of sheep infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta. Parasite Immunology 20, 163-168.
98. ISHIKAWA, N., HORII, Y. & NAWA, Y. (1993). Immune-mediated alteration of the terminal sugars of goblet cell mucins in the small intestine of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-infected rats. Immunology 78, 303-307.
99. ISHIKAWA, N., SHI, B.-B., KHAN, A. I. & NAWA, Y. (1995). Reserpine-induced sulphomucin production by goblet cells in the jejunum of rats and its significance in the establishment of intestinal helminths. Parasite Immunology 17, 581-586.
100. ISHIKAWA, N., WAKELIN, D. & MAHIDA, Y. R. (1997). Role of T helper 2 cells in intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Gastroenterology 113, 542-549.
101. JARRETT, E. E. E. & MILLER, H. R. P. (1982). Production and activities of IgE in helminth infection. Progress in Allergy 31, 178-233.
102. JONAS, W., STANKIEWICZ, M. & RABEL, B. (1995). Influence of sheep eosinophils on third stage larvae of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Acta Parasitologica 40, 103-106.
103. JONES, W. O., EMERY, D. L., MCCLURE, S. J. & WAGLAND, B. M. (1994). Changes in inflammatory mediators and larval inhibitory activity in intestinal contents and mucus during primary and challenge infections of sheep with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal for Parasitology 24, 519-525.
104. JONES, W. O., HUNTLEY, J. F. & EMERY, D. L. (1992). Isolation and degranulation of mucosal mast cells from the small intestine of parasitised sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 22, 519-521.
105. KARANU, F. N., MCGUIRE, T. C., DAVIS, W. C., BESSER, T. E. & JASMER, D. P. (1997). CD4+ T lymphocytes contribute to protective immunity induced in sheep and goats by Haemonchus contortus gut antigens. Parasite Immunology 19, 435-445.
106. KATONA, I. M., URBAN, J. F. JR. & FINKELMAN, F. D. (1988). The role of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ T cells in the IgE response and immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Journal of Immunology 140, 3206-3211.
107. KEITH, K. A., DUNCAN, M. C., MURRAY, M., BAIRDEN, K. & TAIT, A. (1990). Stage-specific cuticular proteins of Ostertagia circumcincta and Ostertagia ostertagi. International Journal for Parasitology 20, 1037-1045.
108. KEUS, A., KLOOSTERMAN, A. & VAN DEN BRINK, R. (1981). Detection of antibodies to Cooperia spp. and Ostertagia spp. in calves with the enzyme linked immunosorhent assay (ELISA). Veterinary Parasitology 8, 229-236.
109. KIMAMBO, A. E. & MACRAE, J. C. (1988). Measurement in vitro of a larval migration inhibitory factor in gastrointestinal mucus of sheep made resistant to the roundworm Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Veterinary Parasitology 28, 213-222.
110. KING, S. J. & MILLER, H. R. P. (1984). Anaphylactic release of mucosal mast cell protease and its relationship to gut permeability in Nippostrongylus-primed rats. Immunology 51, 653-660.
111. KLESIUS, P. H. (1988). Immunity to Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 27, 159-167.
112. KLESIUS, P. H. (1993). Regulation of immunity to Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 46, 63-79.
113. KLESIUS, P. H., HAYNES, T. B. & CROSS, D. A. (1985). Chemotactic factors for eosinophils in soluble extracts of L3 stages of Ostertagia ostertagi. International Journal for Parasitalogy 15, 517-522.
114. KLESIUS, P. H., WASHBURN, S. M., CIORDIA, H., HAYNES, T. B. & SNIDER III, T. G. (1984). Lymphocyte reactivity to Ostertagia ostertagi L3 antigen in type I ostertagiasis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45, 230-233.
115. KLESIUS, P. H., WASHBURN, S. M. & HAYNES, T. B. (1986). Serum antibody responses to soluble extract of the third-larval stage of Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 20, 307-314.
116. KLOOSTERMAN, A., ALBERS, G. A. A. & VAN DEN BRINK, R. (1978). Genetic variation among calves in resistance to nematode parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 4, 353-368.
117. KLOOSTERMAN, A., ALBERS, G. A. A. & VAN DEN BRINK, R. (1984). Negative interactions between Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves. Veterinary Parasitology 15, 135-150.
118. KLOOSTERMAN, A., BENEDICUS, J. & AGHINA, H. (1980). Colostral transfer of anti-nematode antibodies and its significance for protection. Veterinary Parasitology 7, 133-142.
119. KLOOSTERMAN, A., PARMENTIER, H. K. & PLOEGER, H. W. (1992). Breeding cattle and sheep for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Parasitology Today 8, 330-335.
120. KOOYMAN, F. N. J., VAN KOOTEN, P. J. S., HUNTLEY, J. F., MACKELLAR, A., CORNELISSEN, A. W. C. A. & SCHALLIG, H. D. F. H. (1997). Production of a monoclonal antibody specific for ovine immunoglobulin E and its application to monitor serum IgE responses to Haemonchus contortus infection. Parasitology 114, 395-406.
121. KORENAGA, M., ABE, T. & HASHIGUCHI, Y. (1996). Injection of recombinant interleukin 3 hastens worm expulsion in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology Research 82, 108-113.
122. KORENAGA, M., HITOSHI, Y., YAMAGUCHI, N., SATO, Y., TAKATSU, K. & TADA, I. (1991). The role of interleukin-5 in protective immunity to Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in mice. Immunology 72, 502-507.
123. KORENAGA, M. & TADA, I. (1994). The role of IL-5 in the immune responses to nematodes in rodents. Parasitology Today 10, 234-236.
124. KOYAMA, K., TAMAUCHI, H. & ITO, Y. (1995). The role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in protective immunity to the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. Parasite Immunology 17, 161-165.
125. MADDEN, K. B., URBAN, J. F. JR., ZILTNER, H. J., SCHRADFR, J. W., FINKELMAN, F. D. & KATONA, I. M. (1991). Antibodies to IL-3 and IL-4 suppress helminth induced intestinal mastocytosis. Journal of Immunology 147, 1387-1394.
126. MANJILI, M. H., FRANCE, M. P., SANGSTER, N. C. & ROTHWELL, T. L. W. (1998). Quantitative and qualitative changes in intestinal goblet cells during primary infection of Trichostrongylus colubriformis high and low responder guinea pigs. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 761-765.
127. MANSOUR, M. M., DIXON, J. B., CLARKSON, M. J., CARTER, S. D., ROWAN, T. G. & HAMMET, N. C. (1990). Bovine immune recognition of Ostertagia ostertagi larval antigens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 24, 361-371.
128. MCCLURE, S. J., DAVEY, R. J., LLOYD, J. B. & EMERY, D. L. (1995). Depletion of IFN-gamma, CD8+ or TCR gamma-delta+ cells in vivo during primary infection with an enteric parasite (Trichostrongylus colubriformis) enhances protective immunity. Immunology and Cell Biology 73, 552-555.
129. MCCLURE, S. J. & EMERY, D. L. (1994). Cell-mediated responses against gastrointestinal nematode parasites of ruminants. In Cell-mediated Immunity in Ruminants (eds. Goddeeris, B. M. & Morrison, I. W.), pp. 250. Boca Raton, CRC Press.
130. MCKAY, D. M. & FAIRWEATHER, I. (1997). A role for the enteric nervous system in the response to helminth infections. Parasitology Today 13, 63-69.
131. MCKENZIE, G. J., BANCROFT, A., GRENCIS, R. K. & MCKENZIE, A. N. J. (1998). A distinct role for interleukin-13 in Th2-cell-mediated immune responses. Current Biology 8, 339-342.
132. MICHEL, J. F. (1963). The phenomena of host resistance and the course of infection of Ostertagia ostertagi in calves. Parasitology 53, 63-84.
133. MICHEL, J. F. (1967). Morphological changes in a parasitic nematode due to acquired resistance of the host. Nature 215, 520-521.
134. MICHEL, J. F., LANCASTER, M. B. & HONG, C. (1972). Host induced effects on the vulval flap of Ostertagia ostertagi. International Journal for Parasitology 2, 305-317.
135. MICHEL, J. F., LANCASTER, M. B. & HONG, C. (1973). Ostertagia ostertagi: Protective immunity in calves. The development in calves of a protective immunity to infection with Ostertagia ostertagi. Experimental Parasitology 33, 179-186.
136. MICHEL, J. F., LANCASTER, M. B. & HONG, C. (1979). The effect of age, acquired resistance, pregnancy and lactation on some reactions of cattle to infection with Ostertagia ostertagi. Parasitology 79, 157-168.
137. MICHEL, J. F. & SINCLAIR, I. J. (1969). The effect of cortisone on the worm burden of calves infected daily with Ostertagia ostertagi. Parasitology 59, 691-708.
138. MILLER, H. R. P. (1984). The protective mucosal response against gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and laboratory animals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 6, 167-259.
139. MILLER, H. R. P. (1987). Gastrointestinal mucus, a medium for survival and for elimination of parasitic nematodes and protozoa. Parasitology 94, S77-S100.
140. MILLER, H. R. P. (1996a). Prospects for the immunological control of ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes: natural immunity, can it be harnessed ? International Journal for Parasitology 26, 801-811.
141. MILLER, H. R. P. (1996b). Mucosal mast cells and the allergic response against nematode parasites. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 54, 331-336.
142. MOSMANN, T. R., CHERWINSKI, H., BOND, M. W., GIEDLIN, M. A. & COFFMAN, R. L. (1986). Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. Journal of Immunology 136, 2348-2357.
143. 2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annual Revue of Immunology 7, 145-173.
144. MURRAY, M., MILLER, H. R. P. & JARRETT, W. F. H. (1968). The globule leucocyte and its derivation from the subepithelial mast cell. Laboratory Investigation 19, 222-234.
145. NANSEN, P., STEFFAN, P. E., CHRISTENSEN, C. M., GASBARRE, L. C., MONRAD, J., GRONVOLD, J. & HENRIKSEN, S. A. A. (1993). The effect of experimental trichostrongyle infections of housed young calves on the subsequent course of natural infection on pasture. International Journal for Parasitology 23, 627-638.
146. NAWA, Y., ISHIKAWA, N., TSUCHIYA, K., HORII, Y., ABE, T., KHAN, A. I., BING-SHI, ITOH, H., IDE, H. & UCHIYAMA, F. (1994). Selective effector mechanisms for the explusion of intestinal helminths. Parasite Immunology 16, 333-338.
147. NAWA, Y. & MILLER, H. R. P. (1979). Adoptive transfer of intestinal mast cell response in rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Cellular Immunology 42, 225-239.
148. NEWLANDS, G. F. J., MILLER, H. R. P. & JACKSON, F. (1990). Immune exclusion of Haemonchus contortus larvae in the sheep: effects on gastric mucin of immunization, larval challenge and treatment with dexamethasone. Journal of Comparative Pathology 102, 433-442.
149. OWEN, R. L. (1994). M cells Entryways of opportunity for enteropathogens. Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, 7-9.
150. PATTERSON, D. M., JACKSON, F., HUNTLEY, J. F., STEVENSON, L. M., JONES, D. G., JACKSON, E. & RUSSEL, A. J. F. (1996). Studies on caprine responsiveness to nematodiasis: segregation of male goats into responders and non-responders. International Journal for Parasitology 26, 187-194.
151. PERNTHANER, A., STANKIEWICZ, M., BISSET, S. A., JONAS, W. E., CABAJ, W. & PULFORD, H. D. (1995). The immune responsiveness of Romney sheep selected for resistance or susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematodes: lymphocyte blastogenic activity, eosinophilia and total white blood cell counts. International Journal for Parasitology 25, 523-529.
152. PLOEGER, H. W., KLOOSTERMAN, A. & RIETVELD, F. W. (1995). Acquired immunity against Cooperia spp. and Osterfagia spp. in calves: effect of level of exposure and timing of the midsummer increase. Veterinary Parasitology 58, 61-74.
153. PRITCHARD, D. I. (1993). Immunity to helminths: is too much IgE parasite-rather than host-protective? Parasite Immunology 15, 5-9.
154. 1 from immune serum. Immunology 49, 353-365.
155. QUINNELL, R. J. & KEYMER, A. E. (1990). Acquired immunity and epidemiology. In Parasites: Immunity and Pathology. The Consequences of Parasitic Infection in Mammals (ed. Behnke, J. M.), pp. 317-343. London, Taylor and Francis.
156. RAINHIRD, M. A., MACMILLAN, D. & MEEUSEN, E. N. T. (1998). Eosinophil-mediated killing of Haemonchus contortus larvae: effect of eosinophil activation and role of antibody, complement and interleukin-5. Parasite Immunology 20, 93-103.
157. RAMSAY, A. J., HUSBAND, A. J., RAMSHAW, I. A., BAO, S., MATTHAEI, K. I., KOEHLER, G. & KOPF, M. (1994). The role of interleukin 6 in mucosal IgA antibody responses in vivo. Science 264, 561-563.
158. RITCHIE, J. S. D., ANDERSON, N., ARMOUR, J., JARRETT, W. F. H., JENNINGS, F. W. & URQUHART, G. M. (1966). Experimental Ostertagia ostertagi infections in calves: parasitology and pathogenesis of a single infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 27, 659-667.
159. ROACH, T. I. A., ELSE, K. J., WAKELIN, D., MCLAREN, D. J. & GRENCIS, R. K. (1991). Trichuris muris: antigen recognition and transfer of immunity in mice by IgA monoclonal antibodies. Parasite Immunology 13, 1-12.
160. ROTHWELL, T. L. W. (1989). Immune expulsion of parasitic nematodes from the alimentary tract. International Journal for Parasitology 19, 139-168.
161. ROTHWELL, T. L. W. & DINEEN, J. K. (1972). Cellular reactions in guinea pigs following primary and challenge infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis with special reference to the roles played by eosinophils and basophils in rejection of the parasite. Immunology 22, 733-745.
162. ROTHWELL, T. L. W., WINDON, R. G., HORSBURGH, B. A. & ANDERSON, B. H. (1993). Relationship between eosinophilia and responsiveness to infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis in sheep. International Journal for Parasitology 23, 203-211.
163. ROTMAN, H. L., SCHNYDER-CANDRIAN, S., SCOTT, P., NOLAN, T. J., SCHAD, G. A. & ABRAHAM, D. (1997). IL-12 eliminates the Th-2 dependent protective immune response of mice to larval Strongyloides stercoralis. Parasite Immunology 19, 29-39.
164. SCUDAMORE, C. L., PENNINGTON, A. M., THORNTON, E. M., MCMILLAN, L., NEWLANDS, G. F. J. & MILLER, H. R. P. (1995). The basal secretion and anaphylactic release of rat mast cell protease II (RMCP-II) from ex vivo perfused rat jejunum; translocation of RMCP-II into the gut lumen and its relationship to mucosal histology. Gut 37, 235-241.
165. SHAW, R. J., GATEHOUSE, T. K. & MCNEILL, M. M. (1998). Serum IgE responses during primary and challenge infections of sheep with Trichostrongylus colubriformis. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 293-302.
166. SINSKI, E., BAIRDEN, K., DUNCAN, J. L., EISLER, M. C., HOLMES, P. H., MCKELLAR, Q. A., MURRAY, M. & STEAR, M. J. (1995). Local and plasma antibody responses to the parasitic larval stages of the abomasal nematode Ostertagia circumcincta. Veterinary Parasitology 59, 107-118.
167. SMITH, W. D., JACKSON, F., JACKSON, E., GRAHAM, R. & WILLIAMS, J. (1986). Transfer of immunity to Ostertagia circumcincta and IgA memory between identical sheep by lymphocytes collected from gastric lymph. Research in Veterinary Science 41, 300-306.
168. SMITH, W. D., JACKSON, F., JACKSOX, E. & WILLIAMS, J. (1983). Local immunity and Ostertagia circumcincta: changes in the gastric lymph of immune sheep after a challenge infection. Journal of Comparative Pathology 93, 479-488.
169. SMITH, W. D., JACKSON, F., JACKSON, E. & WILLIAMS, J. (1984a). Resistance to Haemonchus contortus transferred between genetically histocompatible sheep by immune lymphocytes. Research in Veterinary Science 37, 199-204.
170. SMITH, W. D., JACKSON, F., JACKSON, E., WILLIAMS, J. & MILLER, H. R. P. (1984b). Manifestations of resistance to ovine ostertagiasis associated with immunological responses in the gastric lymph. Journal of Comparative Pathology 94, 591-601 .
171. SMITH, W. D., JACKSON, F., JACKSON, E. & WILLIAMS, J. (1985). Age immunity to Ostertagia circumcincta: comparison of the local immune responses of 41/2-and 10-month-old lambs. Journal of Comparative Pathology 95, 235-245.
172. SNIDER, T. G. III, WILLIAMS, J. C., KARNS, P. A., ROMAIRE, T. L., TRAMMEL, H. E. & KEARNEY, M. T. (1986). Immunosuppression of lymphocyte blastogenesis in cattle infected with Ostertagia ostertagi and/or Trichostrongylus axei. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 11, 251-264.
173. SNIDER, T. G. III, WILLIAMS, J. C., KNOX, J. W., MARBURY, K. S., CROWDER, C. H. & WILLIS, E. R. (1988). Sequential histopathologic changes of type I, pretype II and type II ostertagiasis in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 27, 169-179.
174. SNIDER, T. G. III, WILLIAMS, J. C., SHEEHAN, D. S. & FUSELIER, R. H. (1981). Plasma pepsinogen, inhibited larval development, and abomasal lesions in experimental infections of calves with Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 8, 176-183.
175. STANKIEWICZ, M., JONAS, W. E., DOUCH, P. C. G., RABEL, B., BISSET, S. & CABAJ, W. (1993). Globule leucocytes in the lumen of the small intestine and the resistance status of sheep infected with parasitic nematodes. Journal of Parasitology 79, 940-945.
176. STEAR, M. J., BISHOP, S. C., DOLIGALSKA, M., DUNCAN, J. L., HOLMES, P. H., IRVINE, J., MCCRIRIE, L., MCKELLAR, Q. A., SINSKI, E. & MURRAY, M. (1995b). Regulation of egg production, worm burden, worm length and worm fecundity by host responses in sheep infected with Ostertagia circumcincta. Parasite Immunology 17, 643-652.
177. STEAR, M. J., BISHOP, S. C., DUNCAN, J. L., MCKELLAR, Q. A. & MURRAY, M. (1995a). The repeatability of faecal egg counts, peripheral eosinophil counts, and plasma pepsinogen concentrations during deliberate infection with Ostertagia circumcincta. International Journal for Parasitology 25, 375-380.
178. SVETIC, A., MADDEN, K. B., XIA DI ZHOU, PIN LU, KATONA, I. M., FINKELMAN, F. D., URBAN, J. F. JR. & GAUSE, W. C. (1993). A primary intestinal helmintic infection rapidly induces a gut-associated elevation of Th2-associated cytokines & IL3. Journal of Immunology 150, 3434-3441.
179. TELFORD, G., WHEELER, D. J., APPLEBY, P., BOWEN, J. G. & PRITCHARD, D. I. (1998). Heligmosomoides polygyrus immunomodulatory factor (IMF) targets T-lymphocytes. Parasite Immunology 20, 601-611.
180. THATCHER, E., GERSHWIN, L. J. & BAKER, N. F. (1989). Levels of serum IgE in response to gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 32, 153-161.
181. ÜBER, C. L., ROTH, R. L. & LEVY, D. A. (1980). Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis by mice deficient in mast cells. Nature 287, 226-228.
182. URBAN, J. F. JR., KATONA, I. M. & FINKELMAN, F. D. (1991a). Heligmosomoides polygyrus: CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells regulate the IgE response and protective immunity in mice. Experimental Parasitology 73, 500-511.
183. URBAN, J. F. JR., KATONA, I. M., PAUL, W. E. & FINKELMAN, F. D. (1991b). Interleukin 4 is important in protective immunity to a gastrointestinal nematode infection in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 88, 5513-5518.
184. URBAN, J. F. JR., MADDEN, K. B., SVETIC, A., CHEEVER, A., TROTTA, P. P., GAUSE, W. C., KATONA, I. M. & FINKELMAN, F. D. (1992). The importance of Th2 cytokines in protective immunity to nematodes. Immunological Revue 127, 205-220.
185. URBAN, J. F. JR., MALISZEWSKI, C. R., MADDEN, K. B., KATONA, I. M. & FINKELMAN, F. D. (1995). IL4 treatment can cure established gastrointestinal nematode infection in immunocompetent and immunodeficicnt mice. Journal of Immunology 154, 4675-4684.
186. VALLANCE, B. A. & COLLINS, S. M. (1998). The effect of nematode infection upon intestinal smooth muscle function. Parasite Immunology 20, 249-253.
187. VAN DIEMEN, P. M., PLOEGER, H. W., NIEUWLAND, M. G. B., RIETVELD, F. W., EYSKER, M., KOOYMAN, F. N. J., KLOOSTERMAN, A. & PARMENTIER, H. K. (1997). Low molecular weight Cooperia oncophora antigens. Potential to discriminate between susceptible and resistant calves after infection. International Journal for Parasitology 27, 587-593.
188. VERCRUYSSE, J. & DORNY, P. (1999). Integrated control of nematode infections in cattle: a reality? A need? A future? International Journal for Parasitology 29, 165-175.
189. VERCRUYSSE, J., HILDERSON, H. & CLAEREBOUT, E. (1994). Effect of chemoprophylaxis on immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. Parasitology Today 10, 129-132.
190. WASHBURN, S. M. (1984). Cellular and humoral responses to Ostertagia ostertagi in type I infection. PhD thesis, Auburn University, USA, pp. 111.
191. WASHBURN, S. M. & KLESIUS, P. H. (1984). Leukokincsis in bovine ostertagiasis: Stimulation of leukocyte migration by Ostertagia. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45, 1095-1098.
192. WEDRYCHOWICZ, H., MACLEAN, J. M. & HOLMES, P. H. (1984). Secretory IgA responses in rats to antigens of various developmental stages of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Parasitology 89, 145-157.
193. WIGGIN, C. J. & GIBBS, H. C. (1987). Pathogenesis of simulated natural infections with Ostertagia ostertagi in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 48, 274-280.
194. WIGGIN, C. J. & GIBBS, H. C. (1989). Studies of the immunomodulatory effects of low-level infections with Ostertagia ostertagi in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 50, 1764-1770.
195. WIGGIN, C. J. & GIBBS, H. C. (1990). Adverse immune reactions and the pathogenesis of Ostertagia ostertagi infections in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51, 825-832.
196. WILLIAMS, D. J. & BEHNKE, J. M. (1983). Host-protective antibodies and serum immunoglobulin isotypes in mice chronically infected with the nematode parasite Nematospiroides dubius. Immunology 48, 37-47.
197. WINTER, M. D., WRIGHT, C. & LEE, D. L. (1997). The mast cell and cosinophil response of young lambs to a primary infection with Nematodirus battus. Parasitology 114, 189-193.
198. WOODBURY, R. G., MILLER, H. R. P., HUNTLEY, J. F., NEWLANDS, G. F. J., PALLISER, A. C. & WAKELIN, D. (1984). Mucosal mast cells are functionally active during spontaneous expulsion of intestinal nematode infections in rats. Nature 312, 450-452.
199. YONG, W. K., SAUNDERS, M. J., MORTON, R. E., HERMON, M., MCGILLIVERY, D. J., HOOPER, I. J., MORGAN, P., RIFFKIN, G. G., CUMMlNS, L. J. & THOMPSON, R. M. (1991). Immunology of Ostertagia resistance. In Breeding for Disease Resistance (eds. Gray, G. D. & Woolaston, R. R.), p. 87, Melbourne, Australian Wool Corporation.