Synthesis of polymerized melanin by Cryptococcus neoformans in infected rodents

Infection and Immunity

Volumn 68, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 2845-2853

  Rosas, Ángel L ^a   Nosanchuk, Joshua D ^a   Feldmesser, Marta ^a   Cox, Gary M ^b   McDade, Henry C ^b   Casadevall, Arturo ^a  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MELANIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; FEMALE; FUNGUS GROWTH; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MOUSE; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SYNTHESIS; VIRULENCE;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS; FEMALE; FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MELANINS; MICE; MICE, INBRED BALB C; POLYMERS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 0034103534     PISSN: 00199567     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.68.5.2845-2853.2000     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Alspaugh, J. A., J. R. Perfect, and J. Heitman. 1997. Cryptococcus neoformans mating and virulence are regulated by the G-protein α subunit GPA1 and cAMP. Genes Dev. 11:3206-3217.
2. Chang, J.-Y., P. Martin, R. Bernasconi, and D. G. Braun. 1981. High-sensitivity amino acid analysis: measurement of amino acid neurotransmitter in mouse brain. FEBS Lett. 132:117-120.
3. Cox, G. M., D. L. Toffaletti, and J. R. Perfect. 1996. Dominant selection system for use in Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 34:385-391.
4. Doering, T. L., J. D. Nosanchuk, W. K. Roberts, and A. Casadevall. 1999. Melanin as a potential cryptococcal defense against microbicidal proteins. Med. Mycol. 37:175-181.
5. Emery, H. S., C. P. Shelburne, J. P. Bowman, P. G. Fallon, C. A. Schulz, and E. S. Jacobson. 1994. Genetic study of oxygen resistance and melanization in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 62:5694-5697.
6. Enochs, W. S., M. J. Ningles, and H. M. Swartz. 1993. A standardized test for the identification and characterization of melanins using electron paramagnetic (EPR) spectroscopy. Pigment Cell Res. 6:91-99.
7. Feldmesser, M., and A. Casadevall. 1997. Effect of serum IgG1 to Cryptococcus neoformans glucoronoxylomannan on murine pulmonary infection. J. Immunol. 158:790-799.
8. Freeman, G. B., and G. E. Gibson. 1987. Selective alteration of mouse brain neurotransmitter release with age. Neurobiol. Aging 8:147-152.
9. Glatman-Freedman, A., J. M. Martin, P. F. Rifka, B. R. Bloom, and A. Casadevall. 1996. Monoclonal antibodies to surface antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their use in a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay for detection of mycobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:2795-2802.
10. Glowinski, J., and L. L. Iversen. 1966. Regional studies of catecholamines in the rat brain. Neurochemistry 13:655-669.
11. Haubrich, D. R., and J. S. Denzer. 1973. Simultaneous extraction and fluorometric measurement of brain serotonin, catecholamines, 5-hydroxyin-doleacetic acid and homovanillic acid. Anal. Biochem. 55:306-312.
12. Hopfer, R. L., and D. Groschel. 1975. Six-hour pigmentation test for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2:96-98.
13. Huffnagle, G. B., G. H. Chen, J. L Curtis, R. A. McDonald, R. M. Strieter, and G. B. Toews. 1995. Down-regulation of the afferent phase of T cell-mediated pulmonary inflammation and immunity by a high melanin-producing strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Immunol. 155:3507-3616.
14. Jacobson, E. S., and H. S. Emery. 1991. Catecholamine uptake, melanization, and oxygen toxicity in Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bacteriol. 173:401-403.
15. Jacobson, E. S., and J. D. Hong. 1997. Redox buffering by melanin and Fe(II) in Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Bacteriol. 179:5340-5346.
16. Jacobson, E. S., N. D. Jenkins, and J. M. Todd. 1994. Relationship between superoxide dismutase and melanin in a pathogenic fungus. Infect. Immun. 62:4085-4086.
17. Jacobson, E. S., and S. B. Tinnell. 1993. Antioxidant function of fungal melanin. J. Bacteriol. 175:7102-7104.
18. Kammeyer, A., L. A. Oomen, and S. Pavel. 1992. Preparation of monoclonal mouse antibodies against two specific eu-melanin related compounds. J. Immunol. Methods 156:61-67.
19. Kwon-Chung, K. J., I. Polacheck, and T. J. Popkin. 1982. Melanin-lacking mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans and their virulence in mice. J. Bacteriol. 150:1414-1421.
20. Kwon-Chung, K. J., and J. C. Rhodes. 1986. Encapsulation and melanin formation as indicators of virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 51:218-223.
21. Kwon-Chung, K. J., W. B. Hill, and J. E. Bennett. 1981. New, special stain for histopathological diagnosis of cryptococcosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13:383-387.
22. Larsson, B. S. 1993. Interaction between chemicals and melanin. Pigment Cell Res. 6:127-133.
23. Lee, S. C., D. W. Dickson, and A. Casadevall. 1996. Pathology of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: analysis of 27 patients with pathogenic implications. Hum. Pathol. 27:839-847.
24. Liu, J., and K. Jimbow. 1993. Development and characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody against phaeomelanin and its precursor 5-s-cysteinyldopa. Melanoma Res. 3:463-469,
25. Liu, L., R. P. Tewari, and P. R. Williamson. 1999. Laccase protects Cryptococcus neoformans from antifungal activity of alveolar macrophages. Infect. Immun. 67:6034-6039.
26. Liu, L., K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito, and P. Williamson. 1999. Catecholamine oxidative products, but not melanin, are produced by Cryptococcus neoformans during neuropathogenesis in mice. Infect. Immun. 67:108-112.
27. Longuet-Higgins, H. C. 1960. On the origin of the free radical properties of melanins. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 86:231-232.
28. Merritt, J. H., M. A. Medina, and J. W. Frazer. 1975. Neurotransmitter content of mouse brain after inactivation by microwave heating. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 10:751-754.
29. Mitchell, T. G., and J. R. Perfect. 1995. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS -100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8:515-548.
30. Nosanchuk, J. D., A. L. Rosas, and A. Casadevall. 1998. The antibody response to fungal melanin in mice. J. Immunol. 160:6026-6031.
31. Nosanchuk, J. D., P. Valadon, M. Feldmesser, and A. Casadevall. 1999. Melanization of Cryptococcus neoformans in murine infection. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:745-750.
32. Polacheck, I., Y. Platt, and J. Aronovitch. 1990. Catecholamines and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 58:2919-2922.
33. Porebska-Budny, M., N. L. Sakina, K. B. Stepien, A. E. Dontsov, and T. Wilczok. 1992. Antioxidative activity of synthetic melanins. Cardiolipin liposome model. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1116:11-16
34. Rhodes, J. C., I. Polacheck, and K. J. Kwon-Chung. 1982. Phenoloxidase activity and virulence in isogenic strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 36:1175-1184.
35. Rivera, J., M. Feldmesser, M. Cammer, and A. Casadevall. 1998. Organ-dependent variation of capsule thickness in Cryptococcus neoformans during experimental murine infection. Infect. Immun. 66:5027-5030.
36. Salas, S. D., J. E. Bennett, K. J. Kwon-Chung, J. R. Perfect, and P. R. Williamson. 1996. Effects of the laccase gene, CNLAC1, on virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Exp. Med. 184:377-386.
37. Schmid, G., U. Bahner, J. Peschkes, and A. Heidland. 1996. Neurotransmitter and monoaminergic amino acid precursor levels in rat brain: effects of chronic renal failure and of malnutrition. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 22:115-118.
38. Scott, D. W., and R. K. Gershon. 1970. Determination of the total and mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody in the same serum sample. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 6:313-316.
39. Siddiqui, A., J. S. Clark, and D. P. Gilmore. 1990. Post-mortem changes of neurotransmitter concentrations in the rat brain regions. Acta Physiol. Hung. 75:179-185.
40. Toffaletti, D. L., T. H. Rude, S. A. Johnston, D. T. Durack, J. R. Perfect. 1993. Gene transfer in Cryptococcus neoformans by use of biolistic delivery of DNA. J. Bacteriol. 175:1405-1411.
41. Wang, Y., and A. Casadevall. 1994. Susceptibility of melanized and nonmela nized Cryptococcus neoformans to nitrogen- and oxygen-derived oxidants. Infect. Immun. 62:3004-3007.
42. Wang, Y., and A. Casadevall. 1994. Growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in presence of L-dopa decreases its susceptibility to amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:2648-2650.
43. Wang, Y., and A. Casadevall. 1996. Susceptibility of melanized and nonmelanized Cryptococcus neoformans to the melanin-binding compounds trifluoperazine and chloroquine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:541-545.
44. Wang, Y., P. Aisen, and A. Casadevall. 1995. Cryptococcus neoformans melanin and virulence: mechanism of action. Infect. Immun. 63:3131-3136.
45. Wang, Y., P. Aisen, and A. Casadevall, 1996. Melanin, melanin "ghosts," and melanin composition in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 64:2420-2424.
46. Wheeler, M., and A. A. Bell. 1988. Melanins and their importance in pathogenic fungi. Curr. Top. Med. Mycol. 2:338-387.
47. Williamson, P. R. 1994. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the diphenol oxidase of Cryptococcus neoformans: identification as a laccase. J. Bacteriol. 176:656-664.