Development of the visual system of the chickI. Cell differentiation and histogenesis

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 32, Issue 2-3, 2000, Pages 343-379

  Mey, Jörg ^a   Thanos, Solon ^b  

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Axial specification; Chick; Development; Retina; Retinotectal projection; Tectum; Transcription factor; Visual system

Indexed keywords

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL TYPE; CHICKEN; EMBRYO; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EYE DEVELOPMENT; HISTOGENESIS; MODEL; NERVE PROJECTION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NONHUMAN; OPTIC TECTUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VISUAL SYSTEM;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHICK EMBRYO; CHICKENS; EYE; RETINA; SUPERIOR COLLICULUS; VISION; VISUAL PATHWAYS;

EID: 0034069493     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00022-3     Document Type: Review

References (341)

1. Acampora D., Avantaggiato V., Tuorto F., Simeone A. Role of the otx genes in brain development. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:1998;53. Suppl.
2. Ahmad I., Dooley C.M., Polk D.L. Delta-1 is a regulator of neurogenesis in the vertebrate retina. Dev. Biol. 185:1997;92-103.
3. Alexiades M.R., Cepko C.L. Subsets of retinal progenitors display temporally regulated and distinct biases in the fates of their progeny. Development. 124:1997;1119-1131.
4. Altmann C.R., Chow R.L., Lang R.A., Hemmati-Brivanlou A. Lens induction by Pax-6 in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 185:1997;119-123.
5. Altshuler D., Cepko C.L. A temporally regulated, diffusable activity is required for rod photoreceptor development in vitro. Development. 114:1992;947-957.
6. Altshuler D., Lo Turco J.J., Rush J., Cepko C.L. Taurine promotes the differentiation of a vertebrate retinal cell type in vitro. Development. 119:1993;1317-1328.
7. Alvarez-Bolado G., Schwarz M., Gruss P. Pax-2 in the chiasm. Cell Tissue Res. 290:1997;197-200.
8. Araki M., Fukada Y., Shichida Y., Yoshizawa T. Localization of iodopsin in the chick retina during in vivo and in vitro cone differentiation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 31:1990;1466-1473.
9. Araki M., Kimura H. GABA-like immunoreactivity in the developing chick retina: differentiation of GABAergic horizontal cell and its possible contacts with photoreceptors. J. Neurocytol. 20:1991;345-355.
10. Aristotle, Generation of Animals, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1942.
11. Austin C.P., Feldman D.E., Ida J.A. Jr., Cepko C.L. Vertebrate retinal ganglion cells are selected from competent progenitors by the action of Notch. Development. 121:1995;3637-3650.
12. Bagnoli P., Casini G., Fontanesi G., Sebastiani L. Reorganization of visual pathways following posthatching removal of one retina in pigeons. J. Comp. Neurol. 288:1989;512-527.
13. Bagnoli P., Fontanesi G., Alesci R., Erichsen J.T. Distribution of neuropeptide Y, substance P, and choline acetyltransferase in the developing visual system of the pigeon and effects of unilateral retina removal. J. Comp. Neurol. 318:1992;392-414.
14. Bagnoli P., Fontanesi G., Streit P., Domenici L., Alesci R. Changing distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in pigeon visual areas during the early posthatching period and effects of retinal removal on tectal GABAergic systems. Visual Neurosci. 3:1989;491-508.
15. Bagnoli P., Porciatti V., Fontanesi G., Sebastiani L. Morphological and functional changes in the retinotectal system of the pigeon during the early posthatching period. J. Comp. Neurol. 256:1987;400-411.
16. Bally-Cuif L., Alvarado-Mallart R.M., Darnell D.K., Wassef M. Relationship between Wnt-1 and En-2 expression domains during early development of normal and ectopic met-/mesencephalon. Development. 115:1992;999-1009.
17. Bally-Cuif L., Gusilano M., Broccoli V., Boncinelli E. c-otx2 is expressed in two different phases of gastrulation and is sensitive to retinoic acid treatment in chick embryo. Mech. Dev. 49:1995;49-63.
18. Balsamo J., Leung T., Ernst H., Zanin M.K., Hoffman S., Lilien J. Regulated binding of PTP1B-like phosphatase to N-cadherin: control of cadherin-mediated adhesion by dephosphorylation of beta-catenin. J. Cell. Biol. 134:1996;801-813.
19. Bartheld C.S.V., Kinoshita Y., Prevette D., Yin Q.W., Oppenheim R.W., Bothwell M. Positive and negative effects of neurotrophins on the isthmo-optic nucleus in chick embryos. Neuron. 12:1994;639-654.
20. Bauch H., Stier H., Schlosshauer B. Axonal versus dendritic outgrowth is differentially affected by radial glia in discrete layers of the retina. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;1774-1785.
21. 3H ]aspartate in the pigeon retinotectal pathway Neuroscience. 6:1981;2021-2034.
22. Belecky-Adams T., Tomarev S., Li H.S., Ploder L., McInnes R.R., Sundin O., Adler R. Pax-6, Prox1, and Chx10 homeobox gene expression correlates with phenotypic fate of retinal precursor cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38:1997;1293-1303.
23. Belliveau M.J., Cepko C.L. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors control the genesis of amacrine and cone cells in the rat retina. Development. 126:1999;555-566.
24. Biscardi J.S., Denhez F., Buehler G.F., Chesnutt D.A., Baragona S.C., O'Bryan J.P., Der C.J., Fiordalisi J.J., Fults D.W., Maness P.F. Rek, a gene expressed in retina and brain, encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase of the Axl/Tyro3 family. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;29049-29059.
25. Biziere K., Coyle J.T. Localization of receptors for kainic acid on neurons in the inner nuclear layer of retina. Neuropharmacology. 18:1979;409-413.
26. Blaser P.F., Catsicas S., Clarke P.G.H. Retrograde modulation of dendritic geometry in the vertebrate brain during development. Dev. Brain Res. 57:1990;139-142.
27. Bonini N.M., Bui Q.T., Gray-Board G.L., Warrick J.M. The Drosophila eyes absent gene directs ectopic eye formation in a pathway conserved between flies and vertebrates. Development. 124:1997;4819-4826.
28. S.L. Bonting, Transmitters in the Visual Process, Pergamon, Oxford, 1976.
29. Bovolenta P., Frade J.M., Marti E., Rodriguez-Pena M.A., Barde Y.-A., Rodríguez-Tébar A. Neurotrophin-3 antibodies disrupt the normal development of the chick retina. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;4402-4410.
30. Bovolenta P., Mallamaci A., Briata P., Corte G., Boncinelli E. Implication of OTX2 in pigment epithelium determination and neural retina differentiation. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;4243-4252.
31. Boydston W.R., Sohal G.S. Grafting of additional periphery reduces embryonic loss of neurons. Brain Res. 178:1979;403-410.
32. Brecha N., Karten H.J., Hunt S.P. Projections of the nucleus of the basal optical root in the pigeon: an autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study. J. Comp. Neurol. 189:1980;615-670.
33. Britto L.R.G., Keyser K.T., Hamassaki D.E., Karten H.J. Catecholaminergic subpopulation of retinal displaced ganglion cells projects to the accessory optic nucleus in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 269:1988;109-117.
34. Broccoli V., Boncinelli E., Wurst W. Otx2 is involved in midbrain/hindbrain organizer formation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10(10):1998;385. Suppl.
35. Brown M.W., Horn G. Neuronal plasticity in the chick brain: electrophysiological effects of visual experience on hyperstriatal neurones. Brain Res. 162:1979;142-147.
36. Bruhn S., Cepko C.L. Development of the pattern of photoreceptors in the chick retina. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;1430-1439.
37. Burmeister M., Novak J., Liang M.Y., Basu S., Ploder L., Hawes N.L., Vidgen D., Hoover F., Goldman D., Kalnins V.I., Roderick T.H., Taylor B.A., Hankin M.H., McInness R.R. Ocular retardation mouse caused by Chx10 homeobox null allele: impaired retinal progenitor proliferation and bipolar cell differentiation. Nat. Genet. 12:1996;376-384.
38. Cann G.M., Bradshaw A.D., Gervin D.B., Hunter A.W., Clegg D.O. Widespread expression of beta 1 integrins in the developing chick retina: evidence for a role in migration of retinal ganglion cells. Dev. Biol. 180:1996;82-96.
39. Cantino D., Sisto Daneo L. Synaptic junctions in the developing chick optic tectum. Experientia. 29:1973;85-87.
40. Catsicas S., Catsicas M., Clarke P.G.H. Long-distance intraretinal connections in birds. Nature. 326:1987;186-187.
41. Catsicas S., Thanos S., Clarke P.G.H. Major role for neuronal death during brain development: refinement of topographical connections. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:1987;8165-8168.
42. Cepko C.L. The patterning and onset of opsin expression in vertebrate retinae. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6:1996;542-546.
43. Chen S., Wang Q.-L., Nie Z., Sun H., Lennon G., Copeland N.G., Gilbert D.J., Jenkins N.A., Zack D.J. Crx, a novel Otx-like paired-homeodomain protein, binds to and transactivates photoreceptor-specific genes. Neuron. 19:1997;1017-1030.
44. Cheng H.-J., Flanagan J.G. Identification and cloning of ELF-1, a developmentally expressed ligand for the Mek4 and Sek receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell. 79:1994;157-168.
45. Clarke P.G.H. Neuron death in the developing avian isthmo-optic nucleus, and its relation to the establishment of functional circuitry. J. Neurobiol. 23:1992;1140-1158.
46. Clarke P.G.H., Cowan W.M. The development of the isthmo-optic tract in the chick, with special reference to the occurrence and correction of developmental errors in the location and connections of isthmo-optic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 167:1976;143-164.
47. Clarke P.G.H., Gyger M., Catsicas S. A centrifugally controlled circuit in the avian retina and its possible role in visual attention switching. Visual Neurosci. 13:1996;1043-1048.
48. Connor R.J., Menzel P., Pasquale E.B. Expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of Eph receptors suggest multiple mechanisms in patterning of the visual system. Dev. Biol. 193:1998;21-35.
49. Cook B., Portera-Cailliau C., Adler R. Developmental neuronal death is not a universal phenomenon among cell types in the chick embryonic retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 396:1998;12-19.
50. Coulombre J.L., Coulombre A.J. Regeneration of neural retina from the pigmented epithelium in the chick embryo. Dev. Biol. 12:1965;79-92.
51. Cowan W.M., Adamson L., Powell T.P.S. An experimental study of the avian visual system. J. Anat. 95:1961;545-562.
52. Cowan W.M., Clarke P.G.H. The development of the isthmo-optic nucleus. Brain Behav. Evol. 13:1976;345-375.
53. Cowan W.M., Martin A.H., Wenger E. Mitotic patterns in the optic tectum of the chick during normal development and after early removal of the optic vesicle. J. Exp. Zool. 169:1968;71-92.
54. Crossland W.J., Cowan W.M., Rogers L.A. Studies of the development of the chick optic tectum: IV. An autoradiographic study of the development of retinotectal connections. Brain Res. 91:1975;1-23.
55. Crossley P.H., Martinez S., Martin G.R. Midbrain development induced by FGF8 in the chick embryo. Nature. 380:1996;66-68.
56. M. Cuénod, H. Henke, Neurotransmitters in the avian visual system, in: F. Fonnum (Ed.), Amino Acids as Chemical Transmitters, Plenum, New York, 1968, pp. 178-239.
57. D'Alessandri L., Ranscht B., Winterhalter K.H., Vaughan L. Contactin/F11 and tenascin-C co-expression in the chick retina correlates with formation of the synaptic plexiform layers. Curr. Eye Res. 14:1995;911-926.
58. Daniels M.P., Vogel Z. Localization of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites in synapses of the developing chick retina. Brain Res. 201:1980;45-56.
59. Daniotti J.L., Landa C.A., Maccioni H.J.F. Regulation of ganglioside composition and synthesis is different in developing chick retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina. J. Neurochem. 62:1994;1131-1136.
60. Darnell D.K., Schoenwolf G.C. Dorsoventral patterning of the avian mesencephalon/metencephalon: a role of the notochord and floor plate in suppressing Engrailed-2. J. Neurobiol. 26:1995;62-74.
61. Darnell D.K., Schoenwolf G.C. Vertical induction of engrailed-2 and other region-specific markers in the early chick embryo. Dev. Dyn. 209:1997;45-58.
62. DeIongh R., McAvoy J.W. Spatio-temporal distribution of acidic and basic FGF indicates a role for FGF in rat lens morphogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 198:1993;190-202.
63. DeLong R.G., Coulombre A.J. Development of the retinotectal topographic projection in the chick embryo. Exp. Neurol. 13:1965;351-363.
64. Dickman E., Thaller C., Smith S.M. Temporally regulated retinoid acid depletion produces specific neural crest, ocular and nervous system defects. Development. 124:1997;3111-3121.
65. Domesick V.B., Morest D.K. Migration and differentiation of ganglion cells in the optic tectum of the chick embryo. Neuroscience. 2:1977;459-475.
66. Drescher U. The Eph family in the patterning of neural development. Curr. Biol. 7:1997;R799-R807.
67. Drescher U., Bonhoeffer F., Mueller B.K. The Eph family in retinal axon guidance. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7:1997;75-80.
68. Drescher U., Kremoser C., Handwerker C., Löschinger J., Noda M., Bonhoeffer F. In vitro guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons by RAGS, 25 kDa tectal protein related to ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell. 82:1995;359-370.
69. Dütting D., Gierer A., Hansmann G. Self-renewal of stem cells and differentiation of nerve cells in the developing chick retina. Dev. Brain Res. 10:1983;21-32.
70. Dütting D., Meyer S.U. Transplantations of the chick eye anlage reveal an early determination of nasotemporal polarity. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 39:1995;921-931.
71. Ehrlich D. Regional specializations of the chick retina as revealed by the size and density of neurons in the ganglion cell layer. J. Comp. Neurol. 195:1981;643-657.
72. Ehrlich D., Keyser K.T., Karten H.J. Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells and their pattern of termination in the optic tectum of chick (Gallus gallus). J. Comp. Neurol. 266:1987;220-233.
73. Ehrlich D., Mark R. An atlas of the primary visual projections in the brain of the chick Gallus gallus. J. Comp. Neurol. 223:1984;592-610.
74. Ehrlich D., Mark R. Topography of primary visual centres in the brain of chicks, Gallus gallus. J. Comp. Neurol. 223:1984;611-625.
75. Ehrlich D., Morgan I.G. Kainic acid destroys displaced amacrine cells in posthatch chicken retina. Neurosci. Lett. 17:1980;43-48.
76. Ehrlich D., Stuchberry J. A note on the projection from the rostral thalamus to the visual hyperstriatum of the chicken (Gallus gallus). Brain Res. 62:1986;207-211.
77. Ehrlich D., Zappia J.V., Saleh C.N. Development of the supraoptic decussation in the chick (Gallus gallus). Anat. Embryol. 177:1988;361-370.
78. Ellis J.H., Richards D.E., Rogers J.H. Calretinin and calbindin in the retina of the developing chick. Cell Tissue Res. 264:1991;197-208.
79. J. Engelage, H.-J. Bischof, The organization of the tectofugal pathway in birds: a comparative review, in: H.P. Zeigler, H.-J. Bischof (Eds.), Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993, pp. 137-158.
80. Erkman L., McEvilly R.J., Luo L., Ryan A.K., Hooshmand F., O'Connell S.M., Keithley E.M., Rapaport D.H., Ryan A.F., Rosenfeld M.G. Role of transcription factors Brn-3.1 and Brn-3.2 in auditory and visual system development. Nature. 381:1996;603-606.
81. Ezzedine Z.D., Yang X., DeChiara T., Yancopoulos G., Cepko C.L. Postmitotic cells fated to become rod photoreceptors can be respecified by CNTF treatment of the retina. Development. 124:1997;1055-1067.
82. Fekete D.M., Perez-Miguelsanz J., Ryder E.F., Cepko C.L. Clonal analysis in the chicken retina reveals tangential dispersion of clonally related cells. Dev. Biol. 166:1994;666-682.
83. Foerst-Potts L., Sadler T.W. Disruption of Msx-1 and Msx-2 reveals roles for these genes in craniofacial, eye, and axial development. Dev. Dyn. 209:1997;70-84.
84. G. Fontanesi, G. Casini, A. Ciocchetti, P. Bagnoli, Development, plasticity, and differential organization of parallel processing of visual information in birds, in: H.P. Zeigler, H.-J. Bischof (Eds.), Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993, pp. 195-205.
85. Frade J.M., Barde Y.-A. Microglia-derived nerve growth factor causes cell death in the developing retina. Neuron. 20:1998;35-41.
86. Frade J.M., Bovolenta P., Martínez-Morales J.R., Arribas A., Barbas J., Rodríguez-Tébar A. Control of early cell death by BDNF in the chick retina. Development. 124:1997;3313-3320.
87. Frade J.M., Marti E., Bovolenta P., Rodriguez-Pena M.A., Perez-Garcia D., Rohrer H., Edgar D., Rodríguez-Tébar A. Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates neurogenesis in chick retina by regulating expression of the alpha 6 integrin subunit. Development. 122:1996;2497-2506.
88. Frade J.M., Rodríguez-Tébar A., Barde Y.-A. Induction of cell death by endogenous nerve growth factor through its p75 receptor. Nature. 383:1996;166-168.
89. W.H. Freeman, B. Bracegirdle, An Atlas of Embryology, 1st edn., Heinemann, London, 1963.
90. Fritzsch B., Crapon de Caprona M.-D., Clarke P.G.H. Development of two morphological types of retinopetal fibers in chick embryos, as shown by the diffusion along axons of a carbocyanine dye in the fixed retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 300:1990;405-421.
91. Fuhrmann S., Heller S., Rohrer H., Hofmann H.D. A transient role for ciliary neurotrophic factor in chick photoreceptor development. J. Neurobiol. 37:1998;672-683.
92. Fuhrmann S., Kirsch M., Heller S., Rohrer H., Hofmann H.D. Differential regulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor-alpha expression in all major neuronal cell classes during development of the chick retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 400:1998;244-254.
93. Galileo D.S., Gray G.E., Owens G.C., Majors J., Sanes J.R. Neurons and glia arise from a common progenitor in chicken optic tectum: demonstration with two retroviruses and cell-type-specific antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:1990;458-462.
94. Galileo D.S., Majors J., Horwitz A.F., Sanes J.R. Retrovirally introduced antisense integrin RNA inhibits neuroblast migration in vivo. Neuron. 9:1992;1117-1131.
95. Gamlin P.D.R., Cohen D.H. A second ascending visual pathway from the optic tectum to the telencephalon in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 250:1986;296-310.
96. Gamlin P.D.R., Reiner A., Erichsen J.T., Karten H.J., Cohen D.H. The neural substrate for the pupillary light reflex in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 226:1984;523-543.
97. Gamlin P.D.R., Reiner A., Karten H.J. Substance P containing neurons of the avian suprachiasmatic nucleus project directly to the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:1982;3891-3895.
98. Gan L., Xiang M., Zhou L., Wagner D.S., Klein W.D., Nathans J. POU domain factor Brn-3b is required for the development of a large set of retinal ganglion cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1996;3920-3925.
99. Gardino P.F., dos Santos R.M., Hokoc N.J. Histogenesis and topographical distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive amacrine cells in the developing chick retina. Dev. Brain Res. 72:1993;226-236.
100. Garner A.S., Menegay H.J., Boeshore K.L., Xie X.-Y., Voci J.M., Johnson J.E., Large T.H. Expression of trkB receptor isoforms in the developing avian visual system. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;1740-1752.
101. Gänzler-Odenthal S.I.I., Redies C. Blocking N-cadherin function disrupts the epithelial structure of differentiating neural tissue in the embryonic chicken brain. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;5415-5425.
102. Génis-Gálvez J.M., Garcia-Lomas V., Prada F.A., Armengol J.A. Developmental study of axon formation in the horizontal neurons of the retina of the chick embryo. Anat. Embryol. 161:1981;305-317.
103. Gierer A. Directional cues for growing axons forming the retinotectal projection. Development. 101:1987;479-489.
104. Godbout R., Andison R. Elevated levels of cyclin D1 mRNA in the undifferentiated chick retina. Gene. 182:1996;111-115.
105. Godbout R., Packer M., Poppema S., Dabbagh L. Localization of cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase in the developing chick retina: in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses. Dev. Dyn. 205:1996;319-331.
106. Goldberg S. Studies on the mechanics of development of the visual pathways in the chick embryo. Dev. Biol. 36:1974;24-43.
107. Goodman C.S., Shatz C.J. Developmental mechanisms that generate precise patterns of neuronal connectivity. Cell. 10:1993;77-98.
108. Gray G.E., Glover J.C., Majors J., Sanes J.R. Radial arrangement of clonally related cells in the chicken optic tectum: lineage analysis with a recombinant retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:1988;7356-7360.
109. Gray G.E., Sanes J.R. Migratory paths and phenotypic choices of clonally related cells in the avian optic tectum. Neuron. 6:1991;211-225.
110. Gray G.E., Sanes J.R. Lineage of radial glia in the chicken optic tectum. Development. 114:1992;271-283.
111. Gremo F., Viglietti-Panzica C.V., Panzica G.C. Development of neural connections in chick embryonic retinotectal system: an overview. Neurochem. Res. 7:1982;243-259.
112. Guillemot F., Cepko C.L. Retinal fate and ganglion cell differentiation are potentiated by acidic FGF in an in vitro assay of early retinal development. Development. 114:1992;743-754.
113. Güntürkün O. A Golgi study of the isthmic nuclei in the pigeon (Columba livia). Cell Tissue Res. 248:1987;439-448.
114. Güntürkün O. Morphological asymmetries of the tectum opticum in the pigeon. Exp. Brain Res. 116:1997;561-566.
115. Güntürkün O., Karten H.J. An immunocytochemical analysis of the lateral geniculate complex in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 314:1991;721-749.
116. Halder G., Callaerts P., Gehring W. Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene of Drosophila. Science. 267:1995;1788-1792.
117. Halfter W. Disruption of the retinal basal lamina during early embryonic development leads to a retraction of vitreal end feet, an increased number of ganglion cells, and aberrant axonal outgrowth. J. Comp. Neurol. 397:1998;89-104.
118. Halfter W., Schurer B. Disruption of the pial basal lamina during early avian embryonic development inhibits histogenesis and axonal pathfinding in the optic tectum. J. Comp. Neurol. 397:1998;105-117.
119. Hallböök F., Bäckström A., Kullander K., Ebendal T., Carri N.G. Expression of neurotrophins and trk receptors in the avian retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 364:1996;664-676.
120. Hamburger V., Hamilton H.L. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J. Morphol. 88:1951;49-92.
121. Hanawa J., Takahashi K., Kawamoto N. A correlation of embryogenesis of visual cells and early receptor potential in the developing retina. Exp. Eye Res. 23:1976;587-594.
122. Harris W.A. Cellular diversification in the vertebrate retina. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7:1997;651-658.
123. Hatini V., Tao W., Lai E. Expression of winged helix genes, BF-1 and BF-2, define adjacent domains within the developing forebrain and retina. J. Neurobiol. 25:1994;1293-1309.
124. Heaton M.B. Developing visual function in the red jungle fowl embryo. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 90:1976;53-56.
125. Hemmati-Brivanlou A., Stewart R.M., Harland R.M. Region-specific neural induction of an engrailed protein by anterior notochord in Xenopus. Science. 250:1990;800-802.
126. Henrique D., Hirsinger E., Adam J., LeRoux I., Pourquie O., Ish-Horowicz D., Lewis J.H. Maintenance of neuroepithelial progenitor cells by Delta-Notch signaling in the embryonic chick retina. Curr. Biol. 7:1997;661-670.
127. Hergott G.J., Nagai H., Kalnins V.I. Inhibition of retinal pigment epithelial cell migration and proliferation with monoclonal antibodies against the beta 1 integrin subunit during wound healing in organ culture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 24:1993;2761-2768.
128. Hering H., Kröger S. Formation of synaptic specializations in the inner plexiform layer of the developing chick retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 375:1996;393-405.
129. K. Herrmann, H.-J. Bischof, Development of the tectofugal visual system of normal and deprived zebra finches, in: H.P. Zeigler, H.-J. Bischof (Eds.), Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993, pp. 207-226.
130. Herzog K.-H., Bailey K., Barde Y.-A. Expression of the BDNF gene in the developing visual system of the chick. Development. 120:1994;1643-1649.
131. Herzog K.-H., von Bartheld C.S. Contributions of the optic tectum and the retina as sources of brain-derived neurotrophic factor for retinal ganglion cells in the chick embryo. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;2891-2906.
132. Hicks D., Courtois Y. Fibroblast growth factor stimulates photoreceptor differentiation in vitro. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;2022-2033.
133. Hill R.E., Favor J., Hogan B.L., Ton C.C., Saunders G.F., Hanson I.M., Prosser J., Jordan T., Hastie N.D., van Heyningen V. Mouse small eye results from mutation in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene. Nature. 354:1991;522-525.
134. Hinds J.W., Hinds P.L. Early ganglion cell differentiation in the mouse retina. An electron microscope analysis utilizing serial sections. Dev. Biol. 37:1974;381-416.
135. Holash J.A., Soans C., Chong L.D., Shao H., Dixit V.M., Pasquale E.B. Reciprocal expression of the Eph receptor Cek5 and its ligand(s) in the early retina. Dev. Biol. 182:1997;256-269.
136. Holt C.E., Bertsch T.W., Ellis H.M., Harris W.A. Cellular determination in the Xenopus retina is independent of lineage and birth date. Neuron. 1:1988;15-26.
137. Hoover F., Glover J.C. Regional pattern of retinoid X receptor-alpha gene expression in the central nervous system of the chicken embryo and its upregulation by exposure to 9-cis retinoic acid. J. Comp. Neurol. 398:1998;575-586.
138. Hoover F., Seleiro E.A.P., Kielland A., Brickell P.M., Glover J.C. Retinoid X receptor gamma gene transcripts are expressed by a subset of early generated retinal cells and eventually restricted to photoreceptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 391:1998;204-213.
139. Horder T.J., Mashkas A. The developmental programme for retinal embryogenesis with special reference to the chick. Bibl. Anat. 23:1982;103-123.
140. Huber G.C., Crosby E.C. A phylogenetic consideration of the optic tectum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 19:1933;15-22.
141. Hughes W.F., LaVelle A. On the synaptogenic sequence in the chick retina. Anat. Rec. 179:1974;297-302.
142. Hughes W.F., McLoon S.C. Ganglion cell death during normal retinal development in the chick: comparisons with cell death induced by early target field destruction. Exp. Neurol. 66:1979;587-601.
143. Hunter D.D., Murphy M.D., Olsson C.V., Brunken W.J. S-laminin expression in adult and developing retinae: a potential cue for photoreceptor morphogenesis. Neuron. 8:1992;399-413.
144. Huotari V., Sormunen R., Lehto V.P., Eskelinen S. The polarity of the membrane skeleton in retinal pigment epithelial cells of developing chicken embryos and in primary culture. Differentiation. 58:1995;205-215.
145. Hyatt G.A., Schmitt E.A., Fadool J.M., Dowling J.E. Retinoic acid alters photoreceptor development in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1996;13298-13303.
146. Hyatt G.A., Schmitt E.A., Marsh-Armstrong N., McCaffery P., Dräger U.C., Dowling J.E. Retinoic acid establishes ventral retinal characteristics. Development. 122:1996;195-204.
147. Hyer J., Mima T., Mikawa T. FGF1 patterns the optic vesicle by directing the placement of the neural retina domain. Development. 125:1998;869-877.
148. Ichijo H., Fujita S., Matsuno T., Nakamura H. Rotation of the tectal primordium reveals plasticity of target recognition in retinotectal projection. Development. 110:1990;331-342.
149. Ikeda A., Yoshii I., Mishima N. An immunohistochemical study of the Müller cells of the chicken retina. Arch. Histol. Jpn. 43:1980;175-183.
150. Inoue A., Sanes J.R. Lamina-specific connectivity in the brain: regulation by N-cadherin, neurotrophins, and glycoconjugates. Science. 276:1997;1428-1431.
151. Itasaki N., Ichijo H., Hama C., Matsuno T., Nakamura H. Establishment of rostrocaudal polarity in tectal primordium: engrailed expression and subsequent tectal polarity. Development. 113:1991;1133-1144.
152. Itasaki N., Nakamura H. A role for gradient en expression in positional specification on the optic tectum. Neuron. 16:1996;55-62.
153. Kagami H., Sakai H., Uryu K., Kaneda T., Sakanaka M. Development of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive structures in the chick retina: three-dimensional analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 308:1991;356-370.
154. Kahn A.J. Ganglion cell formation in the chick neural retina. Brain Res. 63:1973;285-290.
155. Kahn A.J. An autoradiographic analysis of the time of appearance of neurons in the developing chick neural retina. Dev. Biol. 38:1974;30-40.
156. Kalnins V.I., Sandig M., Hergott G.J., Nagai H. Microfilament organization and wound repair in retinal pigment epithelium. Biochem. Cell Biol. 73:1995;709-722.
157. Kanekar S., Perron M., Dorsky R.I., Harris W.A., Jan L.Y., Jan Y.N., Vetter M.L. Xath5 participates in an network of bHLH genes in the developing Xenopus retina. Neuron. 19:1997;981-994.
158. H.J. Karten, Visual lemniscal pathways in birds, in: A.M. Granda, J.H. Maxwell (Eds.), Neural Mechanisms of Behavior in the Pigeon, Plenum, New York, 1979, pp. 409-430.
159. Karten H.J., Cox K., Mpodozis J. Two distinct populations of tectal neurons have unique connections within the retinotectorotundal pathway of the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 387:1997;449-464.
160. Karten H.J., Fite K.V., Brecha N. Specific projection of displaced retinal ganglion cells upon the accessory optic system in the pigeon (Columba livia). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:1977;1753-1756.
161. Kastner P., Mark M., Ghyselinck N., Krezel W., Dupé V., Grondona J.M., Chambon P. Genetic evidence that the retinoid signal is transduced by heterodimeric RXR/RAR functional units during mouse development. Development. 124:1997;313-326.
162. Kelley M.W., Turner J.K., Reh T.A. Retinoic acid promotes differentiation of photoreceptors in vitro. Development. 120:1994;2091-2102.
163. Kelley M.W., Turner J.K., Reh T.A. Ligands of the steroid/thyroid receptors induce cone photoreceptors in vertebrate retina. Development. 121:1995;3777-3785.
164. Kelly J.P., Cowan W.M. Studies on the development of the chick optic tectum: III. Effects of early eye removal. Brain Res. 42:1972;263-288.
165. Keyser K.T., Britto L.R.G., Woo J.-I., Park D.H., Joh T.H., Karten H.J. Presumptive catecholaminergic ganglion cells in the pigeon retina. Visual Neurosci. 4:1990;225-235.
166. Kishi H., Mishima H.K., Yamashita U. Effect of cytokines and prostaglandins on the growth of chick retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr. Eye Res. 13:1994;833-837.
167. Lagunowich L.A., Grunwald G.B. Expression of calcium-dependent adhesion during ocular development: a biochemical, histochemical and functional analysis. Dev. Biol. 135:1989;158-171.
168. Lagunowich L.A., Grunwald G.B. Tissue and age-specificity of posttranslational modifications of N-cadherin during chick embryo development. Differentiation. 47:1991;19-27.
169. Lahiri D., Bailey C.F. A comparison of phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium in normal and delayed amelanotic chickens. Exp. Eye Res. 56:1993;625-634.
170. LaVail J.H., Cowan W.M. The development of the chick optic tectum: I. Normal morphology and cytoarchitectonic development. Brain Res. 28:1971;391-419.
171. LaVail J.H., Cowan W.M. The development of the chick optic tectum: II. Autoradiographic studies. Brain Res. 28:1971;421-441.
172. Layer P.G. Cholinesterases during development of the avian nervous system. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 11:1991;7-33.
173. Layer P.G., Rommel S., Bülthoff H., Hengstberg R. Independent spatial waves of biochemical differentiation along the surface of chicken brain as revealed by the sequential expression of acetylcholinesterase. Cell Tissue Res. 251:1988;587-595.
174. Layer P.G., Rothermel A., Hering H., Wolf B., deGrip W.J., Hicks D., Willbold E. Pigmented epithelium sustains cell proliferation and decreases expression of opsins and acetylcholinesterase in reaggregated chicken retinospheroids. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9:1997;1795-1803.
175. Lee M.M., Fink B.D., Grunwald G.B. Evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation regulates N-cadherin turnover during retinal development. Dev. Genet. 20:1997;224-234.
176. Lee S.M.K., Danielian P.S., Fritzsch B., McMahon A.P. Evidence that FGF8 signaling from the midbrain-hindbrain junction regulates growth and polarity in the developing midbrain. Development. 124:1997;959-969.
177. Lenz S.E., Henschel Y., Zopf D., Voss B., Gundelfinger E.D. VILIP, a cognate protein of the retinal calcium binding proteins visinin and recoverin, is expressed in the developing chicken brain. Mol. Brain Res. 15:1992;133-140.
178. Levine E.M., Roelink H., Turner J., Reh T.A. Sonic hedgehog promotes rod photoreceptor differentiation in mammalian retinal cells in vitro. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;6277-6288.
179. Libby R.T., Hunter D.D., Brunken W.J. Developmental expression of laminin beta 2 in rat retina. Further support for a role in rod morphogenesis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 37:1996;1651-1661.
180. Logan C., Wizenmann A., Drescher U., Monschau B., Bonhoeffer F., Lumsden A. Rostral optic tectum acquires caudal characteristics following ectopic engrailed expression. Curr. Biol. 6:1996;1006-1014.
181. Luksch H., Cox K., Karten H.J. Bottlebrush dendritic endings and large dendritic fields: motion-detecting neurons in the tectofugal pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 396:1998;399-414.
182. Lumsden A., Krumlauf R. Patterning the vertebrate neuraxis. Science. 274:1996;1109-1114.
183. Macdonald R., Barth K.A., Xu Q., Holder N., Mikkola I., Wilson S.W. Midline signaling is required for Pax gene regulation and patterning of the eyes. Development. 121:1995;3267-3278.
184. Macdonald R., Wilson S.W. Pax proteins and eye development. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6:1996;49-56.
185. Maden M., Sonneveld E., van der Saag P.T., Gale E. The distribution of endogenous retinoic acid in the chick embryo: implications for developmental mechanisms. Development. 125:1998;4133-4144.
186. M. Manns, Einfluss von Lithium und Vitamin A-Säure auf die Morphogense und Differenzierung des Nerven- und Sinnessystems von Xenopus laevis, Diploma-Thesis, Bielefeld, 1991, pp. 1-113.
187. Manns M., Güntürkün O. Development of the retinotectal system in the pigeon: a cytoarchitectonic and tracing study with cholera toxin. Anat. Embryol. 195:1997;539-555.
188. Marin-Teva J.L., Almendros A., Calvente R., Cuadros M.A., Navascués J. Tangential migration of amoeboid microglia in the developing quail retina: mechanism of migration and migratory behavior. Glia. 22:1998;31-52.
189. Marsh-Armstrong N., McCaffery P., Gilbert W., Dowling J.E., Dräger U.C. Retinoic acid is necessary for development of the ventral retina in zebrafish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:1994;7286-7290.
190. Martinez S., Wassef M., Alvarado-Mallart R.M. Induction of a mesencephalic phenotype in the 2-day-old chick prosencephalon is preceded by the early expression of the homeobox gene, engrailed. Neuron. 6:1991;971-981.
191. Mastick G.S., Davis N.M., Andrews G.L., Easter S.S. Pax-6 functions in boundary formation and axon guidance in the embryonic mouse forebrain. Development. 124:1997;1985-1997.
192. Matsuno T., Itasaki N., Ichijo H., Nakamura H. Retinotectal projection after partial ablation of chick optic vesicles. Neurosci. Res. 15:1992;96-101.
193. McCaffery P., Lee M.-O., Wagner M.A., Sladek N.E., Dräger U.C. Asymmetrical retinoic acid synthesis in the dorsoventral axis of the retina. Development. 115:1992;371-382.
194. McCaffery P., Mey J., Dräger U.C. Light-mediated retinoic acid production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1996;12570-12574.
195. McCaffery P., Posch K.C., Napoli J.L., Gudas L., Dräger U.C. Changing patterns of the retinoic acid system in the developing retina. Dev. Biol. 158:1993;390-399.
196. McCaffery P., Tempst P., Lara G., Dräger U.C. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is a positional marker in the retina. Development. 112:1991;693-702.
197. McGraw C.F., McLaughlin B.J. Fine structural studies of synaptogenesis in the superficial layers of the chick optic tectum. J. Neurocytol. 9:1980;79-93.
198. McLoon S.C. Evidence for shifting connections during development of the chick retinotectal projection. J. Neurosci. 5:1985;2570-2580.
199. McLoon S.C., Barnes R.B. Early differentiation of retinal ganglion cells: an axonal protein expressed by premigratory and migrating retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;1424-1432.
200. Meller K. Elektronenmikroskopische Befunde zur Differenzierung der Rezeptorzellen und Bipolarzellen der Retina und ihrer synaptischen Verbindungen. Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 64:1964;733-750.
201. K. Meller, Morphological studies on the development of the retina, in: N. Osborne, J. Chader (Eds.), Progress in Retinal Research, Pergamon, Oxford, 1984, pp. 1-19.
202. Meller K., Tetzlaff W. Scanning electron microscopic studies on the development of the chick retina. Cell Tissue Res. 170:1976;145-159.
203. Mey J., Johann V., Wagner H. Dendritic development of displaced retinal ganglion cells in precocial and altricial bird species. Proc. Gött. Neurobiol. Conf. 26:1998;487.
204. Mey J., McCaffery P., Dräger U.C. Retinoid acid synthesis in the developing chick retina. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;7441-7449.
205. Mey J., Thanos S. Intravitreal injections of neurotrophic factors support the survival of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult rats in vivo. Brain Res. 602:1993;304-317.
206. Meyer D.B., May H.C. Jr. The topographic distribution of rods and cones in the adult chicken retina. Exp. Eye Res. 17:1973;347-355.
207. Meyer S.U., Henke-Fahle S. Antibodies against the T61 antigen inhibit neuronal migration in the chick optic tectum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:1995;11150-11154.
208. Miles F.A. Centrifugal control of the avian retina: III. Effects of electrical stimulation of the isthmo-optic tract on the receptive field properties of retinal ganglion cells. Brain Res. 48:1972;115-129.
209. Miles F.A. Centrifugal control of the avian retina: IV. Effects of reversible cold block of the isthmo-optic tract on the receptive field properties of cells in the retina and isthmo-optic nucleus. Brain Res. 48:1972;131-145.
210. Millar T.J., Chubb I.W. Substance P on the chick retina: effects of light and dark. Brain Res. 307:1984;303-309.
211. Mochii M., Mazaki Y., Mizuno N., Hayashi H., Eguchi G. Role of Mitf in differentiation and transdifferentiation of chicken pigmented epithelial cell. Dev. Biol. 193:1998;47-62.
212. Morest K.D. The pattern of neurogenesis in the retina of the rat. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 131:1970;45-67.
213. Morino P., Buchstaller A., Giger R., Sonderegger P., Rager G. Differential expression of the mRNAs of the axonal glycoproteins axonin-1 and Ng-CAM in the developing chick retina. Dev. Brain Res. 91:1996;252-259.
214. Morris V.B., Shorey C.D. An electron microscope study of types of receptor in the chick retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 129:1967;313-340.
215. Morrow E.W., Furukawa T., Lee J.E., Cepko C.L. NeuroD regulates cell fate determination in the developing neural retina. Development. 126:1999;23-36.
216. Mueller B.K., Dütting D., Haase A., Feucht A., Macchi P. Partial respecification of nasotemporal polarity in double-temporal chick and chimeric chick-quail eyes. Mech. Dev. 74:1998;15-28.
217. Nakamoto M., Cheng H.-J., Friedman G.C., McLaughlin T., Hansen M.J., Yoon C.H., O'Leary D.D.M., Flanagan J.G. Topographically specific effects of ELF-1 on retinal axon guidance in vitro and retinal axon mapping in vivo. Cell. 86:1996;755-766.
218. Nakamura H., Ichijo H., Kobayashi T. Differentiation of avian retinotectal projection. Neurosci. Res. 13:1990;S18-S23. Suppl.
219. Nakamura H., Itasaki N., Matsuno T. Rostrocaudal polarity formation of chick optic tectum. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 38:1994;281-286.
220. Nakamura H., O'Leary D.D.M. Inaccuracies in initial growth and arborization of chick retinotectal axons followed by course corrections and axon remodelling to develop topographic order. J. Neurosci. 9:1989;3776-3795.
221. Nakazawa T., Tachi S., Aikawa E., Ihnuma M. Formation of the myelinated nerve fiber layer in the chicken retina. Glia. 8:1993;114-121.
222. Navascués J., Moujahid A., Almendros A., Marin-Teva J.L., Cuadros M.A. Origin of microglia in the quail retina: central-to-peripheral and vitreal-to-scleral migration of microglial precursors during development. J. Comp. Neurol. 354:1995;209-228.
223. Navascués J., Moujahid A., Quesada A., Cuadros M.A. Microglia in the avian retina: immunocytochemical demonstration in the adult quail. J. Comp. Neurol. 350:1994;171-186.
224. Neophytou C., Vernalis A.B., Raff M.C. Müller-cell-derived leukemia inhibitory factor arrests rod photoreceptor differentiation at a postmitotic pre-rod stage of development. Development. 124:1997;2345-2354.
225. Nishimura Y. Determination of the developmental pattern of retinal ganglion cells in chick embryos by Golgi impregnation and other methods. Anat. Embryol. 158:1980;329-347.
226. Nishimura Y., Inoue Y., Shimai K. Morphological development of retinal ganglion cells in the chick embryo. Exp. Neurol. 64:1979;44-60.
227. O'Leary D.D.M., Cowan W.M. Further studies on the development of the isthmo-optic nucleus with special reference to the occurrence and fate of ectopic and ipsilaterally projecting neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 212:1982;399-416.
228. O'Leary D.D.M., Cowan W.M. Topographic organization of certain tectal afferent and efferent connections can develop normally in the absence of retinal input. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:1983;6131-6135.
229. O'Leary D.D.M., Cowan W.M. Survival of isthmo-optic neurons after early removal of one eye. Brain Res. 314:1984;293-310.
230. O'Leary D.D.M., Fawcett J.W., Cowan W.M. Topographic targeting errors in the retinocollicular projection and their elimination by selective ganglion cell death. J. Neurosci. 6:1986;3692-3705.
231. O'Leary D.D.M., Gerfen C.R., Cowan W.M. The development and restriction of the ipsilateral retinofugal projection in the chick. Brain Res. 312:1983;93-109.
232. Okano T., Kojima D., Fukada Y., Shichida Y., Yoshizawa T. Primary structures of chicken cone visual pigments: vertebrate rhodopsins have evolved out of cone visual pigments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:1992;5932-5936.
233. Olson M.D. Scanning electron microscopy of developing photoreceptors in the chick retina. Anat. Rec. 193:1979;432-438.
234. Ono K., Tsumori T., Kishi T., Yokota S., Yasui Y. Developmental appearance of oligodendrocytes in the embryonic chick retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 398:1998;309-322.
235. Oppenheim R.W. Light responsivity in chick and duck embryos just prior to hatching. Anim. Behav. 16:1968;276-280.
236. Panzica G.C., Viglietti-Panzica C.V. Electron microscopy of synaptic structures in the optic tectum of developing chick embryos. Bibl. Anat. 19:1981;167-173.
237. B.M. Patten, Early Embryology of the Chick, 5th edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971.
238. Péquignot Y., Clarke P.G.H. Changes in cytolamination and neuronal survival in the isthmo-optic nucleus following the intraocular injection of tetrodotoxin in chick embryos. J. Comp. Neurol. 321:1992;336-350.
239. Philp N., Chu P., Pan T.C., Zhang R.Z., Chu M.L., Stark K., Boettiger D., Yoon H., Kieber-Emmons T. Developmental expression and molecular cloning of REMP, a novel retinal epithelial membrane protein. Exp. Eye Res. 219:1995;64-73.
240. Piddington R., Moscona A.A. Correspondence between glutamine synthetase activity and differentiation in the embryonic retina in situ and in culture. J. Cell. Biol. 27:1965;247-252.
241. Pittack C., Grunwald G.B., Reh T.A. Fibroblast growth factors are necessary for neural retina but not pigmented epithelium differentiation in chick embryos. Development. 124:1997;805-816.
242. Plaza S., Langlois M.-C., Turque N., LeCornet S., Bailly M., Bègue A., Quatannens B., Dozier C., Saule S. The homeobox-containing engrailed (EN-1) product downregulates the expression of Pax-6 through a DNA-binding-independent mechanism. Cell Growth Diff. 8:1997;1115-1125.
243. 2+-binding proteins in the retina. Trends Neurosci. 19:1996;547-554.
244. Porter F.D., Drago J., Xu Y., Cheema S.S., Wassif C., Huang S.-P., Lee E., Grinberg A., Massalas J.S., Bodine D., Alt F., Westphal H. Lhx2, a LIM homeobox gene, is required for eye, forebrain, and definitive erythrocyte development. Development. 124:1997;2935-2944.
245. Prada C., Medina J.I., López R., Géniz-Gálvez J.M., Prada F.A. Development of retinal displaced ganglion cells in the chick: neurogenesis and morphogenesis. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;3781-3788.
246. Prada C., Puelles L., Génis-Gálvez J.M. A golgy study on the early sequence of differentiation of ganglion cells in the chick embryo retina. Anat. Embryol. 161:1981;305-317.
247. Prada C., Puga J., Pérez-Méndez L., López R., Ramírez G. Spatial and temporal patterns of neurogenesis in the chick retina. Eur. J. Neurosci. 3:1991;559-569.
248. Prada F.A., Quesada A., Dorado M.E., Chmielewski C.E., Prada C. Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and spatial and temporal patterns of GS expression in the developing chick retina: relationship with synaptogenesis in the outer plexiform layer. Glia. 22:1998;221-236.
249. Puelles L., Bendala M.C. Differentiation of neuroblasts in the chick optic tectum up to eight days of incubation: a Golgi study. Neuroscience. 3:1978;307-325.
250. Püschel A.W., Gruss P., Westerfield M. Sequence and expression pattern of pax-6 are highly conserved between zebrafish and mice. Development. 114:1992;643-651.
251. Quesada A., García-Lomas V., Génis-Gálvez J.M. The midget bipolar cells in the chick retina. Curr. Eye Res. 5:1986;85-92.
252. Quiring R., Walldorf U., Kloter U., Gehring W.J. Homology of the eyeless gene of Drosophila to the small eye gene in mice and aniridia in humans. Science. 265:1994;785-789.
253. Rager G. Morphogenesis and physiogenesis of the retinotectal connection in the chicken: I. The retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B. 192:1976;331-352.
254. Rager G. Morphogenesis and physiogenesis of the retinotectal connection in the chicken: II. The retinotectal synapses. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B. 192:1976;353-370.
255. Rager G. The cellular origin of the b-wave in the electroretinogram - a developmental approach. J. Comp. Neurol. 188:1979;225-244.
256. Rager G., Oeynhausen B.v. Ingrowth and ramification of retinal fibers in the developing optic tectum of the chick embryo. Exp. Brain Res. 35:1979;213-227.
257. Rager G., Rager U. Systems-matching by degeneration: I. A quantitative electron microscopic study of the generation and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in the chicken. Exp. Brain Res. 33:1978;65-78.
258. Rager U., Rager G., Frei B. Central retinal area is not the site where ganglion cells are generated first. J. Comp. Neurol. 334:1993;529-544.
259. S. Ramón y Cajal, Le lobe optique des vertébrés inférieurs, toit optique des oiseaux, in: S. Ramón y Cajal (Ed.), Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'homme et des Vertébrés, Madrid, 1911, pp. 196-212.
260. Rapaport D.H., Dorsky R.I. Inductive competence, its significance in retinal cell fate determination and a role for Delta-Notch signaling. Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 9:1998;241-247.
261. Rathjen F.G., Wolff J.M., Chang S., Bonhoeffer F., Raper J.A. Neurofascin: a novel chick cell-surface glycoprotein involved in neurite-neurite interactions. Cell. 51:1987;841-849.
262. Redies C., Engelhart K., Takeichi M. Differential expression of N- and R-cadherin in functional neuronal systems and other structures of the developing chicken brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 333:1993;398-416.
263. Reed J.C. Double identity for proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Nature. 387:1997;773-776.
264. Reh T.A., Levine E.M. Multipotential stem cells and progenitors in the vertebrate retina. J. Neurobiol. 36:1998;206-220.
265. Remy M., Güntürkün O. Retinal afferents to the tectum opticum and the nucleus opticus principalis thalami in the pigeon. J. Comp. Neurol. 305:1991;57-70.
266. Retaux S., Harris W.A. Engrailed and retinotectal topography. Trends Neurosci. 19:1996;542-546.
267. Riehl R., Johnson K., Bradley R., Grunwald G.B., Cornel E., Lilienbaum A., Holt C.E. Cadherin function is required for axon outgrowth in retinal ganglion cells in vivo. Neuron. 17:1996;837-848.
268. Rizzolo L.J., Li Z.Q. Diffusible, retinal factors stimulate the barrier properties of junctional complexes in the retinal pigment epithelium. J. Cell Sci. 106:1993;859-867.
269. Rizzolo L.J., Zhou S. The distribution of Na(+)K(+)-ATPase and 5A11 antigen in apical microvilli of the retinal pigment epithelium is unrelated to alpha-spectrin. J. Cell Sci. 108:1995;3623-3633.
270. Ríos H., Brusco A., Pecci Saavedra J. Development of serotoninergic chick retinal neurons. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 15:1997;729-738.
271. Roark E.F., Paradies N.E., Lagunowich L.A., Grunwald G.B. Evidence for endogenous protease, mRNA level and insulin as multiple mechanisms of N-cadherin downregulation during retinal development. Development. 114:1992;973-984.
272. Robitzki A., Mack A., Hoppe U., Chatonnet A., Layer P.G. Regulation of cholinesterase gene expression affects neuronal differentiation as revealed by transfection studies on reaggregating embryonic chicken retinal cells. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9:1997;2394-2405.
273. Rodríguez-Tébar A., Jeffrey P.L., Thoenen H., Barde Y.-A. The survival of chick retinal ganglion cells in response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor depends on their embryonic age. Dev. Biol. 136:1989;296-303.
274. Rogers K.T. Studies on chick brain of biochemical differentiation related to morphological differentiation and onset of function. J. Exp. Zool. 144:1960;77-82.
275. L.J. Rogers, The Development of Brain and Behaviour in the Chicken, 1st edn., CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1995.
276. 14C ]2-deoxyglucose Dev. Brain Res. 49:1989;161-172.
277. Rogers L.J., Bell G.A. Changes in metabolic activity in the hyperstriatum of the chick before and after hatching. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 12:1994;557-566.
278. Rogers L.J., Miles F.A. Centrifugal control of the avian retina: V. Effects of lesions of the isthmo-optic nucleus on visual behavior. Brain Res. 48:1972;147-156.
279. Rothermel A., Willbold E., deGrip W.J., Layer P.G. Pigmented epithelium induces complete retinal reconstitution from dispersed embryonic chick retinae in reaggregation culture. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B. 264:1997;1293-1302.
280. Roztocil T., Matter-Sadzinski L., Alliod C., Ballivet M., Matter J.M. NeuroM, a neural helix-loop-helix transcription factor, defines a new transition stage in neurogenesis. Development. 124:1997;3263-3272.
281. Schlosshauer B., Dütting D. Intraretinal pathfinding of ganglion cell axons is perturbed by a monoclonal antibody specific for a G4/Ng-CAM-like cell adhesion molecule. Dev. Brain Res. 63:1991;181-190.
282. Schonbach Ch., Schonbach J. Protein renewal in the photoreceptor outer segments of the pigeon retina. Experientia. 28:1972;836-837.
283. Schroeter E.H., Kisslinger J.A., Kopan R. Notch-1 signaling requires ligand-induced proteolytic release of intracellular domain. Nature. 393:1998;382-386.
284. Schwarz M., Alvarez-Bolado G., Urbanek P., Busslinger M., Gruss P. Conserved biological function between pax-2 and pax-5 in midbrain and cerebellum development: evidence from targeted mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1997;14518-14523.
285. Scicolone G., Pereyra-Alfonso S., Brusco A., Pecci Saavedra J., Flores V. Development of the laminated pattern of the chick tectum opticum. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 13:1995;845-858.
286. Senut M.C., Alvarado-Mallart R.M. Development of the retinotectal system in normal quail embryos: cytoarchitectonic development and optic fiber innervation. Dev. Brain Res. 29:1986;123-140.
287. Simon D.K., O'Leary D.D.M. Development of topographic order in the mammalian retinocollicular projection. J. Neurosci. 12:1992;1212-1232.
288. Snow R.L., Robson J.A. Ganglion cell neurogenesis, migration and early differentiation in the chick retina. Neuroscience. 58:1994;399-409.
289. Snow R.L., Robson J.A. Migration and differentiation of neurons in the retina and optic tectum of the chick. Exp. Neurol. 134:1995;13-24.
290. Somohano F., Roberts P.J., López-Colome A.M. Maturational changes in retinal excitatory amino acid receptors. Brain Res. 470:1988;59-67.
291. Spence S.G., Robson J.A. An autoradiographic analysis of neurogenesis in the chick retina in vitro and in vivo. Neuroscience. 32:1989;801-812.
292. Spira A.W., Millar T.J., Ishimoto I., Epstein M.L., Johnson C.D., Dahl J.L., Morgan I.G. Localization of choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in the embryonic chick retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 260:1987;526-538.
293. Spoerri P.E., Ulshafer R.J., Ludwig H.C., Allen C.B., Kelley K.C. Photoreceptor cell development in vitro: influence of pigment epithelium conditioned medium on outer segement differentiation. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 46:1988;362-367.
294. Stenkamp D.L., Gregory J.K., Adler R. Retinoid effects in purified cultures of chick embryo retina neurons and photoreceptors. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 34:1993;2425-2436.
295. Stieda, Studien über das centrale Nervensystem der Vögel und Säugethiere, Z. Wiss. Zool., XIX, 1868.
296. Stitt T.N., Hatten M.E. Antibodies that recognize astrotactin block granule neuron binding to astroglia. Neuron. 5:1990;639-649.
297. Straznicky C., Chehade M. The formation of the area centralis of the retinal ganglion cell layer in the chick. Development. 100:1987;411-420.
298. 2+ rise in the embryonic chick retina. J. Neurobiol. 34:1998;113-125.
299. Sugiyama S., Funahashi J., Kitajewski J., Nakamura H. Cross-regulation between En-2 and Wnt-1 in chick tectal development. Dev. Growth Differ. 40:1998;157-166.
300. Swain P.K., Chen S., Wang Q.-L., Affatigato L.M., Coats C.L., Brady K.D., Fishman G.A., Jacobson S.G., Swaroop A., Stone E., Sieving P.A., Zack D.J. Mutations in the cone-rod homeobox gene are associated with the cone-rod dystrophy photoreceptor degeneration. Neuron. 19:1997;1329-1336.
301. Takagi S., Kasuya Y., Shimizu M., Matsuura T., Tsuboi M., Kawakami A., Fujisawa H. Expression of a cell adhesion molecule, neuropilin, in the developing chick nervous system. Dev. Biol. 170:1995;207-222.
302. Thanos S. Genesis, neurotrophin responsiveness, and apoptosis of a pronounced direct connection between the two eyes of the chick embryo: a natural error or a meaningful developmental event? J. Neurosci. 19:1999;3900-3917.
303. Thanos S., Bonhoeffer F. Investigations on development and topographic order of retinotectal axons: anterograde and retrograde staining of axons and their perikarya with rhodamine in vivo. J. Comp. Neurol. 219:1983;420-430.
304. Thanos S., Bonhoeffer F. Axonal arborization in the developing chick retinotectal system. J. Comp. Neurol. 261:1987;155-164.
305. Thanos S., Bonhoeffer F., Rutishauser U. Fiber-fiber interactions and tectal cues influence the development of the chick retinotectal system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81:1984;1906-1910.
306. Thanos S., Dütting D. Plasticity in the developing chick visual system: topography and maintenance of experimentally induced ipsilateral projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 278:1988;303-311.
307. Thanos S., Mey J. Type-specific stabilization and target-dependent survival of regenerating ganglion cells in the retina of adult rats. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;1057-1079.
308. Thanos S., Mey J., Dütting D., Hummler E. Positional determination of the nasotemporal retinal axis coincides with asymmetric expression of proteins along the anterior-posterior axis of the eye primordium. Exp. Eye Res. 63:1996;479-492.
309. Thanos S., Moore S., Hong Y.-M. Retinal microglia. Prog. Retinal Eye Res. 15:1996;331-361.
310. Thanos S., Seeger J., Kazca J., Mey J. Old dyes for new scopes: the phagocytosis-dependent long-term fluorescence labeling of microglial cells in vivo. Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;177-182.
311. Thanos S., Vanselow J., Mey J. Ganglion cells in the juvenile chick retina and their ability to regenerate axons in vitro. Exp. Eye Res. 54:1992;377-391.
312. Tomarev S.I., Callaerts P., Kos L., Zinovieva R., Halder G., Gehring W., Piatigorsky J. Squid Pax-6 and eye development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1997;2421-2426.
313. Troilo D., Xiong M., Crowley J.C., Finlay B.L. Factors controlling the dendritic arborization of retinal ganglion cells. Visual Neurosci. 13:1996;721-733.
314. Tung N.N., Morgan I.G., Ehrlich D. A quantitative analysis of the effects of excitatory neurotoxins on retinal ganglion cells in the chick. Visual Neurosci. 4:1990;217-223.
315. Turner D.L., Cepko C.L. A common progenitor for neurons and glia persists in rat retina late in development. Nature. 328:1987;131-136.
316. Turner D.L., Snyder E.Y., Cepko C.L. Lineage-independent determination of cell type in the embryonic mouse retina. Neuron. 4:1990;833-845.
317. Vanselow J., Dütting D., Thanos S. Target dependence of chick retinal ganglion cells during embryogenesis: cell survival and dendritic development. J. Comp. Neurol. 295:1990;235-247.
318. Vanselow J., Thanos S., Godement P., Henke-Fahle S., Bonhoeffer F. Spatial arrangement of radial glia and ingrowing of retinal axons in the chick optic tectum during development. Dev. Brain Res. 45:1998;15-27.
319. Vollmer G., Layer P.G. An in vitro model of proliferation and differentiation of the chick retina: coaggregates of retinal and pigment epithelial cells. J. Neurosci. 6:1986;1885-1896.
320. Waid D.K., McLoon S.C. Ganglion cells influence the fate of dividing retinal cells in culture. Development. 125:1998;1059-1066.
321. Walther C., Gruss P. Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS. Development. 113:1991;1435-1449.
322. Wassarman K.M., Lewandoski M., Campbell K., Joyner A.L., Rubenstein J.L.R., Martinez S., Martin G.R. Specification of the anterior hindbrain and establishment of a normal mid/hindbrain organizer is dependent on Gbx2 gene function. Development. 124:1997;2923-2934.
323. Watanabe M., Rutishauser U., Silver J. Formation of the retinal ganglion cell and optic fiber layers. J. Neurobiol. 22:1991;85-95.
324. Watanabe T., Raff M.C. Diffusible rod-promoting signals in the developing retina. Development. 114:1992;899-906.
325. Willbold E., Layer P.G. Formation of neuroblastic layers in chicken retinospheroids: the fibre layer of Chievitz secludes AChE-positive cells from mitotic cells. Cell Tissue Res. 268:1992;401-408.
326. Willbold E., Layer P.G. Müller glia cells and their possible roles during retina differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Histol. Histopathol. 13:1998;531-552.
327. Williams C.V., McLoon S.C. Elimination of the transient ipsilateral retinotectal projections is not solely achieved by cell death in the developing chick. J. Neurosci. 11:1991;445-453.
328. Williams R.S., Goldowitz D. Lineage versus environment in embryonic retina: a revisionist perspective. Trends Neurosci. 15:1992;368-373.
329. Wilson P. The organization of the visual hyperstriatum in the domestic chick: II. Receptive field properties of single units. Brain Res. 188:1980;333-345.
330. Wingate R.J.T. Retinal ganglion cell dendritic development and its control. Mol. Neurobiol. 12:1996;133-144.
331. Wizenmann A., Thanos S. The developing chick isthmo-optic nucleus forms a transient efferent projection to the optic tectum. Neurosci. Lett. 113:1990;241-246.
332. Wong W.T., Sanes J.R., Wong R.O.L. Developmentally regulated spontaneous activity in the embryonic chick retina. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;8839-8852.
333. Woodson W., Shimizu T., Wild J.M., Schimke J., Cox K., Karten H.J. Centrifugal projections upon the retina: an anterograde tracing study in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Comp. Neurol. 362:1995;489-509.
334. Wöhrn J.-C.P., Puelles L., Nakagawa S., Takeichi M., Redies C. Cadherin expression in the retina and retinofugal pathways of the chicken embryo. J. Comp. Neurol. 396:1998;20-38.
335. Wu C.-C., Karten H.J. The thalamo-hyperstriatal system is established by the time of hatching in chicks (Gallus gallus): a cholera toxin B subunit study. Visual Neurosci. 15:1997;349-358.
336. Wulle I., Wagner H.-J. GABA and tyrosine hydroxylase immunochemistry reveal different patterns of colocalization in retinal neurons of various vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 296:1990;173-178.
337. Yamagata M., Herman J.P., Sanes J.R. Lamina-specific expression of adhesion molecules in developing chick optic tectum. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;4556-4571.
338. Yamagata M., Sanes J.R. Lamina-specific cues guide outgrowth and arborization of retinal axons in the optic tectum. Development. 121:1995;189-200.
339. Yamagata M., Sanes J.R. Target-independent diversification and target-specific projection of chemically defined retinal ganglion cell subsets. Development. 121:1995;3763-3776.
340. Yan R.-T., Wang S.-Z. NeuroD induces photoreceptor cell overproduction in vivo and de novo generation in vitro. J. Neurobiol. 36:1998;485-496.
341. Yuasa J., Hirano S., Yamagata M., Noda M. Visual projection map specified by topographic expression of transcription factors in the retina. Nature. 382:1996;632-635.