What does it mean to be a naturalist at the end of the twentieth century?

American Naturalist

Volumn 155, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-12

  Grant, Peter R ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecology; Evolution; Extinctions; Future; Models; Syntheses

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034052585     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/303304     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Barnes, S. M., C. F. Delwiche, J. D. Palmer, and N. R. Pace. 1996. Perspectives on Archaeal diversity, thermophily and monophyly from environmental rRNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93:9188-9193.
2. Bates, H. W. 1863. The naturalist on the river Amazons. Dent, London.
3. Bates, M. (1950) 1990. The nature of natural history. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., with a new preface by H. S. Horn. Original edition, Scribners, New York.
4. Belt, T. 1874. The naturalist in Nicaragua. Bumpas, London.
5. Bigelow, R. P. 1898. The aim of the American Naturalist. American Naturalist 32:49-51.
6. Brillat-Savarin, A. 1826. Physiologie du Gout, ou Méditations de Gastronomie Transcendente. Vol. 1. Sautelet, Paris.
7. Brown, M. C., W. G. Hopkins, and R. J. Keynes. 1991. Essentials of neural development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
8. Bumpus, H. C. 1899. Facts and theories of telegony. American Naturalist 33:917-922.
9. Carson, R. 1962. Silent spring. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston.
10. Chapin, F. S., III, B. H. Walker, R. J. Hobbs, D. U. Hooper, J. H. Lawton, O. E. Sala, and D. Tilman. 1997. Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science (Washington, D.C.) 277:500-504.
11. Cheke, A. S., T. Gardner, C. G. Jones, A. W. Owadally, and F. Staub. 1984. Did the dodo do it? Animal Kingdom 87:4-6.
12. Cole, F. J. 1953. The history of Albrecht Dürer's rhinoceros in zoological literature. Pages 337-356 in E. A. Underwood, ed. Science, medicine and history. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press, London.
13. Conway Morris, S. 1998. The crucible of creation: the Burgess Shale and the rise of animals. Oxford University Press, New York.
14. Cott, H. B. 1940. Adaptive coloration in animals. Oxford University Press, New York.
15. Davenport, C. B. 1899. Statistical methods with special reference to biological variation. Wiley, New York.
16. Dayton, P. K. 1998. Reversal of the burden of proof in fisheries management. Science (Washington, D.C.) 279: 821-822.
17. Dobzhansky, T. 1964. Biology, molecular and organismal. American Zoologist 4:443-452.
18. -. 1966. Are naturalists old-fashioned? American Naturalist 100:541-550.
19. Driesch, H. 1899. Die Localisation morphogenetisches Vorgänge: ein beweis vitalischen Geschehens. Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik 8:35-111.
20. Edes, R. T. 1899. Relation of the chirping of the tree cricket (Oecanthus niveus) to temperature. American Naturalist 33:935-938.
21. Feder, J. L. 1998. The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella: flies in the face of conventional wisdom about speciation? Pages 130-144 in D. J. Howard and S. H. Berlocher, eds. Endless forms: species and speciation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
22. Funch, P., and R. M. Kristensen. 1995. Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature (London) 378:711-714.
23. Futuyma, D. J. 1998. Wherefore and whither the naturalist? American Naturalist 151:1-6.
24. Gabaccia, D. R. 1998. We are what we eat: ethnic food and the making of Americans. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
25. Gentry, A. H. 1989. Speciation in tropical forests. Pages 113-134 in L. B. Holm-Nielsen, I. C. Nielsen, and H. Balsev, eds. Tropical forests: botanical dynamics, speciation and diversity. Academic Press, New York.
26. Gerhart, J., and M. Kirschner. 1997. Cells, embryos, and evolution: toward a cellular and developmental understanding of phenotypic variation and evolutionary adaptability. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
27. Gerrould, J. H. 1899. A rational vitalism. American Naturalist 33:967-972.
28. Givnish, T. J., K. J. Sytsma, J. F. Smith, and W. J. Hahn. 1994. Thorn-like prickles and heterophylly in Cyanea: adaptations to extinct avian browsers on Hawaii? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 91:2810-2814.
29. Gould, S. J. 1997. Questioning the millennium: a rationalist's guide to a precisely arbitrary countdown. Harmony, New York.
30. Graham, J. B., R. Dudley, N. M. Aguilar, and C. Gans. 1995. Implications of the late Palaeozoic oxygen pulse for physiology and evolution. Nature (London) 375: 117-120.
31. Haldane, J. B. S. 1958. The theory of evolution, before and after Bateson. Journal of Genetics 56:1-17.
32. Hedin, L. O., J. J. Armesto, and A. H. Johnson. 1995. Patterns of nutrient loss from unpolluted, old-growth temperate forests: evaluation of biogeochemical theory. Ecology 76:493-509.
33. Hogben, L. 1937. Mathematics for the million. Norton, New York.
34. Huxley, J. S. 1940. Introduction. Pages vii-ix in H. B. Cott, ed. Adaptive coloration in animals. Oxford University Press, New York.
35. Hynes, H. B. N. 1960. The biology of polluted waters. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.
36. Jacobson, M. 1991. Developmental neurobiology. 3d ed. Plenum, New York.
37. James, H. F., and D. A. Burney. 1997. The diet and ecology of Hawaii's extinct flightless waterfowl: evidence from coprolites. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 62: 279-297.
38. Janzen, D. H. 1986. Chihuahuan desert nopaleras: defaunated big mammal vegetation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17:595-636.
39. Janzen, D. H., and P. S. Martin. 1982. Neotropical anachronisms: the fruits the gomphotheres ate. Science (Washington, D.C.) 215:19-27.
40. Kettlewell, B. 1973. The evolution of melanism. Clarendon, Oxford.
41. Kirschner, M. 1992. Evolution of the cell. Pages 99-126 in P. R. Grant and H. S. Horn, eds. Molds, molecules, and metazoa: growing points in evolutionary biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
42. Knoll, A. H., R. K. Bambach, D. E. Caulfield, and J. P. Grotzinger. 1996. Comparative earth history and late Permian mass extinction. Science (Washington, D.C.) 273:452-457.
43. Le Dantec, F. 1899. La sexualité. Scientia, séries biologique, no. 2. Carré et Naud, Paris.
44. Lubchenko, J. 1998. Entering the century of the environment: a new social contract for science. Science (Washington, D.C.) 279:491-497.
45. Lubchenko, J., A. M. Olson, L. B. Brubaker, S. R. Carpenter, M. M. Holland, S. P. Hubbell, S. A. Levin, et al. 1991. The sustainable biosphere initiative: an ecological research agenda. Ecology 72:371-412.
46. Majerus, M. E. N. 1998. Melanism: evolution in action. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
47. Marler, P., and S. Peters. 1982. Developmental overproduction and selective attrition: new processes in the epigenesis of birdsong. Developmental Psychobiology 15:369-378.
48. Maynard Smith, J., and E. Szathmáry. 1995. The major transitions in evolution. W. H. Freeman, New York.
49. Mayr, E. 1946. The naturalist in Leidy's time and today. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 98:271-276.
50. -. 1998. Two empires or three? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95: 9720-9723.
51. McInerney, J. O., M. Mullarkey, M. E. Wernecke, and R. Powell. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of Group I marine archaeal rRNA sequences emphasizes the hidden diversity within the primary group Archaea. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 264: 1663-1669.
52. Moseley, H. N. 1879. Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger. J. Murray, London.
53. Murphy, M. P., and L. O'Neill, eds. 1995. What is life? the next fifty years: speculations on the future of biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
54. Nijhout, H. F. 1994. Insect hormones. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
55. Nutting, C. S. 1899. The utility of phosphorescence in deep-sea animals. American Naturalist 33:793-799.
56. Osborn, H. F. 1948. Our plundered planet. Scribner, New York.
57. Owadally, A. W. 1979. The dodo and the tambalacoque tree. Science (Washington, D.C.) 203:1363-1364.
58. Raff, R. 1996. The shape of life: genes, development, and the evolution of animal form. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
59. Reaka-Kudla, M. L., D. E. Wilson, and E. O. Wilson, eds. 1997. Biodiversity. Vol. 2. Understanding and protecting our biological resources. Joseph Henry, Washington, D.C.
60. Rudd, R. L. 1964. Pesticides and the living landscape. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
61. Schatz, G. E., P. P. Lowrey II, and A. Ramisamihantanirina. 1998. Takhtajania perrieri rediscovered. Nature (London) 391:133-134.
62. Seehausen, O., J. J. M. van Alphen, and F. Witte. 1997. Cichlid fish diversity threatened by eutrophication that curbs sexual selection. Science (Washington, D.C.) 277: 1808-1811.
63. Smocovitis, V. B. 1996. Unifying biology: the evolutionary synthesis and evolutionary biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
64. Stearns, B. P., and S. C. Stearns. 1999. Watching, from the edge of extinction. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
65. Stork, N. E. 1997. Measuring global diversity and its decline. Pages 41-68 in M. L. Reaka-Kudla, D. E. Wilson, and E. O. Wilson, eds. Biodiversity. Vol. 2. Understanding and protecting our biological resources. Joseph Henry, Washington, D.C.
66. Temple, S. A. 1977. Plant-animal mutualism: co-evolution with dodo leads to near extinction of plant. Science (Washington, D.C.) 197:885-886.
67. -. 1979. Response to Owadally (1979). Science (Washington, D.C.) 203:1364.
68. -. 1983. The dodo haunts a forest. Animal Kingdom 86:20-25.
69. -. 1984. Author Stanley Temple replies. Animal Kingdom 87:7, 51.
70. Travis, J., and D. J. Futuyma. 1993. Global change: lessons from and for evolutionary biology. Pages 251-263 in P. M. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver, and R. B. Huey, eds. Biotic interactions and global change. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
71. Twain, M. 1883. Life on the Mississippi. Osgood, Boston.
72. Vaughan, R. E. 1984. [Response to Temple]. Animal Kingdom 87:6-7.
73. Vaughan, R. E., and P. O. Wiehe. 1941. Studies on the vegetation of Mauritius. III. The structure and development of the upland climax forest. Journal of Ecology 29:127-160.
74. Vermeij, G. J. 1987. Evolution and escalation: an ecological history of life. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
75. Vitousek, P., H. A. Mooney, J. Lubchenko, and J. M. Melillo. 1997. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science (Washington, D.C.) 277:494-499.
76. Wagner, G. P., C.-H. Chiu, and T. F. Hansen. 1999. Is Hsp 90 a regulator of evolvability? Journal of Experimental Zoology 285:116-118.
77. Wagner, M. 1889. Die Entstehung der Arten durch Räumliche Sonderung. Benno Schwalbe, Basel.
78. Wallace, A. R. 1855. On the law which has regulated the introduction of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 16:184-196.
79. -. 1871. Contributions to the theory of natural selection: a series of essays. 2d ed. Macmillan, New York.
80. Werren, J. H. 1998. Wolbachia and speciation. Pages 245-260 in D. J. Howard and S. H. Berlocher, eds. Endless forms: species and speciation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
81. West, G. B., J. H. Brown, and B. J. Enquist. 1997. A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science (Washington, D.C.) 276:122-126.
82. Whitehead, A. N. 1920. The concept of nature. Tarner Lectures delivered in Trinity College, November, 1919. Cambridge University Press, London.
83. Wilson, E. O. 1992. The diversity of life. Norton, New York.
84. -. 1998. Consilience: the unity of knowledge. Knopf, New York.