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The Drosophila chromosomal proteins GAGA factor and PROD are both heterochromatin-associated in metaphase chromosomes but are absent from heterochromatin in interphase polytene tissues. The authors present data indicating that both proteins have high-affinity binding sites in euchromatin and low-affinity binding sites in specific heterochromatin-imbedded satellite sequences. Protein redistribution from euchromatin to heterochromatin may be driven by mitotic chromosome condensation. Importantly, the authors observe that heterochromatin binding is absent in Drosophila species lacking particular satellites. The results suggest that caution should be used in assigning functional significance to the simple observation of heterochromatin binding.
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Phosphorylation of heterochromatin protein 1 by casein kinase II is required for efficient heterochromatin binding in Drosophila
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This group previously showed that HP1 is multiply phosphorylated and that hyperphosphorylation is correlated with heterochromatin assembly. In this paper, they report that three phosphorylation sites are targets for casein kinase II (CKII). Alanine substitution mutations that block CKII phosphorylation interfere with efficient heterochromatin targeting by HP1.
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Zhao T., Eissenberg J.C. Phosphorylation of heterochromatin protein 1 by casein kinase II is required for efficient heterochromatin binding in Drosophila. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;15095-15100. This group previously showed that HP1 is multiply phosphorylated and that hyperphosphorylation is correlated with heterochromatin assembly. In this paper, they report that three phosphorylation sites are targets for casein kinase II (CKII). Alanine substitution mutations that block CKII phosphorylation interfere with efficient heterochromatin targeting by HP1.
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Localization and phosphorylation of HP1 proteins during the cell cycle in mammalian cells
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This paper reports a detailed analysis of the nuclear distribution of the three known human HP1 family members during the cell cycle. Two of the three are heterochromatin-associated, while the third is dispersed at numerous euchromatic sites. The authors also show that two of the three are phosphorylated, with more extensive phosphorylation associated with M phase in the cell cycle.
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Minc E., Allory Y., Courvalin J.C., Worman H.J., Buendia B. Localization and phosphorylation of HP1 proteins during the cell cycle in mammalian cells. Chromosoma. 108:1999;220-234. This paper reports a detailed analysis of the nuclear distribution of the three known human HP1 family members during the cell cycle. Two of the three are heterochromatin-associated, while the third is dispersed at numerous euchromatic sites. The authors also show that two of the three are phosphorylated, with more extensive phosphorylation associated with M phase in the cell cycle.
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(1999)
Chromosoma
, vol.108
, pp. 220-234
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Minc, E.1
Allory, Y.2
Courvalin, J.C.3
Worman, H.J.4
Buendia, B.5
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45
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0027494460
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Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster. V. Heterochromatin-associated protein HP1 appears in euchromatic chromosomal regions that are inactivated as a result of position-effect variegation
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Belyaeva E.S., Demakova O.V., Umbetova G.H., Zhimulev I.F. Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster. V. Heterochromatin-associated protein HP1 appears in euchromatic chromosomal regions that are inactivated as a result of position-effect variegation. Chromosoma. 102:1993;583-590.
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(1993)
Chromosoma
, vol.102
, pp. 583-590
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Belyaeva, E.S.1
Demakova, O.V.2
Umbetova, G.H.3
Zhimulev, I.F.4
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46
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0030846653
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Cytological study of the brown dominant position effect
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Belyaeva E.S., Koryakov D.E., Pokholkova G.V., Demakova O.V., Zhimulev I.F. Cytological study of the brown dominant position effect. Chromosoma. 106:1997;124-132.
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(1997)
Chromosoma
, vol.106
, pp. 124-132
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Belyaeva, E.S.1
Koryakov, D.E.2
Pokholkova, G.V.3
Demakova, O.V.4
Zhimulev, I.F.5
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47
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0028286165
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Expansions of transgene repeats cause heterochromatin formation and gene silencing in Drosophila
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Dorer D.R., Henikoff S. Expansions of transgene repeats cause heterochromatin formation and gene silencing in Drosophila. Cell. 77:1994;993-1002.
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(1994)
Cell
, vol.77
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Dorer, D.R.1
Henikoff, S.2
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48
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0031774956
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Heterochromatin protein 1 binds transgene arrays
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A previous study demonstrated that arrays of P-elements containing a white transgene resulted in variegated silencing of white. Silencing appeared to be a result of the assembly of ectopic heterochromatin at the array locus. This paper shows that the silenced arrays recruit HP1. Interestingly, a single copy white transgene, which shows no variegation, still binds HP1, suggesting that HP1-dependent silencing might require threshold quantities of HP1.
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Fanti L., Dorer D.R., Berloco M., Henikoff S., Pimpinelli S. Heterochromatin protein 1 binds transgene arrays. Chromosoma. 107:1999;286-292. A previous study demonstrated that arrays of P-elements containing a white transgene resulted in variegated silencing of white. Silencing appeared to be a result of the assembly of ectopic heterochromatin at the array locus. This paper shows that the silenced arrays recruit HP1. Interestingly, a single copy white transgene, which shows no variegation, still binds HP1, suggesting that HP1-dependent silencing might require threshold quantities of HP1.
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(1999)
Chromosoma
, vol.107
, pp. 286-292
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Fanti, L.1
Dorer, D.R.2
Berloco, M.3
Henikoff, S.4
Pimpinelli, S.5
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49
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0031794379
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Characterization of sequences associated with position-effect variegation at pericentric sites in Drosophila heterochromatin
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Cryderman D.E., Cuaycong M.H., Elgin S.C.R., Wallrath L.L. Characterization of sequences associated with position-effect variegation at pericentric sites in Drosophila heterochromatin. Chromosoma. 107:1998;277-285.
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(1998)
Chromosoma
, vol.107
, pp. 277-285
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Cryderman, D.E.1
Cuaycong, M.H.2
Elgin, S.C.R.3
Wallrath, L.L.4
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50
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0033566809
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Hetero-chromatic silencing of Drosophila heat shock genes acts at the level of promoter potentiation
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Previous work has shown that regions subject to heterochromatic silencing are less accessible to nuclease attack, suggesting that heterochromatinization might reduce transcription factor access as well. This paper provides the first evidence that binding of three transcription factors - GAGA factor, TFIID and RNA polymerase II - is reduced at a silenced locus.
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Cryderman D.E., Tang H.B., Bell C., Gilmour D.S., Wallrath L.L. Hetero-chromatic silencing of Drosophila heat shock genes acts at the level of promoter potentiation. Nucleic Acids Res. 27:1999;3364-3370. Previous work has shown that regions subject to heterochromatic silencing are less accessible to nuclease attack, suggesting that heterochromatinization might reduce transcription factor access as well. This paper provides the first evidence that binding of three transcription factors - GAGA factor, TFIID and RNA polymerase II - is reduced at a silenced locus.
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(1999)
Nucleic Acids Res
, vol.27
, pp. 3364-3370
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Cryderman, D.E.1
Tang, H.B.2
Bell, C.3
Gilmour, D.S.4
Wallrath, L.L.5
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51
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0025219041
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The effects of chromosome rearrangements on the expression of heterochromatic genes in chromosome 2L of Drosophila melanogaster
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Wakimoto B., Hearn M. The effects of chromosome rearrangements on the expression of heterochromatic genes in chromosome 2L of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 125:1990;141-154.
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(1990)
Genetics
, vol.125
, pp. 141-154
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Wakimoto, B.1
Hearn, M.2
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52
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0027298420
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The role of heterochromatin in the expression of a heterochromatic gene, the rolled locus of Drosophila melanogaster
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Eberl D.F., Duyf B.J., Hilliker A.J. The role of heterochromatin in the expression of a heterochromatic gene, the rolled locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 134:1993;277-292.
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(1993)
Genetics
, vol.134
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Eberl, D.F.1
Duyf, B.J.2
Hilliker, A.J.3
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53
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0026046642
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The effect of modifiers of position-effect variegation on the variegation of heterochromatic genes of Drosophila melanogaster
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Hearn M.G., Hedrick A., Grigliatti T.A., Wakimoto B.T. The effect of modifiers of position-effect variegation on the variegation of heterochromatic genes of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 128:1991;785-797.
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Genetics
, vol.128
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Hearn, M.G.1
Hedrick, A.2
Grigliatti, T.A.3
Wakimoto, B.T.4
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54
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0032144412
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Suppressors of position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster affect expression of the heterochromatic gene light in the absence of a chromosome rearrangement
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Dominant suppressors of PEV were previously shown to enhance the variegation of the heterochromatic gene light when it is moved to euchromatin by a chromosome rearrangement. This paper shows that certain combinations of dominant PEV suppressors (including combinations with a mutant allele of Su[var]2-5) cause misregulation of light with this heterochromatic gene in its normal chromosomal context. This result suggests that the products of such PEV suppressors, including HP1, are required normally for the proper regulation of heterochromatic genes.
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Clegg N.J., Honda B.M., Whitehead I.P., Grigliatti T.A., Wakimoto B., Brock H.W., Lloyd V.K., Sinclair D.A.R. Suppressors of position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster affect expression of the heterochromatic gene light in the absence of a chromosome rearrangement. Genome. 41:1998;495-503. Dominant suppressors of PEV were previously shown to enhance the variegation of the heterochromatic gene light when it is moved to euchromatin by a chromosome rearrangement. This paper shows that certain combinations of dominant PEV suppressors (including combinations with a mutant allele of Su[var]2-5) cause misregulation of light with this heterochromatic gene in its normal chromosomal context. This result suggests that the products of such PEV suppressors, including HP1, are required normally for the proper regulation of heterochromatic genes.
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(1998)
Genome
, vol.41
, pp. 495-503
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Clegg, N.J.1
Honda, B.M.2
Whitehead, I.P.3
Grigliatti, T.A.4
Wakimoto, B.5
Brock, H.W.6
Lloyd, V.K.7
Sinclair, D.A.R.8
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55
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0032215539
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The heterochromatin protein 1 prevents telomere fusions in Drosophila
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Fanti L., Giovinazzo G., Berloco M., Pimpinelli S. The heterochromatin protein 1 prevents telomere fusions in Drosophila. Mol Cell. 2:1998;527-538.
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(1998)
Mol Cell
, vol.2
, pp. 527-538
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Fanti, L.1
Giovinazzo, G.2
Berloco, M.3
Pimpinelli, S.4
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56
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0028318372
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Switching gene swi6, involved in repression of silent mating-type loci in fission yeast, encodes a homologue of chromatin-associated proteins from Drosophila and mammals
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Lorentz A., Ostermann K., Fleck O., Schmidt H. Switching gene swi6, involved in repression of silent mating-type loci in fission yeast, encodes a homologue of chromatin-associated proteins from Drosophila and mammals. Gene. 143:1994;139-143.
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(1994)
Gene
, vol.143
, pp. 139-143
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Lorentz, A.1
Ostermann, K.2
Fleck, O.3
Schmidt, H.4
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57
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0026458066
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Heterochromatin protein 1, a known suppressor of position-effect variegation, is highly conserved in Drosophila
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Clark R.F., Elgin S.C.R. Heterochromatin protein 1, a known suppressor of position-effect variegation, is highly conserved in Drosophila. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1992;6067-6074.
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(1992)
Nucleic Acids Res
, vol.20
, pp. 6067-6074
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Clark, R.F.1
Elgin, S.C.R.2
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58
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0031815810
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Chicken chromobox proteins: CDNA cloning of CHCB1,-2,-3 and their relation to W-heterochromatin
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Yamaguchi K., Hidema S., Mizuno S. Chicken chromobox proteins: cDNA cloning of CHCB1,-2,-3 and their relation to W-heterochromatin. Exp Cell Res. 242:1998;303-314.
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(1998)
Exp Cell Res
, vol.242
, pp. 303-314
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Yamaguchi, K.1
Hidema, S.2
Mizuno, S.3
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59
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0026093253
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A sequence motif found in a Drosophila heterochromatin protein is conserved in animals and plants
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Singh P.B., Miller J.R., Pearce J., Kothary R., Burton R.D., Paro R., James T.C., Gaunt S.J. A sequence motif found in a Drosophila heterochromatin protein is conserved in animals and plants. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:1991;789-794.
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(1991)
Nucleic Acids Res
, vol.19
, pp. 789-794
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Singh, P.B.1
Miller, J.R.2
Pearce, J.3
Kothary, R.4
Burton, R.D.5
Paro, R.6
James, T.C.7
Gaunt, S.J.8
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60
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0027415544
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Molecular cloning of a human homologue of Drosophila heterochromatin protein HP1 using anticentromere autoantibodies with anti-chromo specificity
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Saunders W.S., Chue C., Goebl M., Craig C., Clark R.F., Powers J.A., Eissenberg J.C., Elgin S.C.R., Rothfield N.F., Earnshaw W.C. Molecular cloning of a human homologue of Drosophila heterochromatin protein HP1 using anticentromere autoantibodies with anti-chromo specificity. J Cell Sci. 104:1993;573-582.
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(1993)
J Cell Sci
, vol.104
, pp. 573-582
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Saunders, W.S.1
Chue, C.2
Goebl, M.3
Craig, C.4
Clark, R.F.5
Powers, J.A.6
Eissenberg, J.C.7
Elgin, S.C.R.8
Rothfield, N.F.9
Earnshaw, W.C.10
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61
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0032590004
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Heterochromatin protein 1 modifies mammalian PEV in a dose- And chromosomal-context-dependent manner
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The authors exploit previously established transgenic mouse lines in which a human D2 locus control region mutation construct was found to variegate when inserted in heterochromatin. This paper shows that the variegation is enhanced by overexpression of mouse M31. This is the first demonstration of dosage-dependent silencing by an HP1 family protein in a metazoan other than Drosophila.
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Festenstein R., Sharghi-Namini S., Fox M., Roderick K., Tolaini M., Norton T., Saveliev A., Kioussis D., Singh P. Heterochromatin protein 1 modifies mammalian PEV in a dose- and chromosomal-context-dependent manner. Nat Genet. 23:1999;457-461. The authors exploit previously established transgenic mouse lines in which a human D2 locus control region mutation construct was found to variegate when inserted in heterochromatin. This paper shows that the variegation is enhanced by overexpression of mouse M31. This is the first demonstration of dosage-dependent silencing by an HP1 family protein in a metazoan other than Drosophila.
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(1999)
Nat Genet
, vol.23
, pp. 457-461
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Festenstein, R.1
Sharghi-Namini, S.2
Fox, M.3
Roderick, K.4
Tolaini, M.5
Norton, T.6
Saveliev, A.7
Kioussis, D.8
Singh, P.9
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62
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0033965983
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The HP1 chromo shadow domain binds a consensus peptide pentamer
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By probing a random phage display library with a Drosophila HP1 chromo shadow domain, the authors identify a consensus peptide motif sufficient for chromo shadow domain binding. Sequences highly related to this consensus can be found in some reported HP1 family-interacting proteins, as well as in the HP1 chromo shadow domain itself. Importantly, self-dimerization of the chromo shadow domain in vitro is disrupted by a peptide based on the consensus motif.
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Smothers J.F., Henikoff S. The HP1 chromo shadow domain binds a consensus peptide pentamer. Curr Biol. 10:2000;27-30. By probing a random phage display library with a Drosophila HP1 chromo shadow domain, the authors identify a consensus peptide motif sufficient for chromo shadow domain binding. Sequences highly related to this consensus can be found in some reported HP1 family-interacting proteins, as well as in the HP1 chromo shadow domain itself. Importantly, self-dimerization of the chromo shadow domain in vitro is disrupted by a peptide based on the consensus motif.
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(2000)
Curr Biol
, vol.10
, pp. 27-30
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Smothers, J.F.1
Henikoff, S.2
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