Why do neuroprotective drugs work in animals but not humans?

Neurologic Clinics

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 475-493

  DeGraba, Thomas J ^a   Pettigrew, L Creed ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 (5 CHLORO 2 METHOXYPHENYL) 3 FLUORO 2,3 DIHYDRO 6 TRIFLUOROMETHYL 1H INDOL 2 ONE; 4 PHOSPHONOMETHYLPIPECOLIC ACID; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ALTEPLASE; APTIGANEL; BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; BINDING PROTEIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHEMOATTRACTANT; CHEMOKINE; CITICOLINE; CLOMETHIAZOLE; CYTOKINE; DISUFENTON SODIUM; ELIPRODIL; FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM; GANGLIOSIDE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GLYCINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GVS 150526; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; LUBELUZOLE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NALMEFENE; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; NIMODIPINE; POTASSIUM CHANNEL AFFECTING AGENT; TIRILAZAD; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0034008372     PISSN: 07338619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0733-8619(05)70203-6     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. A.K. Abbas A.H. Lichtman J.S. Pober Cytokines Cellular and Molecular Immunology 2 ed. 1994 WB Saunders Philadelphia 240
2. S. Akopov R. Sercombe J. Seylaz Cerebrovascular reactivity: Role of endothelium/platelet/leukocyte interactions Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 8 1996 11
3. G.W. Albers R.P. Atkinson R.E. Kelley Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of N-methyl- d -aspartate antagonist dextrorphan in patients with acute stroke. The Dextrorphan Study Group Stroke 26 1995 254
4. J.E. Arrowsmith M.J. Harrison S.P. Newman Neuroprotection of the brain during cardiopulmonary bypass: A randomized trial of remacemide during coronary artery bypass in 171 patients Stroke 29 1998 2357
5. J. Astrup B.K. Siesjö L. Symon Thresholds in cerebral ischemia: The ischemic penumbra Stroke 12 1981 723
6. M. Baggiolini P. Loetscher B. Moser Interleukin-8 and the chemokine family Int J Immunopharmacol 17 1995 103
7. A.E. Baird S. Warach Imaging developing brain infarction Curr Opin Neurol 12 1999 65
8. A.E. Baird S. Warach Magnetic resonance imaging of acute stroke J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18 1998 583
9. H. Benveniste J. Drejer A. Schousboe Elevation of extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis J Neurochem 43 1984 1369
10. J. Bjork P. Hedqvist K.E. Arfors Increase in vascular permeability induced by leukotriene B4 and the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes Inflammation 6 1982 189
11. J.M. Bramford P.A.G. Sandercock C.P. Warlow Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients [letter] Stroke 20 1989 828
12. S.L. Bridgers G. Koch C. Munera Intravenous nimodipine in acute stroke: Interim analysis of randomized trials [abstract] Stroke 22 1991 155
13. S. Brint M. Jacewicz M. Kiessling Focal brain ischemia in the rat: Methods for reproducible neocortical infarction using tandem occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery and ipsilateral common carotid arteries J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 8 1988 474
14. T. Brott H.P.J. Adams C.P. Olinger Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: A clinical examination scale Stroke 20 1989 864
15. A.M. Buchan D. Xue A. Slivka A new model of temporary focal neocortical ischemia in the rat Stroke 23 1992 273
16. S.P. Butcher R. Bullock D.I. Graham Correlation between amino acid release and neuropathologic outcome in rat brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion Stroke 21 1990 1727
17. Y. Cheng M. Deshmukh A. D'Costa Caspase inhibitor affords neuroprotection with delayed administration in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury J Clin Invest 101 1998 1992
18. D.W. Choi Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system Neuron 1 1988 623
19. W.M. Clark S. Warach L.C. Pettigrew A randomized dose response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Citicoline Stroke Study Group Neurology 49 1997 671
20. P.G. Clarke Developmental cell death: Morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms Anat Embryol Berl 181 1990 195
21. Clinical trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke The American Nimopidine Study Stroke 23 1992 3
22. G.M. Cohen Caspases: The executioners of apoptosis Biochem J 326 1997 1
23. T.J. DeGraba The role of inflammation after acute stroke: Utility of pursuing anti-adhesion molecule therapy Neurology 51 1998 S62
24. T.J. DeGraba J.M. Hallenbeck K.D. Pettigrew Progression in acute stroke: Value of the initial NIH stroke scale score on patient stratification in future trials Stroke 30 1999 1208
25. T.J. DeGraba P.T. Ostrow J.C. Grotta Threshold of calcium disturbances after focal cerebral ischemia in rats: Implications of the window of therapeutic opportunity Stroke 24 1993 1212
26. T.J. DeGraba P.T. Ostrow R.A. Strong Temporal relation of calcium-calmodulin binding and neuronal damage after global ischemia in rats Stroke 23 1992 876
27. T.J. DeGraba A.L. Sirén L. Penix Increased endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in symptomatic versus asymptomatic human carotid atherosclerotic plaque Stroke 29 1998 1405
28. H.C. Diener W. Hacke M. Hennerici Lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke. A double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. Lubeluzole International Study Group Stroke 27 1996 76
29. A. Furlan R. Higashida L. Wechsler Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke: The PROACT II study: A randomized controlled trial JAMA 282 1999 2003
30. M.D. Ginsberg The validity of rodent brain-ischemia models is self-evident Arch Neurol 46 1996 660
31. L.B. Goldstein C. Bertels J.N. Davis Interrater reliability on the NIH stroke scale Arch Neurol 46 1989 660
32. J.T. Greenamyre The role of glutamate in neurotransmission and in neurologic disease Arch Neurol 43 1986 1058
33. J.T. Greenamyre R.H.P. Porter Anatomy and physiology of glutamate in the CNS Neurology 44 1994 S7
34. J. Grotta Lubeluzole treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The U.S. and Canada Lubeluzole Ischemic Stroke Study Group Stroke 28 1997 2338
35. J. Grotta Rodent models of stroke limitations: What can we learn from recent clinical trials of thrombolysis? Arch Neurol 53 1996 1067
36. J.C. Grotta W. Clark B. Coull Safety and tolerability of the glutamate antagonist CGS 19755 (Selfotel) in patients with ischemic stroke: Results of a phase IIa randomized trial Stroke 26 1995 602
37. J.C. Grotta C.M. Picone P.T. Ostrow CGS-19755, a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, reduces calcium-calmodulin binding and improves outcome after global cerebral ischemia Ann Neurol 27 1990 612
38. J.C. Grotta D.R. Rosenbaum J. Zabramski Pilot study of nicardipine in acute stroke Prous J.R. Drugs of Today vol 23 1988 Prous Science Barcelona, Spain 125
39. A.M. Hakim Ischemic penumbra: The therapeutic window Neurology 51 1998 S44
40. A.M. Hakim The cerebral ischemic penumbra Can J Neurol Sci 14 1987 557
41. J.M. Hallenbeck Inflammatory reactions at the blood-endothelial interface in acute stroke Adv Neurol 71 1996 281
42. J.M. Hallenbeck A.J. Dutka S.N. Vogel Lipopolysaccharide-induced production of tumor necrosis factor activity in rats with and without risk factors for stroke Brain Res 541 1991 115
43. G.F. Hamann Y. Okada R. Fitridge Microvascular basal lamina antigens disappear during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion Stroke 26 1995 2120
44. W.D. Heiss M. Huber G.R. Fink Progressive derangement of peri-infarct viable tissue in ischemic stroke J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12 1992 193
45. W.D. Heiss G. Rosner Functional recovery of cortical neurons as related to degree and duration of ischemia Ann Neurol 14 1983 294
46. 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra compared with electroencephalograms and regional cerebral blood flow J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5 1985 235
47. K.A. Hossmann Viability thresholds and the penumbra of focal ischemia Ann Neurol 36 1994 557
48. C.Y. Hsu Criteria for valid preclinical trials using animal stroke models Stroke 24 1993 633
49. F.F. Johansen J. Zimmer N.H. Diemer Early loss of somastatin neurons in dentate hilus after cerebral ischemia in the rat precedes CA-1 pyramidal cell loss Acta Neuropathol 73 1987 110
50. T.H. Jones R.B. Morawetz R.M. Crowell Thresholds of focal cerebral ischemia in awake monkeys J Neurosurg 54 1981 773
51. D.W. Kang J.K. Roh I.C. Song Increase of choline signal in subacute cerebral infarction: A serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study [abstract] Neurology 52 1999 A509
52. B. Kaplan S. Brint J. Tanabe Temporal thresholds for neocortical infarction in rats subjected to reversible focal cerebral ischemia Stroke 22 1991 1032
53. T. Kirino Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischaemia Brain Res 239 1982 57
54. T. Kristián B.K. Siesjö Calcium-related damage in ischemia Life Sci 59 1996 357
55. M.D. Linnik R.H. Zobrist M.D. Hatfield Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats Stroke 24 1993 2002
56. Y. Liu D.M. Jacobowitz F. Barone Quantitation of perivascular monocytes and macrophages around cerebral blood vessels of hypertensive and aged rats J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14 1994 348
57. P.D. Lyden J.A. Zivin D.R. Chabolla Quantitative effects of cerebral infarction on spatial learning in rats Exp Neurol 116 1992 122
58. A.B. MacDermott M.L. Mayer G.L. Westbrook NMDA-receptor activation increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration in cultured spinal cord neurons Nature 321 1986 519
59. J.P. MacManus I. Hill Z.G. Huang DNA damage consistent with apoptosis in transient focal ischaemic neocortex Neuroreport 5 1994 493
60. F.L. Mahony D.W. Barthel Functional evaluation. The Barthel Index Md State Med J 14 1965 61
61. R.M. McCarron L. Wang A.L. Siren Adhesion molecules on normotensive and hypertensive rat brain endothelial cells Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 205 1994 257
62. H. Memezawa M.L. Smith B.K. Siesjö Penumbral tissues salvaged by reperfusion following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats Stroke 23 1992 552
63. S. Murota H. Fujita Y. Wakabayashi Cell adhesion molecule mediates endothelial cell injury caused by activated neutrophils Keio J Med 45 1996 207
64. J.W. Olney J. Labruyere M.T. Price Pathological changes induced in cerebrocortical neurons by phencylidine and related drugs Science 244 1989 1360
65. C.K. Petito E. Feldmann W.A. Pulsinelli Delayed hippocampal damage in humans following cardiorespiratory arrest Neurology 37 1987 1281
66. L.C. Pettigrew J.D. Hazle G. Guitierrez Correction of ischaemic brain acidosis with SQ29, 548/1-benzimidazole Neurol Res 14 1992 335
67. L.C. Pettigrew M.L. Holtz S.D. Craddock Microtubular proteolysis in focal cerebral ischemia J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16 1996 1189
68. L.C. Pettigrew S.L. Minger M.L. Holtz Cytochalasin D reduces infarct volume in transient focal ischemia J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17 1997 S620
69. L.C. Pettigrew L.K. Misra J.C. Grotta Selective inhibition of thromboxane synthase enhances reperfusion and metabolism of the ischemic brain Ann NY Acad Sci 559 1989 478
70. W. Pulsinelli J.B. Brierley A new model of bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the unanesthetized rat Stroke 10 1979 267
71. W.A. Pulsinelli J.B. Brierley F. Plum Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia Ann Neurol 11 1982 491
72. J. Rankin Cerebral vascular accidents in patients over the age of 60: 2. Prognosis Scott Med J 2 1957 200
73. R. Ross Atherosclerosis: An inflammatory disease N Engl J Med 340 1999 115
74. S.M. Rothman Excitotoxins: Possible mechanisms of action Ann NY Acad Sci 648 1992 132
75. S.M. Rothman J.W. Olney Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage Ann Neurol 19 1986 105
76. B.K. Siesjö Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part II. Mechanisms of damage and treatment J Neurosurg 77 1992 337
77. A.L. Sirén E. Heldman D. Doron Release of proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators in the brain and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats Stroke 23 1992 1643
78. M.L. Smith R.N. Auer B.K. Siesjö The density and distribution of ischemic brain injury in the rat following 2–10 minutes of forebrain ischemia Acta Neuropathol 1984 1984 319
79. M. Tagaya K.F. Liu B. Copeland DNA scission after focal brain ischemia. Temporal differences in two species Stroke 28 1997 1245
80. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group N Engl J Med 333 1995 1581
81. S. Warach J.F. Dashe R.R. Edelman Clinical outcome in ischemic stroke predicted by early diffusion-weighted and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: A preliminary analysis J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16 1996 53
82. S. Warach J. Gaa B. Siewert Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging Ann Neurol 37 1995 231
83. S.J. Weiss Tissue destruction by neutrophils N Engl J Med 320 1989 365
84. D.O. Wiebers H.P.J. Adams J.P. Whisnant Animal models of stroke: Are they relevant to human disease? Stroke 21 1990 1
85. A.H. Wyllie J.F. Kerr A.R. Currie Cell death: The significance of apoptosis Int Rev Cytol 68 1980 2251
86. R.L. Zhang Z.G. Zhang M. Chopp Increased therapeutic efficacy with rt-PA and anti-CD18 antibody treatment of stroke in the rat Neurology 52 1999 273
87. J.A. Zivin J.C. Grotta Animal stroke models: They are relevant to human disease Stroke 21 1990 981