Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative analysis of 20 years of research

Environmental Management

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 403-414

  Donnelly, Maureen P ^a   Vaske, Jerry J ^a   Whittaker, Doug ^a   Shelby, Bo ^b  

^a Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Encounter norms; Norm prevalence

Indexed keywords

ENGINEERING RESEARCH; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; SOCIAL ASPECTS;

NORM PREVALENCE;

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING;

ACADEMIC RESEARCH; MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPREHENSION; PREDICTION; PREVALENCE; RESEARCH; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STANDARDIZATION;

EID: 0033999190     PISSN: 0364152X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002679910032     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Adelman, B. J., T. A. Heberlein, and T. M. Bonnicksen. 1982. Social psychological explanations for the persistence of a conflict between paddling canoeists and motorcraft users in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Leisure Sciences 5:45-62.
2. Alaska Division of Parks and Recreation. 1993. Kenai River carrying capacity study. Soldotna, Alaska.
3. Dawes, R. M., and T. Smith. 1985. Attitude and opinion measurement. Pages 509-566 in G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds.), Handbook of social psychology, Vol. 2. Random House, New York.
4. Donnelly, M. P., J. J. Vaske, and B. Shelby. 1992. Measuring backcountry standards in visitor surveys. Pages 38-52. in B. Shelby, G. Stankey, and B. Shindler (Eds.), Defining wilderness quality: The role of standards in wilderness management - a workshop proceedings. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-305. USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.
5. Eagly, A. H., and S. Chaiken. 1993. The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York.
6. Fulton, D. C., M. J. Manfredo, J. J. Vaske, L. Johnson, J. George, and R. Kahn. 1995. Crowding and satisfaction among Colorado elk bowhunters. HDNRU Report No. 5. Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
7. Gilljam, M., and D. Granberg. 1993. Should we take Don't Know for an answer? Public Opinion Quarterly 57:348-357.
8. Gramann, J. H., and R. J. Burdge. 1981. The effects of recreational goals on conflict perception: The case of water skiers and fishermen. Journal of Leisure Research 13:15-27.
9. Hall, T., and B. Shelby. 1996. Who cares about encounters? Differences between those with and without norms. Leisure Sciences 18:7-22.
10. Hall, T., B. Shelby, and D. Rolloff. 1996. Effect of varied question format on boaters' norms. Leisure Sciences 18:193-204.
11. Homans, G. C. 1950. The human group. Brace and World, New York.
12. Jackson, E. L., and R. Wong. 1982. Perceived conflict between urban cross-country skiers and snowmobilers in Alberta. Journal of Leisure Research 14:47-62.
13. Jacob, G. R., and R. Schreyer. 1980. Conflict in outdoor recreation: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Leisure Research 12:368-380.
14. Johnson, R. L., B. Shelby, and N. S. Bregenzer. 1990. Economic values and product shift on the Rogue River: A study of non-commercial whitcwater recreation. Water Resources Institute, Corvallis, Oregon.
15. Knopp, T. B., and J. D. Tvger. 1973. A study of conflict in recreational land use: Snowmobiling versus ski touring. Journal of Leisure Research 5:6-17.
16. Krosnick, J. A., and H. Schuman. 1988. Attitude intensity, importance and certainty and susceptibility to response effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54:940-952.
17. Kuentzel, W. 1990. Motive uniformity across recreation settings: A meta-analysis of REP scales. Paper presented at the annual National Recreation and Parks Association meeting, Phoenix, Arizona.
18. Kuss, F. R., A. R. Graefe, and J. J. Vaske. 1990. Visitor impact management: A review of research. National Parks and Conservation Association, Washington, DC, 256 pp.
19. Lime, D. W. 1975. Backcountry river recreation: problems and opportunities. Naturalist 26:1-6.
20. Lucas, R. C. 1964a. The recreational capacity of the Quetico-Superior Area. Res. Pap. LS-15. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota.
21. Lucas, R. C. 1964b. Wilderness perception and use: The example of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Natural Resources Journal 3:394-411.
22. Manfredo, M. J., and R. Larson. 1993. Managing for wildlife viewing recreation experiences: A case study in Colorado. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21:226-236.
23. Manfredo, M. J., B. L. Driver, and M. A. Tarrant. 1996. Measuring leisure motivation: A meta-analysis of the recreation experience preference scales. Journal of Leisure Research 28:188-213.
24. Manning, R. E., D. W. Lime, W. A. Freinmud, and D. G. Pitt. 1996. Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality. Leisure Science 18:39-59.
25. McCay, R., and G. Moeller. 1976. Compatibility of Ohio trail users Res. Note NE-225. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.
26. McDonald, C. D. 1996. Normative perspectives on outdoor recreation behavior: Introductory comments. Leisure Sciences 18:1-6.
27. Nielsen, J. M., and B. Shelby. 1977. River running in the Grand Canyon: How much and what kind of use. Pages 168-177 in Proceedings: River Recreation Management and Research Symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-28. USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, Minnesota.
28. Puttkamer, A. 1994. A managerial and theoretical approach to the management of the Mt. Shasta Wilderness. Masters thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
29. Roggenbuck, J. W., D. R. Williams, S. P. Bange, and D. J. Dean. 1991. River float trip encounter norms: Questioning the use of the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research 23:133-153.
30. Rolloff, D. B., T. E. Hall, and B. Shelby. 1995. Whitewater recreation on the Clackamus River. USFS Pacific Northwest Experiment Research Paper. USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.
31. Ruddell, E. J., and J. H. Gramann. 1994. Goal orientation, norms, and noise-induced conflict among recreation area users. Leisure Sciences 16:93-104.
32. Schreyer, R., and M. L. Nielsen. 1978. Westwater and Desolation Canyons: Whitewater river recreation. Institute for the Study of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. Utah State University, Logan.
33. Schuman, H., and G. Kalton. 1985. Survey methods. Pages 635-698 in G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds.), The handbook of social psychology, 3rd ed. Random House, New York.
34. Shelby, B. 1980. Contrasting recreational experiences: Motors and oars in the Grand Canyon. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 35:129-131.
35. Shelby, B. 1981. Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. Journal of Leisure Research 13:129-138.
36. Shelby, B., and R. B. Colvin. 1979. Determining use levels for the Rogue River. Report WRRI-63. Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
37. Shelby, B., and R. B. Colvin. 1981. Carrying capacity for the Illinois River. Report WRRI-72. Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
38. Shelby, B., and B. Shindler. 1992. Rogue River, user study: Assessing displacement and product shift on the Wild Rogue. USFS Pacific Northwest Experiment Research Paper. USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.
39. Shelby, B., and K. Stein. 1984. Recreational use and carrying capacity of the Klamath River. Report WRRI-92. Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
40. Shelby, B., and J. J. Vaske. 1991. Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: A comment on three recent papers. Journal of Leisure Research 23:173-187.
41. Shelby, B., and M. Wing. 1992. Impacts of whitewater boating on the White Salmon River. USFS Pacific Northwest Experiment Research Paper. USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.
42. Shelby, B., D. Whittaker, R. Speaker, and E. E. Starkey. 1987. Social and ecological impacts of recreation use on the Deschutes River Scenic Waterway. Report to the Oregon Legislature. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
43. Shelby, B. B., J. J. Vaske, and T. A. Heberlein. 1989. Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences 11:269-291.
44. Shelby, B. B., J. J. Vaske, and M. P. Donnelly. 1996. Norms, standards and natural resources. Leisure Sciences 18:103-123.
45. Stankey, G. H. 1973. Visitor perception of wilderness recreation carrying capacity. Res. Pap. INT-142. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.
46. Vaske, J. J., and M. P. Donnelly. 1993. Poudre River recreation study. Unpublished manuscript. Colorado State University, Fort Collins.
47. Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly, T. A. Heberlein, and B. Shelby. 1982. Differences in reported satisfaction ratings by consumptive and nonconsumptive recreationists. Journal of Leisure Research 14:195-206.
48. Vaske, J. J., B. Shelby, A. R. Graefe, and T. A. Heberlein. 1986. Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research 18:137-153.
49. Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly, and B. Shelby. 1993. Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach. Environmental Management 17:629-643.
50. Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly, W. A. Freimund, and T. Miller. 1995a. The 1995 Gwaii Haanas visitor survey. HDNRU Rep. No. 24. Colorado State University, Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit, Fort Collins.
51. Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly, K. Wittmann, and S. Laidlaw. 1995b. Interpersonal versus social-values conflict. Leisure Sciences 17:205-222.
52. Vaske, J. J., M. P. Donnelly, and J. P. Petruzzi. 1996. Country of origin, encounter norms and crowding in a frontcountry setting. Leisure Sciences 18:161-176.
53. Watson, A. E., D. R. Williams, and J. J. Daigle. 1991. Sources of conflict between hikers and mountain bike riders in the Rattlesnake NRA. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 9:59-71.
54. Watson, A. E., M. J. Niccolucci, and D. R. Williams. 1994. The nature of conflict between hikers and recreational stock users in the John Muir Wilderness. Journal of Leisure Research 26:372-385.
55. Whittaker, D. 1992. Selecting indicators: Which impacts matter more? Pages 13-22 in B. Shelby, G. Stankey, and B. Shindler (eds.), Defining wilderness quality: The role of standards in wilderness management - a workshop proceedings. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-305. USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.
56. Whittaker, D. 1996. Kanektok, Goodnews and Togiak rivers: User survey findings and implications. Report prepared for Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Dillingham, Alaska.
57. Whittaker, D., and B. Shelby. 1988. Types of norms for recreation impacts: Extending the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research 20:261-273.
58. Whittaker, D., L. Anderson, and J. Mosby. 1990. Susitna Basin recreation user survey results. Report to Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Anchorage, Alaska.
59. Williams, D. R. 1993. Conflict in the great outdoors. Parks and Recreation September: 28-34, 122.