Childhood tuberculosis

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 187-192

  Donald, Peter R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; REVIEW; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 0033928989     PISSN: 10705287     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00063198-200005000-00004     Document Type: Review

References (39)

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2. 2 Donald PR: Children and tuberculosis: protecting the next generation? Lancet 1999, 353:1001-1002.
3. 3 Lobato MN, Loeffler AM, Furst K, Cole B, Hopewell PC: Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in gastric aspirates collected from children: hospitalisation is not necessary. Pediatrics 1998, 102:40-41. This reference and the next one are significant in that they may contribute to the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis in the community in more cases than is at present possible.
4. 4 Franchi LM, Cama RI, Gilman RH, Montenegro-James S, Sheen P: Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in nasopharyngeal aspirate samples in children. Lancet 1998, 352:1681-1682. This reference and the previous one are significant in that they may contribute to the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis in the community in more cases than is at present possible.
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7. 7 World Health Organization: Childhood tuberculosis and BCG vaccine: EPI update supplement. Geneva: World Health Organization 1989.
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9. 9 Menzies D: Interpretation of repeated tuberculin tests. Boosting, conversion and reversion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 159:15-21. A very useful comprehensive review of recurring problem areas in the interpretation of tuberculin test results.
10. 10 Kendig EL, Kirkpatrick BV, Carter H, Hill FA, Caldwell K, Entwistle M: Underreading of the tuberculin skin test reaction. Chest 1998, 113:1175-1177.
11. 11 Reichman LB: A scandalous incompetence ... continued. Chest 1998, 113:1153.
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13. 13 Mudido PM, Guwatudde D, Nakakeeto MK, Bukenya GB, Nsamba D, Johnson JL, et al.: The effect of bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination at birth on tuberculin skin test reactivity in Ugandan children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999, 3:891-895.
14. 14 Strozik KS, Schoeman JF, Pieper CH, Donald PR: The effect of short term prednisone therapy on the Mantoux skin test. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998, 17:658-659.
15. 15 Coovadia HM, Jeena P, Wilkinson D: Childhood human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis co-infections: reconciling conflicting data. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998, 2:844-851. An interesting discussion of the high incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity among children with tuberculosis in many countries but, by contrast, the low incidence of tuberculosis in cohorts of HIV-infected children.
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19. 19 Ryder RW, Manzila T, Baende E, Kabagabo U, Behets F, Batter V, et al.: Evidence from Zaire that breast feeding by HIV-1-seropositive mothers is not a major route for perinatal HIV-1 transmission but does decrease morbidity. AIDS 1991, 5:709-714.
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21. 21 Schaaf HS, Geldenhuys A, Gie RP, Cotton MF: Culture-positive tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998, 17:599-604.
22. 22 Kimerling ME, Phillips P, Patterson P, Hall M, Robinson A, Dunlap NE: Low serum antimycobacterial drug levels in non-HIV-infected tuberculosis patients. Chest 1998, 113:1178-1183. The authors document low concentrations of isoniazid and rifampin in adults receiving directly observed therapy. Even non-HIV patients therapeutic drug monitoring may be advantageous.
23. 23 Peloquin CA, Nitta AT, Burman WJ, Brudney KF, Miranda-Massari JR, McGuiness ME, et al.: Low antituberculosis drug concentrations in patients with AIDS. Ann Pharmacother 1996, 30:91-92. In this study low two-hours serum concentrations were frequently detected in patients with AIDS especially for rifampin and ethambutol. Isoniazid absorption was greatly satisfactory. Similar problems may well be encountered in children with HIV-infection/AIDS.
24. 24 Peloquin CA, Namdar R, Singleton MD, Nix DE: Pharmacokinetics of rifampin under fasting conditions with food and with antacids. Chest 1999, 115:12-18. This study found rifampin serum concentrations significantly reduced following a high fat meal. Because rifampin is critical for sterilization of tuberculosis lesions care should be taken to give rifampin on an empty stomach if possible.
25. 25 Peloquin CA, Namdar R, Dodge AA, Nix DE: Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid under fasting conditions, with food and antacids. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999, 3:703-710. Children may frequently be given food to encourage the taking of medication. This study showed that a high fat meal reduced maximum concentrations by 51%. Care should be exercised when giving isoniazid to children together with fatty foods.
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35. 35 Gessner BD: Incidence rates, clinical features and case identification of pediatric tuberculosis in Alaska. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998, 2:378-383.
36. 36 Kenyon TA, Driver C, Haas E, Valway SE, Moser KS, Onorato IM: Immigration and tuberculosis among children on the United States-Mexico border, county of San Diego, California. Pediatrics 1999, 104:103.
37. 37 Felten MK, Rath T, Magdorf K, Klett M, Leichsenring M: Childhood tuberculosis in Germany between 1985 and 1994: comparison of three selected patient groups. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998, 2:797-803.
38. 38 Schaaf HS, Vermeulen HAS, Gie RP, Beyers N, Donald PR: Evaluation of young children in household contact with adult multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999, 18:494-500.
39. 39 van Rie A, Beyers N, Gie RP, Kunneke M, Zietsman L, Donald PR: Childhood tuberculosis in an urban population in South Africa: burden and risk factor. Arch Dis Child 1999, 80:433-437.