Childhood human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis co-infections: Reconciling conflicting data

International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

Volumn 2, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 844-851

  Coovadia, H M ^a,c   Jeena, P ^a   Wilkinson, D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Children; Co infections; HIV; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUBERCULOSIS; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ADOLESCENT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DATA COLLECTION; FEMALE; HIV SEROPOSITIVITY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; PREGNANCY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SOUTH AFRICA; SURVIVAL RATE; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 0031680058     PISSN: 10273719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Murray J F. The white plague: down and out, or up and coming? Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 1788-1795.
2. Nakata K, Rom W N, Honda Y, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances human immunodeficiency virus I replication in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 996-1003.
3. De Cock K M, Grant A, Porter J D H. Preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons: international recommendations, research, and practice. Lancet 1995; 345: 833-836.
4. World Health Organisation. The state of world health. Chapter 1. The World Health Report 1996. Fighting disease, fostering development. Geneva; WHO, 1996: 27-29.
5. Mayans M V, Maguire A, Miret M, et al. The spread of AIDS and the re-emergence of tuberculosis m Catalonia, Spain. AIDS 1997; 11: 499-505.
6. Braun M M, Cauthen G. Relationship of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic to paediatric tuberculosis and bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunization. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11: 220-227.
7. Drucker E, Alcabes P, Bosworth W, et al. Childhood tuberculosis in the Bronx, New York. Lancet 1994; 343: 1482-1485.
8. Topley J, Maher D, Mbewe L N. Transmission of tuberculosis to contacts of sputum positive adults in Malawi. Arch Dis Child 1996; 74: 140-143.
9. Braun M, Badi N, Ryder R, et al. A retrospective cohort study of the risk of tuberculosis among women of childbearing age with HIV infection in Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 501-504.
10. Gutman L T, Move J, Zimmer B, Tian C. Tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus exposed or infected United States children. Paediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13: 963-968.
11. Didlescu D, Marica C, Jalba M. Incidence and mortality of tuberculosis in children in Romania in recent years. Pneumoftiziologia 1994; 43: 185-188.
12. Sassan-Morokro M, De Cock K M, Ackah A, et al. Tuberculosis and HIV infection in children in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88: 178-181.
13. Mukadi Y O, Wiktor S Z, Coulibaty I-M, et al. Impact of HIV infection on the development, clinical presentation, and outcome of tuberculosis among children in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. AIDS 1997; 11: 1151-1158.
14. Bhat G J, Diwan V K, Chintu C. HIV, BCG and TB in children: a case-control study in Lusaka, Zambia. J Trop Pediatr 1993; 39: 219-223.
15. Luo C, Chintu C, Bhat G, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type I infection in Zambian children with tuberculosis: changing seroprevalence and evaluation of a thiacetazone-free regime. Tubercle Lung Dis 1994; 75: 110-115.
16. Chintu C, Zumla A. Childhood tuberculosis and infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Jr R Coll Physicians, London 1995; 29: 92-95.
17. Harries A D, Parry C, Nyongonya M L, et al. The pattern of tuberculosis in Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyrc, Malawi: 1986-1995. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997; 1: 346-351.
18. Jeena P M, Mitha T, Bamber S, et al. Effects of the human immunodeficiency virus on tuberculosis in children. Tubercle Lung Dis 1996; 77: 437-443.
19. De Paula M D N, Janini M, Queiroz W, et al. Pulmonary infectious complications in paediatric AIDS patients. Abstract TBP 199. Fifth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, 1989. Ottawa, Canada. International Development Research Centre. 1989: 320.
20. Pape J W, Verdier R, Jean S, et al. Transmission and mortality of HIV infection in Haitian children. Abstract 6581. Fourth International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, 1988. Stockholm: Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, 1988.
21. Wilkinson D. The evolving HIV epidemic in a rural hospital in Zululand from 1989 to 1993. Epidemiol Comments 1994; 21: 9-13.
22. Vetter K M, Djomand G, Zadi F, et al. Clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus disease in children in a West African city. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15: 438-442.
23. Bobat R, Moodley D, Coutsoudis A, et al. The natural history of vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection in African children from Durban, South Africa. Annals Trop Paediatr 1998; 18: 187-196.
24. Wilkinson D, Davis G R. The increasing burden of tuberculosis in rural South Africa - impact of the HIV epidemic. S Afr Med J 1997; 87: 447-450.
25. Ryder R W, Manzila T, Baende E, et al. Evidence from Zaire that breastfeeding by HIV-1-seropositive mothers is not a major route for perinatal HIV-1 transmission but does decrease morbidity. AIDS 1991; 5: 709-714.
26. Ryder R W, Nsa W, Hassig S E, et al. Perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to infants of seropositive women in Zaire. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1637-1641.
27. Lepage P, van der Perre P, Msellati P, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type E (HIV-1) and its determinants: A cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 589-599.
28. Lallemant M, Le Coeur S, Samba L, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Congo, Central Africa. AIDS 1994; 8: 1451-1456.
29. Lepage P, van der Perre P, Vliet G V, et al. Clinical and endocrinologic manifestations in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children aged 5 years or older. AJDC 1991; 145: 1248-1251.
30. Italian Multicentre Study. Epidemiology, clinical features, and prognostic factors of paediatric HIV infection. Lancet 1988; ii: 1043-1046.
31. Mok J Y Q, Hague R A, Yap P L, et al. Vertical transmission of HIV: a prospective study. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 1140-1145.
32. Blanche S, Tardieu M, Duliege A-M, et al. Longitudinal study of 94 symptomatic infants with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection. AJDC 1990; 144: 1210-1215.
33. Johnson J P, Nair P, Hines S E, et al. Natural history and serologic diagnosis of infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. AJDC 1989; 143: 1147-1153.
34. Scott G B, Hutto C, Makuch R W, et al. Survival in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type I infection. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1791-1796.
35. Italian Register for HIV infection in children. Features of children perinatally infected with HIV-1 surviving longer than 5 years. Lancet 1994; i: 191-195.
36. The European Collaborative Study. Natural history of vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Pediatrics 1994; 94: 815-819.
37. Lepage P, Hitimana D-G. Natural history and clinical presentation of HIV-1 infection in children. AIDS 1991; 5 (Suppl): S117-125.
38. Jeena P M, Coovadia H M, Chrystal V. Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus infections in severely ill, HIV-infected African infants. Ann Trop Paed 1996; 16: 361-368.
39. Lucas S B, Peacock C S, Hounnou A, et al. Disease in children infected with HIV in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. BMJ 1996; 312: 335-338.
40. Ikeogu M O, Wolf B, Mathe S. Pulmonary manifestations in HIV seropositivity and malnutrition in Zimbabwe. Arch Dis Child 1997; 76: 124-128.
41. Taha T E T, Dallabetta G A, Canner J K, et al. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on birthweight, and infant and child mortality in urban Malawi. Int J Fpid 1995; 24: 1022-1029.
42. Drut R, Anderson V, Greco M A, et al. Opportunistic infections in paediatric HIV infection. Ped Pathol Lab Med 1997; 17: 569-576.
43. Lucas S B, Hounnou A, Peacock C S, et al. The mortality and pathology of HIV infection in a West African City. AIDS 1993; 7: 1569-1579.
44. McLeod D T, Neill P, Robertson V J, et al. Pulmonary diseases in patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Zimbabwe, Central Africa. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989; 83: 694-697.
45. Osborne C M. The challenge of diagnosing childhood tuberculosis in a developing country. Arch Dis Child 1995; 72: 369- 374.
46. Fourie P B, Knoetze K. Tuberculosis prevalence and risk of infection in southern Africa. S Afr J Sci 1986; 82: 387.
47. Schulzer M, Fitzgerald J M, Enarson D A, et al. An estimate of the future size of the tuberculosis problem in sub-Saharan Africa resulting from HIV infection. Tubercle Lung Dis 1992; 73: S2-S8.
48. Figueroa-Damian R, Matinez-Volazco I, Villagrana-Zesati E, Arredondo-Garcia J L. Tuberculosis of the female reproductive tract: effect on function. International Journal of Fertility and Menopause Studies 1996; 41: 430-436.
49. Agarwol J, Gupta J K. Female genital tuberculosis - a retrospective clinico-pathologic study of 501 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1993; 36: 389-397.
50. Gregson S. Will HIV become a major determinant of fertility in sub-Saharan Africa? J Devel Studies. 1994; 30: 650-655.
51. 1 seropositive women in Zaire followed for 3 years postpartum. AIDS 1991; 5: 1521-1527.
52. Sewankambo N K, Wawer M J, Gray R H, et al. Demographic impact of HIV infection in rural Rakai District, Uganda: results of a population-based cohort study. AIDS 1994; 8: 1707- 1713.
53. Nulda B, Gie R P, Warren R, et al. Strain diversity and spread of M. tuberculosis in a community with a high incidence of TB. 1st European South African Paediatric Congress. Johannesburg, South Africa, 6-8 March 1997 (Abstract).
54. French R, Brocklehurst P. The effect of pregnancy on survival of HIV-infected women. A systemic review and metanalysis. Abstract. A Conference on Global Strategies for the Prevention of HIV Transmission from Mothers to Infants. Washington DC 1997; September 3-6. p 5.
55. Mostad S, Overbaugh J, DeVange D M, et al. Hormonal contraception, vitamin A deficiency, and other risk factors for shedding of HIV-1 infected cells from the cervix and vagina. Lancet 1997; 350: 922-927.
56. Piot P, Tezzo R. The epidemiology of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in the developing world. Scand J Infect Dis 1990; 69: 89-97.
57. Hay P E, Lamont R F, Taylor-Robinson D, et al. Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. BMJ 1994; 308: 295-298.
58. Mabey D, Richens J. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (excluding HIV). In: Cook G C, ed. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 20th ed. London; Saunders, 1996: 323-349.
59. + cell count, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and viral load on disease progression in infants with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type I infection. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 890-897.
60. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, et al. Variations in the NRAMPI gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 640-644.