Recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation

Journal of Medical Virology

Volumn 61, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 443-454

  Teixeira, Rosangela ^a   Pastacaldi, Sabrina ^a   Papatheodoridis, George V ^a   Burroughs, Andrew K ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Hepatitis C; Liver transplantation; Recurrence

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERFERON; PREDNISONE; RIBAVIRIN; STEROID; TACROLIMUS;

ARTICLE; CHRONICITY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; GRAFT FAILURE; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION PREVENTION; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; RECURRENT INFECTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIREMIA; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FLAVIVIRIDAE; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INTERFERONS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; RIBAVIRIN; RNA, VIRAL;

EID: 0033923527     PISSN: 01466615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200008)61:4<443::AID-JMV6>3.0.CO;2-Z     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Aljumah AA, Cattral MS, Greig PD, Wanless IR, Krajden M, Hemming AW, Lilly LB, Levy GA. 1997. Long-term ribavirin therapy for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 29:514.
2. Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K, Judson FN, Alexander WJ, Hu PY, Miller JK, Gerber MA, Sampliner RE. 1992. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. The Sentinel Countries Chronic Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Study Team. N Engl J Med 327:1899-1905.
3. Alter MJ. 1993. The detection, transmission, and outcome of hepatitis C virus infection. Infect. Agents Dis 2:155-166.
4. Alter HJ, Nakatsuji Y, Melpolder J, Wages J, Wesley R, Shih WK, Kim JP. 1997. The incidence of transfusion associated hepatitis G virus infection and its relation to liver disease. N Engl J Med 336:747-754.
5. Araya V, Dodson FS, Dvorchik I, Fung F, Demetris J, Rakela J. 1996. Efficacy and safety of alpha interferon for hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 24:295A.
6. Asanza CG, García Monzón C, Clemente G, Salcedo M, García Buey L, García Iglesias C, Ban̄ares R, Alvarez E, Moreno Otero R. 1997. Immunohistochemical evidence of immunopathogenetic mechanisms in chronic hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Hepatology 26:755-763.
7. Ascher N L. 1997. The role of the host immune state in recurrent hepatitis C. Liver Transpl Surg 3:179-180.
8. Berenger M, Terrault NA, Piatak M, Yun A, Kim JP, Lau JY, Lake JR, Roberts JR, Ascher NL, Ferrell L, Wright TL. 1996. Hepatitis G virus infection in patients with hepatitis C virus infection undergoing liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 111:1569-1575.
9. Berg T, Naumann U, Fukumoto T, Bechstein WO, Neuhaus P, Lobeck H, et al. 1996. GB virus C infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C before and after liver transplantation. Transplantation 62:711-714.
10. Bizollon T, Ducerf C, Trepo C. 1995. New approaches to the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation using ribavirin. J Hepatol 23:22-25.
11. Bizollon T, Adahm M, Ducerf C, Baulieux J, Trepo C. 1996. New approaches to treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus following liver transplantation using ribavirin. Transplant Proc 28:2842-2843.
12. Bizollon T, Palazzo U, Ducerf C, Chevallier M, Elliott M, Baulieux J, Pouyet M, Trepo C. 1997. Pilot study of the combination of interferon alpha and ribavirin as therapy of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 26:500-504.
13. Bizzolon T, Guichard S, Ahmed SNS, Chevallier P, Ducerf C, Sepetjan M, Baulieux J, Trepo C. 1998. Impact of hepatitis TG virus coinfection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection before and after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 29:893-900.
14. Bizollon T, Ducerf C, Trepo C. 1999. Hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation. Gut 44:575-578.
15. Boker KHW, Dalley G, Bahr MJ, Maschek H, Tillmann HL, Trautwein C, Oldhaver K, et al. 1997. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology 25:203-210.
16. Caccamo L, Rossi G, Maggi V, Colledan M, Gridelli B, Paone G, Lucianetti A, Reggiani P, Gatti S, Fassati LR. 1997. Primary viral hepatitis does not influence 5-years survival after liver transplantation beyond one year. Liver Transplant Surg 3:C66.
17. Carithers RL. 1997. Recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Liver Transplant Surg 3:S16-S17.
18. Casavilla FA, Mateo R, Rakela J, Starzl TE, Irish W, Demetris AJ, Fung JJ. 1994. Impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on survival following primary liver transplantation under FK506. Hepatology 20:133A.
19. Casavilla FA, Rakela J, Kapur S, Montalvo E, Starzl TE, Irish W, McMichael J, Demetris AJ, Fung JJ. 1997. Impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on survival following primary liver transplantation (OLTx) under tacrolimus. Liver Transplant Surg 3:C41.
20. Casavilla FA, Rakela J, Kapur S, Irish W, McMichael J, Demetris AJ, Starzi TE, Fung JJ. 1998. Clinical outcome of patients infected with hepatitis C virus infection on survive after primary liver transplantation under tacrolimus. Liver Transplant Surg 4:448-454.
21. Cattral MS, Krajden M, Wanless IR, Rezig M, Cameron R, Greig PD, Chung SW, Levy GA. 1996. A pilot study of ribavirin therapy for recurrent hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Transplantation 61:1483-1488.
22. Charlton M, Seaberg E, Wiesner R, Everhart J, Zetterman R, Lake J, et al. 1998. Predictors of patient and graft survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Hepatology 823-830.
23. Chazouilleres O, Kim M, Combs C, Ferrell L, Bacchetti P, Roberts J, Ascher NL, Neuwald P, Wilber J, Urdea M. 1994. Quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA in liver transplant recipients. Gastroenterology 106:994-999.
24. Chien DY, Tong M, Kuo MH. 1993. Persistence of HCV despite antibodies to both putative envelop glycoproteins. Lancet 42:933.
25. Chokshi S, Tzampouras N, Gane E, Smith HM, Naoumov NV, Williams R. 1996. The impact of hepatitis GBV/C/HGV agent in patients transplanted for CV-cirrhosis. Hepatology 24:419A.
26. Collier J, Heathcote J. 1998. Hepatitis C viral infection in the immunosuppressed patient. Hepatology 27:2-6.
27. Cotler SJ, Gretch DR, Bronner MP, Tateyama H, Emond MJ, dela Rosa C, Perkins JD, Carithers RL. 1997. Hepatitis G virus coinfection does not alter the course of recurrent hepatitis C virus infection in liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 26:432-436.
28. Crespo J, Carte B, Lozano JL, Casagont F, Rivero M, de la Cruz F, et al. 1997. Hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation: relation to anti-HCV core IgM, genotype, and level of viraemia. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1458-1482.
29. Di Bisciglie A M, Goodmann ZD, Ishak KG, Hoofnagle JH, Melpolder JJ, Alter HJ. 1991. Long-term clinical and histopathological follow up of chronic post-transfusion hepatitis. Hepatology 14:969-974.
30. Di Bisceglie AM, Shindo M, Fong TL, Fried MW, Swain MG, Bergasa NV, Axiotis CA. 1992. A pilot study of ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 16:649-654.
31. Di Bisciglie AM, Bacon BR, Kleiner DE, Hoofnagle JH. 1994. Increase in hepatic iron stores following prolonged therapy with ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 21:1109-1112.
32. Di Bisciglie AM. 1995. Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 15:64-69.
33. Di Martino V, Saurini F, Samuel D, Gigou M, Dussaix E, Reynes M, Bismuth H, Feray C. 1997. Long-term longitudinal study of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus replication after liver transplantation. Hepatology 26:1344-1350.
34. Dickson RC, Caldwell SH, Ishitani MB, Lau JYN, Driscoll CJ, Stevenson WC, et al. 1996. Clinical and histological patterns of early graft failure due to recurrent hepatitis C in four patients after liver transplantation. Transplantation 61:701-705.
35. Diepolder HM, Zachoval R, Hoffman RM, Wierenga EA, Santantonio T, Jung MC, Eichenlaub D, Pape GR. 1995, Possible mechanism involving T-lymphocyte response to non-structural protein 3 in viral clearance in acute hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet 346: 1006-1007.
36. Dodson SF, Araya V, Lee RG, Rossaro L, Rakela J, Fung JJ. 1996. Preliminary analysis of combination alpha-interferon/ribavirin therapy for recurrent hepatitis C infection following liver transplantation. Hepatology 24:295A.
37. Donegan E, Wright TL, Roberts J, Ascher NL, Lake JR, Neuwald P, Wilbert J, Quan S, Kuramoto IK, Dinello RK. 1995. Detection of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Four serologic tests compared. Am J Clin Pathol 104:673-679.
38. Doughty AL, Spencer JD, Cossart YE, McCaughan W. 1998. Cholestatic hepatitis after liver transplantation is associated with persistently high serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels. Liver Transplant Surg 4:15-21.
39. Dousset B, Conti F, Houssin D, Calmus Y. 1994. Acute vanishing bile duct syndrome after interferon therapy for recurrent HCV infection in liver transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 330:1160-1161.
40. Duvoux C, Pawlotsky JM, Cherqui D, Nhieu JTV, Tran van Nhieu J, Metreau JM, Fagniez PL, Duval J, Za Frani ES, Dhameaux D. 1995. Serial quantitative determination of hepatitis C virus RNA levels after liver transplantation. A useful test for diagnosis of hepatitis C virus reinfection. Transplantation 60:457-461.
41. EASL International Consensus conference on Hepatitis C. 1999. J Hepatol 30:956-961.
42. Feray C, Samuel D, Thiers V, Gigou M, Pichon F, Bismuth A, Reynes M, et al. 1992. Reinfection of liver graft by hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation. J Clin Invest 89:1361-1365.
43. Feray C, Gigou M, Samuel D, Paradis V, Wilber J, David MF, Urdea M, Reynes M, Brechot C, Bismuth H. 1994. The course of hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology 20:1137-1143.
44. Feray C, Gigou M, Samuel D, Paradis V, Mishiro S., Maertens G, Reynes M, et al. 1995a. Influence of the genotypes of hepatitis C virus on the severity of recurrent liver disease after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 108:1088-1096.
45. Feray C, Samuel D, Gigou M, Paradis V, David MF, Lemonnier C, Reynes M, Bismuth H. 1995b. An open trial of interferon alfa recombinant for hepatitis C after liver transplantation: antiviral effects and risk of rejection. Hepatology 22:1084-1089.
46. Feray C, Caccamo L, Graeme JMA, Ducot B, Gugenheim J, Casanovas T, Loinaz C, et al. 1999. European Collaborative Study on factor influencing outcome after liver transplantation for Hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 117:619-625.
47. Fisher L, Sterneck M, Valentin-Gamazo C, Feucht HH, Malago M, Broelsch CE. 1999. Treatment of severe recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation with ribavirin plus interferon alpha. Transplant Proc 31:494-495.
48. Fong TL, Valinluck B, Govindarajan S, Charboneau F, Adkins RH, Redeker AG. 1993. Effect of short-term prednisone administration on aminotransferase (ALT) levels and HCV-RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 18:87A.
49. Fong TS, Kanel GC, Conrad A, Valinluck B, Charboneau F, Adkins RH. 1994. Clinical significance of concomitant hepatitis C infection in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 19:554-557.
50. Freeman RB, Tran S, Lee YM, Roherer RJ, Kaplan MM. 1996. Serum hepatitis C RNA levels after liver transplantation are not correlated with immunosuppression or hepatitis. Transplantation 61: 542-546.
51. Fukumoto T, Berg T, Ku Y, Bechstein WO, Knoop M, Lemmens HP, Lobeck H. et al. 1996. Viral dynamics of hepatitis C early after orthotopic liver transplantation: evidence for rapid turnover of serum virions. Hepatology 24:1351-1354.
52. Gane E, Tibbs C, Ramage J, Portmann B, Williams R. 1995. Ribavirin therapy for hepatitis C infection following liver transplantation. Transplant Intl 8:61-64.
53. Gane EJ, Naoumov NV, Qian K-P, Mondelli MU, Maertens G, Portmann BC, et al. 1996a. A longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus replication following liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 110: 167-177.
54. Gane EJ, Portmann BC, Naoumov NV, Smith HM, Underhill JA, Donaldson PT, et al. 1996b. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 334:815-820.
55. Gane E. 1998. Hepatitis C virus infection following liver transplantation. Viral Hepat Rev 4:97-125.
56. Gayowski T, Singh N, Marino IR, Vargas H, Wagener M, Wannstedt C, Morelli F, et al. 1997. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in liver transplant recipients. Impact on posttransplant recurrence, infections, response to interferon alpha therapy and outcome. Transplantation 64:422-426.
57. Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Jung MC, Gruener NH, Schraut WW, Zachoval R, Hoffman R, Schirren CA, Santantonio T, Pape GR. 1999. Recurrence of hepatitis C virus after loss of virus specific CD4+ T-cell response in acute hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 117: 933-941.
58. Ghobrial RM, Farmer DG, Baquerizo A., Colquhoun S, Rosen H, Yersiz H, Markmann JF, Drazan KE, Holt C, Imagawa D, Goldstein LI, Martin P, Busattil RW. 1999. Orthotopic liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Outcome, effect of immunosuppression, and causes of retransplantation during an 8-year single-centre experience. Ann Surg 6:824-833.
59. Gonzalez-Peralta RP, Naoumov NV, Liu WZ, Gane EJ, Williams R, Lau JYN. 1996. Evolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies after orthotopic liver transplantation (orthotopic liver transplantation). Hepatology 24:294A.
60. Gotz G, Schon MR, Haefker A, Neuhaus R, Berg T, Hopf U, Neuhaus P. 1998. Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation with IFN and ribavirin. Transplant Proc 30: 2104-2106.
61. Green RM, Crawford JM. 1995. Hepatocellular cholestasis: pathobiology and histologic outcome. Semin Liver Dis 15:372-389.
62. Gretch D, Wile M, Gaur L, Lesniewski R, Nelson K, Strong M, Johnson R, Corey L, Perkins J, Carithers Jr., R. Donor-recipient match at the HLA-DQB locus is associated with recrudescence of chronic hepatitis following liver transplantation for end-stage hepatitis C. Hepatology 18(4):108A.
63. Gretch DR, Bacchi CE, Corey L, Dela Rosa C, Lesniewski RR, Kowdley K, Gown A. et al. 1995. Persistent hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation: clinical and virological features. Hepatology 22:1-9.
64. Huang EJ, Wright TL, Lake JR, Combs C, Ferrell LD. 1996. Hepatitis B and C coinfections and persistent hepatitis infections: clinical outcome and liver pathology after transplantation. Hepatology 23: 396-340.
65. Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, Callea F, DeGroote J, Gudat F, Denk H, Desmet V, Korb G, MacSween RN. 1995. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 22:696-699.
66. Kew MC, Yu MC, Kedda M-A, Coppin A, Sarkin A. 1997. The relative roles of hepatitis B and C virus in the aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Southern African Blacks. Gastroenterology 112:184-187.
67. Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T., Tanaka E, Gibo Y, Yoshizawa K., Nakano Y, et al. 1990. Interrelationship of blood transfusion, non-A, non-B hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma; analysis by detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 12:671-675.
68. Konig V, Bauditz J, Lobeck H, Lusebrink T, Neuhaus P, Blumhardt G, et al. 1992. Hepatitis C virus reinfection in allografts after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 16:1137-1143.
69. Larrea E, Garcia N, Quian C, Civeira MP, Prieto J. 1996. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene expression and the response to interferon in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 23:210.
70. Lautenschlager I, Hockerstedt K, Jalanko H, Raisa L, Samela K, Taskinen E, Ahonen J. 1997. Persistent cytomegalovirus in liver allografts with chronic rejection. Hepatology 25:190-194.
71. Martell M, Esteban JI, Quer J, Vargas V, Esteban R, Guardia J, Gomez J. 1994. Dynamic behaviour of hepatitis C quasispecies in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. J Virol 68: 3425-3436.
72. Martin P, Munoz SJ, Di BA, Rubin R, Waggoner JG, Armenti VT, et al. 1991. Recurrence of hepatitis C virus infection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 13:719-721.
73. Mateo R, Jethmalani S, Angus DC, Gorcsan J, Uretsky B, Fung J. 1996. Interferon-associated lift ventricular dysfunction in a liver transplant recipient. Digest Dis Sci 41:1500-1503.
74. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Pulvirenti A, Tagger A, Andreola S, Pasquali M, Baratti D, Romano F, Palazzo U, Zuin M, Bonino F, Ribero ML, Gennari L. 1997. Prophylaxis against HCV recurrence after liver transplantation. Effect of Interferon and Ribavirin combination. Transplantation Proc 29:519-521.
75. McHutchinson JG, Wilkes PJ, Pockros CS, Chan P., Neuwald M, Urdea M., Wilbur J. 1993. Pulse corticosteroid therapy increases viraemia (HCV-RNA) in patients with chronic HCV infection. Hepatology 18:87A.
76. Missale G, Bertoni R, Lamonaca V, Valli A, Massari M, Mori C, Rumi MG, Houghton M, Fiaccadori F, Ferrari C. Different clinical behaviors of acute hepatitis C virus infection are associated with different vigor of the anti-viral cell-mediated immune response. 1996. Clin Invest 98:706-714.
77. Padbury RTA, Toogood GJ, McMaster P. 1998. Withdrawal of immunosuppression in liver allograft recipients. Liver Transplant Surg 4:242-248.
78. Papatheodorides GV, Barton SGRG, Andrew D, Clewley G, Davis S, Dhillon AP, Dusheiko G, Davidson B, Rolles K, Burroughs AK. 1999. Longitudinal variation in HCV viraemia and early course of HCV infection after liver transplantation for HCV cirrhosis: the role of different immunosuppressive regimens. Gut 45:427-434.
79. Patterson JL, Fernandez-Loisson R. 1990. Molecular mechanism of action of ribavirin. Rev Infect Dis 12:1132-1146.
80. Pelletier SJ, Crabtree TD, Lillard T, McGory R, Ryan T, Sawyer RG, Hahn YH, Pruett TL. 1999. Hepatitis C virus and liver transplantation: increased quasispecies diversity may predict recurrent hepatitis. Liver Transplant Surg 5:C34.
81. Pham HP, Feray C, Samuel D, Gigou M, Azoulay D, Paradis V, Ducret FO, et al. 1998. Effects of ribavirin on hepatitis C-associated nephrotic syndrome in four liver transplant recipients. Kidney Intl 54:1311-1319.
82. Platz KP, Mueller AR, Willimski C, Mansoorian B, Berg T, Neuhaus R, Hopf U, Lobeck H, Neuhaus P. 1998. Indications for Mycophenolate Mofetil therapy in hepatitis C-patients undergoing liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 30:1468-1469.
83. Poterucha JJ. 1995. Hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 108:1314-1316.
84. Prieto M, Berenguer M, Rimola A, Loinaz C, Barrios C, Clemente G, Figueras J, Vargas V, Casafont F, Pons JA, Herrero JJ. 1998. Liver transplantation in hepatitis C. A Spanish multi-centre experience. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:771-776.
85. Reddy KR, Weppler D, Zervos XA, Nery JR, Webb MG, Khan MF. 1996. Recurrent HCV infection following OLTx: the role of early post OLTx interferon treatment. Hepatology 24:295A.
86. Rimola A, Restrepo JC, Quinto L, Sánchez-Tapias JM, Navasa M, Cirera I, Grande L, Visa J, Rodés J. 1998. Incidence and predictive factors of severe HCV recurrence after liver transplantation [Abstract], J Hepatol 28:42.
87. Rosen HR, Shackleton CR, Higa L, Gralnek IM, Farmer DA, McDiarmids, V, Holt C, Lewin KJ, Busultil RW, Martin P. 1997a. Use of OKT3 is associated with early and severe recurrence of hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1453-1457.
88. Rosen HR, Chou S, Cordless CL, Gretch DR, Flora KD, Boudousquie A, Orloff SL, Rabkin JM, Benner KG. 1997b. Cytomegalovirus viremia. Risk factor for allograft cirrhosis after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Transplantation 64:721-726.
89. Rosen HR, Gretch DR, Ochlke M, Flora KD, Benner KG, Rabkin JM, Corless CL. 1998. Timing and severity of initial hepatitis C recurrence as predictors of long-term liver allograft injury. Transplantation 65:1178-1182.
90. Rosen HR, Hinrichs DJ, Gretch DR, Koziel MJ, Chou S, Houghton M, Rabkin J, Corless CL, Bouwe, HGA. 1999. Association of multispecific CD4+ response to hepatitis C and severity of recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 117:926-932.
91. Samuel D, Feray C, Bismuth H. 1997. HCV infection and liver transplantation. Acta Gastroenterol BeIg 60:214-216.
92. Schluger LK, Sheiner PA, Thung SN, Lau JYN, Min A, Wolf DC, et al. 1996. Severe recurrent cholestatic hepatitis C following orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 23:971-976.
93. Schuhart MC, Bronner MP, Gretch DR, Thomassen LV, Wartelle CF, Tateyama H, et al. 1997. Histological and clinical outcome after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Hepatology 26:1646-1652.
94. Sheiner PA, Schwartz ME, Mor E, Schuger LK, Theise N, Kishikawa K, et al. 1995. Severe or multiple rejection episodes is associated with early recurrence of hepatitis C after orthotopic liver transplantation. Hepatology 21:30-34.
95. Sheiner PA, Boros P, Klion FM, Thung SN, Schuger LK, Lau JY, Mor E, Bodian C, Guy SR, Schwartz ME, Emre S, Bodenheimer Jr., HC, Miller CM. 1998. The efficacy of prophylactic interferon alfa2b in preventing recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Hepatology 28:831-838.
96. Singh N, Gayowski T, Ndimbie OK, Ndimbie K, Nedjar S, Wagener MM, Yu VL. 1996. Recurrent hepatitis C virus hepatitis in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus: association with rejection and increased immunosuppression after transplantation. Surgery 119:452-456.
97. Singh N, Gayowski T, Wannstedt CF, Shakil O, Wagener MM, Fung JJ, Marino IR. 1998. Interferon-α for prophylaxis of recurrent viral hepatitis C in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 65: 82-86.
98. Sidweel R, Hoffman J, Karp L. 1972. Broad spectrum activity of Virazole 1-b-D-ribofuranosyl-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Science 117:705-706.
99. Teixeira R, Pastacaldi S, Dagher L, Maldonado P, Dhillon AP, Davidson BA, Rolles KR, Patch D, Burroughs AK. 1999. Cytomegalovirus viremia after liver transplantation. Is it a risk factor for acute allograft rejection or cirrhosis? Hepatology 30:244A.
100. Terrault NA, Dailey PJ, Ferrell L, Collins ML, Wilber JC, Urdea MS, Bhandari BN, Wright TL. 1997. Hepatitis C virus: quantitation and distribution in liver. J Med Virol 51:217-224.
101. The U.S. Multicenter FK506 Liver Study Group. 1994. A comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine for immunosuppression in liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 331:1110-1115.
102. Vargas HE, Laskus T, Wang LF, Radkowski M, Poutous A, Lee R, Demetris JA, Gayowski T, Marino IR, Singh N, Dodson F, Casavilla A, Fung JJ, Rakela J. 1998. The influence of hepatitis C virus genotypes on the outcome of liver transplantation. Liver Transplant Surg 4:22-27.
103. Vierling JM. 1997. Prevention and treatment of allograft rejection. In: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Postgraduate course. Kaplowitz N, editor. Liver injury update: clinical complications and mechanistic role of cells of the liver. Chicago, p 85-93.
104. Weinstein JS, Poterucha JJ, Zein N, Wiesner RH, Persing DH, Rakela J. 1995. Epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis C infections in liver transplant recipients. J Hepatol 22:1-9.
105. Witkowski JT, Robins RK, Sidwell RW, Simon LN. 1971. Design, synthesis, and broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 1-b-D-ribofuranosyl-1, 2, 4-triazole-3carboxamide and related nucleosides. J Med Chem 15:1150-1154.
106. Wright HI, Gavaler JS, Van Thiel DH. 1992a. Preliminary experience with alpha-2b-interferon therapy of viral hepatitis in liver allograft recipients. Transplantation 53:121-124.
107. Wright TL, Donegan E, Hsu HH, Ferrell L, Lake JR, Kim M, Combs C, Fennessy S, Roberts JP, Ascher NL. 1992b. Recurrent and acquired hepatitis C viral infection in liver transplant recipients. Gastroenterology 103:317-322.
108. Wright TL, Hollander H, Kim M, Wilber J, et al. 1992c. Hepatitis C viremia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with and without AIDS. Hepatology 16:70A.
109. Wright TL, Combs C, Kim M, Ferrell L, Bacchetti P, Ascher N, Roberts J, Wilber J, Sheridan P, Urdea M. 1994. Interferon alpha therapy for hepatitis C virus infection following liver transplantation. Hepatology 20:773-779.
110. Zervos XA, Weppler D, Fragulidis GP, Torres MB, Nery JR, Khan MF, et al. 1998. Comparison of tacrolimus with microemulsion cyclosporine as primary immunosuppression in hepatitis C patients after liver transplantation. Transplantation 65:1044-1046.
111. Zhou S, Terrault NA. Kim M, Wright TL, 1995. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) diversity in liver transplantation. Hepatology 22:133A.
112. Zhou S, Terrault NA, Ferrell L, Hahn JA, Lau JY, Simmonds P, Roberts JP, Lake JR, Ascher NL, Wright TL. 1996. Severity of liver disease in liver transplantation recipients with hepatitis C virus infection: relationship to genotype and level of viraemia. Hepatology 24:1041-1046.