HMG-I/Y, a new c-Myc target gene and potential oncogene

Molecular and Cellular Biology

Volumn 20, Issue 15, 2000, Pages 5490-5502

  Wood, Lisa J ^a   Mukherjee, Mita ^a   Dolde, Christine E ^a   Xu, Yi ^a   Maher, Joseph F ^a,b   Bunton, Tracie E ^a,c   Williams, John B ^a   Resar, Linda M S ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c DUPONT COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLOHEXIMIDE; GENE PRODUCT; MESSENGER RNA; MYC PROTEIN;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL GROWTH; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA BINDING; GENE INDUCTION; GENE ISOLATION; GENE MAPPING; GENE SEQUENCE; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETIC TRANSFECTION; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MOLECULAR CLONING; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; ONCOGENE C MYC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; RAT; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS;

ANIMALS; BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX LEUCINE ZIPPER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; BASIC-LEUCINE ZIPPER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; BURKITT LYMPHOMA; CELL LINE; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; FIBROBLASTS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HIGH MOBILITY GROUP PROTEINS; HMGA1A PROTEIN; MICE; MICE, INBRED BALB C; MICE, NUDE; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; PROMOTER REGIONS (GENETICS); PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MYC; RATS; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED;

ANIMALIA; MUS MUSCULUS;

EID: 0033912537     PISSN: 02707306     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MCB.20.15.5490-5502.2000     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Abate, C., D. Luk, R. Gentz, F. J. Rauscher III, and T. Curran. 1990. Expression and purification of the leucine zipper and DNA-binding domains of Fos and Jun: both Fos and Jun contact DNA directly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1032-1036.
2. Amin, C. A., J. Wagner, and N. Hay. 1993. Sequence-specific transcriptional activation by Myc and repression by Max. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:383-390.
3. Ausubel, F. M., R. Brent, R. E. Kingston, D. D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, J. A. Smith, and K. Struhl. 1990. Current protocols in molecular biology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
4. Auvinen, M., A. Laine, A. Paasinen-Sohns, A. Kangas, L. Kangas, O. Saksela, L. C. Andersson, and E. Holtta. 1997. Human ornithine decarboxylase-overproducing NIH3T3 cells induce rapidly growing, highly vascularized tumors in nude mice. Cancer Res. 57:3016-3025.
5. Auvinen, M., A. Paasinen, L. C. Andersson, and E. Holtta. 1992. Ornithine decarboxylase activity is critical for cell transformation. Nature 360:355-358.
6. Barrett, J., M. J. Birrer, G. J. Kato, H. Dosaka-Akita, and C. V. Dang. 1992. Activation domains of L-Myc and c-Myc determine their transforming potencies in rat embryo cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:3130-3137.
7. Bello-Fernandez, C., G. Packham, and J. L. Cleveland. 1993. The ornithine decarboxylase gene is a transcriptional target of c-Myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7804-7808.
8. Ben-Porath, I., O. Yanuka, and N. Benvisty. 1999. The Tmp gene, encoding a membrane protein, is a c-Myc target with a tumorigenic activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:3529-3539.
9. Benvenisty, N., A. Leder, A. Kuo, and P. Leder. 1992. An embryonically expressed gene is a target for c-Myc regulation via the c-Myc-binding sequence. Genes Dev. 6:2513-2523.
10. Berlingieri, M. T., G. Manfioletti, M. Santoro, A. Bandiera, R. Visconti, V. Giancotti, and A. Fusco. 1995. Inhibition of HMG-C protein synthesis suppresses retrovirally induced neoplastic transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1545-1553.
11. Blackwell, T. K., L. Kretzner, E. M. Blackwood, R. N. Eisenman, and H. Weintraub. 1990. Sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc protein. Science 250:1149-1151.
12. Blackwood, E. M., and R. N. Eisenman. 1991. Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Max. Science 251:1211-1217.
13. Boyd, K. E., and P. J. Farnham. 1997. Myc versus USF: discrimination at the cad gene is determined by core promoter elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:2529-2537.
14. Bussemakers, M. J. G., W. J. M. van de Ven, F. M. J. Debruyne, and J. Schalken. 1991. Identification of high mobility group I(Y) as potential progression marker for prostate cancer by differential hybridization analysis. Cancer Res. 51:606-611.
15. Chiapetta, G., A. Bandiera, M. T. Berlingiera, R. Visconti, G. Manfioletti, S. Battista, F. J. Martinez-Tello, M. Santoro, V. Giancotti, and A. Fusco. 1995. The expression of the high mobility group HMGI(Y) protein correlates with the malignant phenotype of human thyroid neoplasias. Oncogene 10:1307-1314.
16. Cochran, B. H., A. C. Reffel, and C. D. Stiles. 1983. Molecular cloning of gene sequences regulated by platelet-derived growth factor. Cell 33:939-947.
17. Cole, M. D. 1991. Myc meets its Max. Cell 65:715-716.
18. Cole, M. D., and S. B. McMahon. 1999. The Myc oncoprotein: a critical evaluation of transactivation and target gene regulation. Oncogene 18: 2916-2924.
19. Daksis, J. I., R. Y. Lu, L. M. Facchini, W. W. Marhin, and L. J. Z. Penn. 1994. Myc induces cyclin D1 expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis and links mitogen-stimulated signal transduction to the cell cycle. Oncogene 9:3635-3645.
20. Dang, C. V. 1999. c-Myc target genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and metabolism. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1-11.
21. Dang, C. V., J. Barrett, M. Villa-Garcia, L. M. S. Resar, G. J. Kato, and E. R. Fearon. 1990. Intracellular leucine zipper interactions suggest c-Myc heterodimerization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:954-962.
22. Dang, C. V., and L. A. Lee. 1995. c-myc function in neoplasia. R. G. Landes, Austin, Tex.
23. DePino, R. A., N. Schreiber-Agus, and F. W. Alt. 1991. Myc family oncogenes in the development of normal and neoplastic cells. Adv. Cancer Res. 57:1-46.
24. Desbarats, L., S. Gaubatz, and M. Eilers. 1996. Discrimination between different E-box-binding proteins at an endogenous target gene of c-myc. Genes Dev. 10:447-460.
25. Du, W., D. Thanos, and T. Maniatis. 1993. Mechanisms of transcriptional synergism between distinct virus-inducible enhancer elements. Cell 74:887-898.
26. Eilers, M., D. Picard, K. R. Yamamoto, and J. M. Bishop. 1989. Chimeras between the MYC oncoprotein and steroid receptors cause hormone-dependent transformation in cells. Nature 340:66-68.
27. Eilers, M. S., S. Schirm, and J. M. Bishop. 1991. The MYC protein activates transcription of the α-prothymosin gene. EMBO J. 10:133-141.
28. Evan, G. I., and T. D. Littlewood. 1993. The role of c-myc in cell growth. Curr. Opin. Gene Dev. 3:44-49.
29. Facchini, L. M., and L. Z. Penn. 1998. The molecular role of Myc in growth and transformation: recent discoveries lead to new insights. FASEB J. 12:633-651.
30. Falvo, J. V., D. Thanos, and T. Maniatis. 1995. Reversal of intrinsic DNA bends in the IFNβ gene enhancer by transcription factors and the architectural protein HMG I(Y). Cell 83:1101-1111.
31. Friedmann, M., L. T. Holth, H. Y. Zoghbi, and R. Reeves. 1993. Organization, inducible expression and chromosomal localization of the human HMG-I(Y) nonhistone protein gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:4259-4267.
32. Galaktionov, K., X. Chen, and D. Beach. 1996. cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc. Nature 382:511-517.
33. Galaktionov, K., A. K. Lee, J. Eckstein, G. Draetta, J. Meckler, M. Loda, and D. Beach. 1995. CDC25 phosphatases as potential human oncogenes. Science 269:1575-1577.
34. Gaubatz, S., A. Imhof, R. Dosch, O. Weiner, P. Mitchell, R. Buettner, and M. Eilers. 1995. Transcriptional activation of Myc is under negative control by transcription factor AP-2. EMBO J. 14:1508-1519.
35. Gaubatz, S., A. Meichle, and M. Eilers. 1994. An E-box element localized in the first intron mediates regulation of the prothymosin a gene by c-mvc. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:3853-3862.
36. Gerdes, J., U. Schwab, H. Lemke, and H. Stein. 1983. Production of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with a human nuclear antigen associated with cell proliferation. Int. J. Cancer. 13:13-20.
37. Gerdes, J., L. L. Carsten Schlueter, M. Duchrow, C. Wohlenberg, C. Gerlach, I. Stahmer, S. Kloth, E. Brandt, and H.-D. Flad. 1991. Immuno-biochemical and molecular biologic characterization of the cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen that is defined by monoclonal antibody Ki-67. Am. J. Pathol. 138:867-873.
38. Giancotti, V., A. Bandiera, E. Buratti, A. Fusco, R. Marzari, B. Coles, and G. H. Goodwin. 1991. Comparison of multiple forms of the high mobility group I proteins in rodent and human cells. Identification of the human high mobility group 1-C protein. Eur. J. Biochem. 198:211-216.
39. Giancotti, V., A. Bandiera, L. Ciani, D. Santro, C. Crane-Robinson, G. H. Goodwin, M. Boiocchi, R. Dolcetti, and B. Casetta. 1993. High-mobility-group (HMG) proteins and histone H1 subtypes expression in normal and tumor tissues of mouse. Eur. J. Biochem. 213:825-832.
40. Giancotti, V., M. T. Berlingieri, P. P. DiFiore, A. Fusco, G. Veccio, and C. Crane-Robinson. 1985. Changes in nuclear proteins following transformation of rat thyroid epithelial cells by a murine sarcoma retrovirus. Cancer Res. 45:6051-6057.
41. Giancotti, V., E. Buratti, L. Perissin, S. Zorzet, A. Balman, G. Portella, A. Fusco, and G. H. Goodwin. 1989. Analysis of the HMGI nuclear proteins in mouse neoplastic cells induced by different procedures. Exp. Cell Res. 184:538-545.
42. Giancotti, V., B. Pani, P. D'Andrea, M. T. Berlingieri, P. P. DiFiore, A. Fusco, G. Veccio, R. Philip, C. Crane-Robinson, R. H. Nicolas, C. A. Wright, and G. H. Goodwin. 1987. Elevated levels of a specific class of nuclear phosphoproteins in cells transformed with v-ras and v-mos oncogenes and by co-transfection with c-myr and polyoma middle T genes. EMBO J. 6:1981-1987.
43. Graeber, T. G., C. Osmanian, T. Jacks, D. E. Housman, C. J. Koch, S. W. Lowe, and A. Giaccia. 1996. Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential on solid tumors. Nature 379:88-91.
44. Grandori, C., J. Mac, F. Siebelt, D. E. Ayer, and R. N. Eisenman. 1996. Myc-Max heterodimers activate a DEAD box gene and interact with multiple E box-related sites in vivo. EMBO J. 15:4344-4357.
45. Grandori, C., and R. N. Eisenman. 1997. Myc target genes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:177-181.
46. Gu, W., K. Cechova, V. Tassi, and R. Dalla-Favara. 1993. Opposite regulation of gene transcription and cell proliferation by c-Myc and Max. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2935-2939.
47. Hoang, A. T., K. J. Cohen, J. F. Barrett, D. A. Bergstrom, and C. V. Dang. 1994. Participation of cyclin A in Myc-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6875-6877.
48. Holozoneti, T. D., and A. N. Kandil. 1991. Determination of the c-Myc DNA-binding site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:6162-6166.
49. Holth, L. T., A. E. Thorlacius, and R. Reeves. 1997. Effects of epidermal growth factor and estrogen on the regulation of the HMG-I/Y gene in human mammary epithelial cell lines. DNA Cell Biol. 16:1299-1309.
50. Johnson, K. R., S. A. Cook, and M. T. Davisson. 1992. Chromosomal localization of the murine gene and 2 related sequences encoding high-mobility group I and Y proteins. Genomics 12:503-509.
51. Johnson, K. R., D. A. Lehn, T. S. Elton, P. J. Barr, and R. Reeves. 1988. The chromosomal high mobility group protein HMG-I(Y): complete murine cDNA sequence, genomic structure, and tissue expression. J. Biol. Chem. 18:18338-18342.
52. Jones, D. H., and S. C. Winistorfer. 1992. Recombinant circle PCR for site-specific mutagenesis without PCR product purification. BioTechniques 12:528-534.
53. Jones, R. M., J. Branda, K. A. Johnston, M. Polymenis, M. Gadd, A. Rustgi, L. Callanan, and E. V. Schmidt. 1996. An essential E box in the promoter of the gene encoding the mRNA cap-binding protein (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E) is a target for activation by c-Myc. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:4754-4764.
54. Kato, G., J. Barrett, M. Villa-Garcia, and C. V. Dang. 1990. An amino-terminal c-Myc domain required for neoplastic transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5914-5920.
55. Kato, G. J., W. M. F. Lee, L. Chen, and C. V. Dang. 1992. Max: functional domains and interaction with c-Myc. Genes Dev. 6:81-92.
56. Keath, E. J., P. G. Caimi, and M. D. Cole. 1984. Fibroblast lines expressing activated c-myc oncogenes are tumorigenic in nude mice and syngeneic animals. Cell 39:339-348.
57. Kerkhoff, E., K. Bister, and K. H. Klempnauer. 1991. Sequence-specific DNA binding by Myc proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4323-4327.
58. Laborda, J. 1991. 36B4 cDNA used as an estradiol-independent mRNA control is the cDNA for human acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein PO. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:3998.
59. Lanahan, A., J. B. Williams, L. K. Sanders, and D. Nathans. 1992. Growth factor-induced delayed early-response genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:3919-3929.
60. Lewis, B. C., H. Shim, Q. Li, C. S. Wu, L. A. Lee, A. Maity, and C. V. Dang. 1997. Identification of putative c-Myc-responsive genes: characterization of rcl, a novel growth-related gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:4967-4978.
61. Littlewood, T. D., B. Amati, H. Land, and G. I. Evan. 1992. Max and cMyc/Max DNA-hinding activities in cell extracts. Oncogene 7:1783-1792.
62. Littlewood, T. D., D. C. Hancock, P. S. Danielian, M. G. Parker, and G. I. Evan. 1915. A modified oestrogen receptor ligand-binding domain as an improved switch for the regulation of heterologous proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1686-1690.
63. Lombardi, L., E. W. Newcomb, and R. Dalla-Favara. 1987. Pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma: expression of an activated c-myc oncogene causes the tumorigenic conversion of EBV-infected human B lymphocytes. Cell 49: 161-170.
64. Lund, T., J. Holtman, M. Frederiksen, and S. G. Laland. 1983. On the presence of two new high mnbility group-like proteins in HeLa S3 cells. FEBS Lett. 152:163-167.
65. Lüscher, B., and R. N. Eisenman. 1990. New light on myc and myb. 1. myc. Genes Dev. 4:2025-2035.
66. Maher, J. F., and D. Nathans. 1995. Multivalent DNA-binding properties of the HMG-I proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6716-6720.
67. Masiakowski, P., R. Breathnath, J. Bloch, F. Gannon, A. Krust, and P. Chambon. 1982. Cloning of cDNA sequences of hormone-regulated genes from the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:7895-7903.
68. Mateyak, M. K., A. J. Obaya, S. Adachi, and J. M. Sedivy. 1997. Phenotypes of c-Myc-deficient rat fibroblasts isolated by targeted homologous recombination. Cell Growth Differ. 8:1039-1048.
69. 1/S-phase boundary is suppressed by inhibitory c-Myc mutants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2527-2535.
70. Montgomery, R. A., and H. C. Dietz. 1997. Inhibition of fibrillin 1 expression using U1 snRNA as a vehicle for the presentation of antisense targeting sequence. Hum. Mol. Genet. 6:519-525.
71. Nathans, D., B. A. Christy, R. DuBois, A. Lanahan, L. K. Sanders, and Y. Nakabeppu. 1991. Transcription factors induced by growth-signaling agents, p. 353-364. In J. Brugge (ed.), Origins of human cancer: a comprehensive review. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
72. Nesbit, C. E., J. M. Tersak, and E. V. Prochownik. 1999. MYC oncogenes and human neoplastic disease. Oncogene 18:3004-3076.
73. Ogram, S. A., and R. Reeves. 1995. Differential regulation of a multipromoter gene. J. Biol. Chem. 270:14235-14242.
74. Packham, G., and J. L. Cleveland. 1994. Ornithine decarboxylase is a mediator of c-Myc-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5741-5747.
75. Pena, A., C. D. Reddy, S. Wu, N. J. Hickok, E. Premkumar Reddy, G. Yumet, D. R. Soprano, and K. J. Soprano. 1993. Regulation of human ornithine decarboxylase expression by the c-Myc-Max protein complex. J. Biol. Chem. 268:27277-27285.
76. Prendergast, G. C., and E. B. Ziff. 1990. Methylation-sensitive sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc basic region. Science 251:186-189.
77. Ram, T. J., R. Reeves, and H. L. Hosick. 1993. Elevated high mobility group I(Y) gene expression is associated with progressive transformation of mouse mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 53:2655-2660.
78. Rosenwald, I. B., D. B. Rhoads, L. D. Callanan, K. J. Isselbacher, and E. V. Schmidt. 1993. Increased expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF-4E and eIF-2 alpha in response to growth induction by c-Myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6175-6178.
79. Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
80. Schuldiner, O., A. Eden, T. Ben-Yosef, O. Yanuka, G. Simchen, and N. Benvenisty. 1996. ECA39, a conserved gene regulated by c-Myc in mice, is involved in G1/S cell cycle regulation of yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7143-7148.
81. Shen-Ong, G. L. C., E. J. Keath, S. P. Picolli, and M. D. Cole. 1982. Novel myc oncogene RNA from abortive immunoglobin-gene recombination in mouse plasmacytomas. Cell 31:443-453.
82. Shim, H., C. Dolde, B. C. Lewis, C.-S. Wu, G. Dang, R. A. Jungmann, R. Dalla-Favera, and C. V. Dang. 1997. c-Myc transactivation of LDH-A: implications for tumor metabolism and growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:6658-6663.
83. Slamon, D. J., J. B. dekernion, I. M. Verma, and M. T. Cline. 1984. Cellular oncogenes in human malignancies. Science 224:256-263.
84. Small, M. B., N. Hay, M. Schwab, and J. M. Bishop. 1987. Neoplastic transformation by the human gene N-myc. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1638-1645.
85. Starborg, M., K. Gell, E. Brundell, and C. Hoog. 1996. The murine Ki-67 cell proliferation antigen accumulates in the nucleolar and heterochromatic regions of interphase cells and at the periphery of the mitotic chromosomes in a process essential for cell cycle progression. J. Cell Sci. 109:143-153.
86. Stone, J., T. deLange, G. Ramsey, E. Jakabovitz, J. M. Bishop, H. E. Varmus, and W. Lee. 1987. Definition of regions in human c-Myc involved in transformation and nuclear localization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1691-1709.
87. Strick, R., and U. K. Laemmli. 1995. SARs are cis DNA elements of chromosome dynamics: synthesis of a SAR repressor protein. Cell 83:1137-1148.
88. Sun, B., D. A. Hirsh, D. Jackson, and P. A. Beachy. 1995. Ultrabithorax protein is necessary, but not sufficient for full activation of decapentaplegic expression of visceral mesoderm. EMBO J. 14:520-535.
89. Tamimi, Y., H. G. van der Poel, M. M. Denyn, R. Umbus, H. F. Karthaus, F. M. Dubruyne, and J. A. Shalken. 1993. Increased expression of high mobility group protein I(Y) in high grade prostatic cancer determined by in situ hybridization. Cancer Res. 53:5512-5516.
90. Tamimi, Y., H. G. van der Poel, H. F. M. Karthaus, F. M. J. Dubruyne, and J. A. Schalken. 1996. A retrospective study of high mobility group I(Y) as progressive marker for prostate cancer determined by in situ hybridization. Br. J. Cancer 74:573-578.
91. Thanos, D., W. Du, and T. Maniatis. 1993. The high mobility group protein HMG I(Y) is an essential structural component of viral-inducible enhancer complex. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 58:73-81.
92. Thanos, D., and T. Maniatis. 1995. Virus induction of human IFN-β gene expression requires the assembly of an enhanceosome. Cell 83:1091-1100.
93. Thanos, D., and T. Maniatis. 1992. The high mobility group protein HMGI(Y) is required for NF-kappaB-dependent virus induction of the human IFN-β gene. Cell 71:777-789.
94. Van der Eb, A. J., and F. L. Graham. 1980. Assay of transforming activity of tumor virus DNA. Methods Enzymol. 65:826-839.
95. Vartiane, E., J. Palvimo, A. Mahonen, A. Linnala-Kankkuren, and P. H. Maenpaa. 1988. Selective decrease in low-M, HMG proteins HMGI and HMGY during differentiation of mouse teratocarcinoma cells. FEBS Lett. 228:45-48.
96. Vennstrom, B., D. Sheiness, J. Zabielski, and J. M. Bishop. 1982. Isolation and characterization of c-myc, a cellular homolog of the oncogene (v-myc) of avian myelocytomatosis virus strain 29. J. Virol. 31:514-524.
97. Wang, J., L. Y. Xie, S. Allan, D. Beach, and G. J. Hannon. 1998. Myc activates telomerase. Genes Dev. 12:1769-1774.
98. Wechsler, D. S., and C. V. Dang. 1992. Opposite orientations of DNA bending by c-Myc and Max. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7635-7339.
99. Williams, J. B., and A. A. Lanahan. 1995. A mammalian delayed-early response gene encodes HNP36, a novel, conserved nucleolar protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 206:916-926.
100. Wu, K.-J., A. Polack, and R. Dalla-Favara. 1999. Coordinated regulation of iron-controlling genes, H-Ferritin and IRP2, by c-Myc. Science 283:676-679.
101. Zhao, K., E. Kas, E. Gonzales, and U. K. Laemmli. 1993. SAR-dependent mobilization of histone H1 by HMG-I/Y in vitro: HMG-I/Y is enriched in H1-depleted chromatin. EMBO J. 12:3237-3247.