Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: Efficacy of combination of hormone replacement therapy with other antiresorptive agents

Journal of Clinical Densitometry

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 187-201

  Wimalawansa, Sunil J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Alendronate; Androgen; Bone mineral density; Etidronate; Fl uoride; Menopause; Osteoporosis; Residronate

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ANABOLIC AGENT; ANDROGEN; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; CALCIUM; ESTROGEN; ETIDRONIC ACID; FLUORIDE; GESTAGEN; METHYLTESTOSTERONE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; PROGESTERONE; SALCATONIN; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; VITAMIN D;

ADULT; BONE ATROPHY; BONE DENSITY; BONE MINERALIZATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG MIXTURE; FEMALE; FEMUR; FRACTURE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OSTEOPOROSIS; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; VERTEBRA;

EID: 0033910586     PISSN: 10946950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/JCD:3:2:187     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. 1. Conference report. 1993 Consensus Development Conference: Diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646-650.
2. 2. Wimalawansa SJ. 1993 Therapeutic options in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis Exp Clin Endocrinol (Life Sci Adv) 12:1-27.
3. 3. Studd J, Panay N, Zamblera D, et al. 1996 HRT and long-term compliance: the efficacy and safety of Menorest. Int J Gyn Obs 52:S21-S25.
4. 4. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ. 1995 The epidemiology of coronary heart disease and estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. Prog Cadiovasc Dis 38:199-210.
5. 5. Lindsay R, Hart DM, Aitken JM, et al. 1976 Long-term prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by oestrogen: evidence for an increased bone mass after delayed onset of oestrogen treatment. Lancet i:1038-1041.
6. 6. Keil DP, Felson DT, Anderson JJ, et al. 1987 Hip fracture and the use of estrogens in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 317:1169-1174.
7. 7. Kreiger N, Kelsey JL, Holford TR, et al. 1982 An epidemiologic study of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 116:141-148.
8. 8. Christiansen C, Christiansen MS, Transbol I. 1981 Bone mass in postmenopausal women after withdrawal of oestrogen/gestagen replacement therapy. Lancet i:459-461.
9. 9. Fleisch H. 1993 Bisphosphonates in osteoporosis: an introduction. Osteoporos Int 3:S3-S5.
10. 10. Fleisch H, Russell RG, Straumann F. 1966 Effect of pyrophosphate on hydroxyapatite and its implications in calcium homeostasis. Nature 212:901-903.
11. 11. Luckman SP, Hughes DE, Coxen FP, Russell RGG, Rogers MJ. 1998 Nitrogen containing bisphosphonates inhibit the mevalonate pathway and prevent post-translational prenylation of GTP binding proteins, including Ras. J Bone Miner Res 13:581-589.
12. 12. van Beek E, Lowik C, van der Pluijm G, Papapoulos S. 1999 The role of geranylgeranylation in bone resorption and its suppression by bisphosphonates in fetal bone explants in vitro: a clue to the mechanisms of action of nitrogen containing bisphosphonates. J Bone Miner Res 14:722-729.
13. 13. Fisher JE, Rogers MJ, Halasy JM, et al. 1999 Alendronate mechanism of action: geranylgeraniol, an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway, prevents inhibition of osteoclast formation, bone resorption, and kinase activation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:133-138.
14. 14. Wimalawansa SJ. 1995 Hypercalcaemia of malignancy etiology, pathogenesis and clinical management (Medical Intelligence Unit, monograph). New York: Springer.
15. 15. McClung MR. 1996 Current bone mineral density data on bisphosphonates in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 19:195s-198s.
16. 16. Nagant de Deuxchaisnes C, Rombouts-Lindemans C, Huaux JP, et al. 1982 Diphosphonates and inhibition of bone mineralisation. Lancet ii:607, 608.
17. 17. Boyce BF, Smith L, Fogelman I, et al. 1984 Focal osteomalacia due to low dose diphosphonate therapy in Paget's disease Lancet i:821-824.
18. 18. Papapoulos SE, Landman JO, Bijvoet OL, et al. 1991 The use of bisphosphonates in the treatment of osteoporosis. Bone 13(Suppl. 1):S41-S49.
19. 19. Wimalawansa SJ. 1995 Combined therapy with estrogen and etidronate has an additive effect on bone mineral density in the hip and vertebrae: four year randomized study. Am J Med 99:36-42.
20. 20. Shinoda H, Adamek G, Felix R, et al. 1983 Structure-activity relationships of various bisphosphonates. Calcif Tissue Int 35:87-99.
21. 21. Storm T, Thamsborg G, Steiniche T, et al. 1990 Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on bone mass and fracture rate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 322:1265-1271.
22. 22. Watts NB, Harris ST, Genant HK, et al. 1990 Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 323:73-79.
23. 23. Harris ST, Watts NB, Jackson RD, et al. 1993 Four-year study of intermittent cyclic etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: three years of blinded therapy followed by one year of open therapy. Am J Med 95:557-567.
24. 24. Wimalawansa SJ. 1998 Four-year randomized prospective study: an efficacious therapy for established postmenopausal osteoporosis with the combination of estrogen and bisphosphonate. Am J Med 104:219-226.
25. 25. Wimalawansa SJ. 1993 Etidronate in combination with HRT, eliminates unwanted effects of etidronate on the bone, but increases the bone mass - 4 year prospective study. 15th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Tampa, FL (abstract S344, 909).
26. 26. Greenspan S, Bankhurst A, Bell N, et al. 1998 Effects of alendronate and estrogen alone or in combination on bone mass and turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research San Francisco, CA (abstract 1107).
27. 27. Cossman F, Lindsay R, Harris ST, et al. 1999 Alendronate added to ongoing hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of osteoporosis: effects on biochemical markers of bone turnover St. Louis, MO (abstract T456).
28. 28. Lindsay R, Cosman F, Lobo RA, et al. 1999 Addition of alendronate to ongoing hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 3076-3081.
29. 29. Gruber H, Ivey JL, Baylink DJ, et al. 1984 Long-term calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Metabolism 33:295-303.
30. 30. MacIntyre I, Stevenson JC, Whitehead MI, et al. 1988 Calcitonin for prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. Lancet i:900-902.
31. 31. Maresca V. 1985 Human calcitonin in the management of osteoporosis: a multicenter study. J Int Med Res 13:311-316.
32. 32. Mazzuloi GF, Passeri M, Gennari C. 1986 Effects of salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a controlled double blind study. Calcif Tissue Int 38:3-8.
33. 33. Overgaard K, Riis BJ, Christiansen C, et al. 1989 Nasal calcitonin for treatment of established osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol 30:435-442.
34. 34. Silverman SL, Chesnut C, Andriano K, et al. 1998 Salmon calcitonin nasal spray (SN-CT) reduces risk of vertebral fracture(s) in established osteoporosis and has continuous efficacy with prolonged treatment: accrued 5 year worldwide data of the PROOF study. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, San Francisco, CA (abstract 1108).
35. 35. Reginster JY. 1991 Effect of calcitonin on bone mass and fracture rates. Am J Med 91:19S-22S.
36. 36. Dunn T, Tabensky Y, DeLuca V, Seemen E. 1997 The benefit of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass is greater at the vertebral body than posterior processes or proximal femur. Bone 21:447-451.
37. 37. Bone H, Greenspan SL, McKeever C, et al. Alendronate and estrogen effects in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, in press.
38. 38. Wimalawansa SJ. 1989 Calcitonin: Molecular Biology, Physiology, Pathophysiology and Its Therapeutic Uses. In: Advances in Bone Regulatory Factors: Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology. Pecile A, Bernard B, eds. Plenum, UK, 121-160.
39. 39. Wimalawansa SJ. 1991 Long-and short-term effects and safety of calcitonin in human: a prospective study. Calcif Tissue Int 52:90-93.
40. 40. Kapuscinski P, Talalaj M, Borowicz J, Marcinowska-Suchoweirska E, Brzozowski R. 1996 An analgesic effect of synthetic human calcitonin in patients with primary osteoporosis. Materia Medica Polona 28:83-86.
41. 41. Lyritis GP, Tsakalakos N, Magiasis B, et al. 1991 Analgesic effect of salmon calcitonin in osteoporotic vertebral fractures: a double blind placebo controlled clinical study. Calcif Tissue Int 9:369-372.
42. 42. Bolanca S, Korsic M, Dekanic D, Cvijetic S. 1998 Effects of combined treatment with etidronate, nandrolone-decanoate and calcium on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Acta Medica Croatica 52:159-163.
43. 43. Speroff L, Rowan J, Symons J, Genat H, Wilborn W. 1996 The comparative effect on bone density, endocmetrium, and lipids of continuous hormones as replacement therapy. J Am Med Assoc 276:1397-1403.
44. 44. Watts NB, Notelovitz M, Timmons MC, Addison WA, Wiita B, Downey LJ. 1995 Comparison of oral estrogens and estrogens plus androgen on bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms, and lipid-lipoprotein profiles in surgical menopause. Obstet Gynecol 85:529-537.
45. 45. Davis SR, McCloud P, Strauss BJG, Burger H. 1995 Testosterone enhances estradiol's effects on post-menopausal bone density and sexuality. Maturitas 21:227-236.
46. 46. Raisz LG, Wiita B, Artis A, et al. 1996 Comparison of the effects of estrogen alone and estrogen plus androgen on biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:37-43.
47. 47. Meschia M, Brincat M, Barbacini P, Crossiganani PG, Albisetti W. 1993 A clinical trial on the effects of a combination of elcatonin (carbocalcin) and conjugated estrogens on vertebral bone mass in early postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 53:17-20.
48. 48. Mathews JNS, Altman DC, Campbell MJ, et al. 1990 Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. Br Med J 300:230-235.
49. 49. Alexanderson P, Riis BJ, Christiansen C. 1999 Monoflurophosphate combined with hormone replacement therapy induces a synergistic effect on bone mass by dissociating bone formation and resorption in postmenopausal women: a randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3013-3020.
50. 50. Pak CY, Sakhaee K, Rubin CD, Zerwekh JE. 1997 Sustained-release sodium fluoride in the management of established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med Sci 313:23-32.
51. 51. Cosman F, Neives J, Woelfert L, Shen V, Lindsay R. 1998 Alendronate does not block the anabolic effect of PTH in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. J Bone Miner Res 13:1051-1055.
52. 52. Shen V, Birchman R, Xu R, et al. 1995 Effects of reciprocal treatment with estrogen and estrogen plus parathyroid hormone on bone: structure and strength of ovariectomized rats. J Clin Invest 96:2331-2338.
53. 53. Delmas PD, Vergnaud P, Arlot ME, Pastoureau P, Meunier PJ, Nilssen MH. 1995 The anabolic effect of human PTH (1-34) on bone formation is blunted when bone resorption is inhibited by the bisphosphonate tiludronate - is activated resorption a prerequisite for the in vivo effect of PTH on formation in a remodeling system? Bone 16:603-610.
54. 54. Mosekilde L, Danielson CC, Gasser J. 1994 The effect on vertebral bone mass and strength of long term treatment with antiresorptive agents (estrogen and calcitonin), human parathyroid hormone (1-38), and combination therapy, assesses in aged ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 134:2126-2134.
55. 55. Flicker L, Hopper JL, Larkins RG, Lichtenstein M, Buirski G, Wark JD. 1997 Nandrolone decanoate and intranasal calcitonin as therapy in established osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 7:29-35.
56. 56. Hodsman AB, Fraher LJ, Watson PH, et al. 1997 A randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy of cyclical parathyroid hormone versus cyclical parathyroid hormone and sequential calcitonin to improve bone mass in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:620-628.
57. 57. Wimalawansa DR, Senaratna NA, Wimalawansa SM, Wimalawansa SJ, Yallampalli C. 1999 Enhancement of bone mineral density following combined therapy with the nitric oxide donor, nitroglycerin, and bone protective agents such as bisphosphonates. J Bone Min Metab, in press.
58. 58. Wimalawansa SJ, DeMarco G, Gangula P, Yallampalli C. 1996 Nitric oxide donor alleviates ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Bone 18:301-304.
59. 59. Ankjaer-Jensen A, Johnell O. 1996 Prevention of osteoporosis: cost-effectiveness of different pharmaceutical treatment. Osteoporos Int 6:265-275.
60. 60. Rodan GA. 1998 Mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:375-388.
61. 61. Raisz LG, Prestwood KM. 1998 Estrogen and the risk of fracture - new data, new questions. N Engl J Med 339:767, 768.
62. 62. Packer E, Holloway L, Newhall K, Kanwar G, Butterfield G, Marcus R. 1990 Effects of estrogen on day long circulating calcium, phosphorous, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 5:877-884.
63. 63. Pacifici R. 1998 Cytokines, estrogen, and postmenopausal osteoporosis - the second decade. Endocrinology 130:2659-2661.