'IARC Group 2B Carcinogens' reported in cigarette mainstream smoke

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 38, Issue 9, 2000, Pages 825-848

  Smith, C J ^a   Perfetti, T A ^a   Mullens, M A ^a   Rodgman, A ^a   Doolittle, D J ^a  

^a R J REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cigarette smoke; IARC; Probable carcinogen

Indexed keywords

ACRIDINE DERIVATIVE; ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON; AROMATIC AMINE; BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; BENZO[A]PYRENE; CARCINOGEN; CIGARETTE SMOKE; METAL; NITROSAMINE; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON;

ARTICLE; CARCINOGENICITY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; FOOD; MUTAGENICITY; ORGANIZATION; SMOKING; UNITED STATES;

CARCINOGENS; HYDROCARBONS; MUTAGENS; TOBACCO SMOKE POLLUTION;

EID: 0033875817     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00066-1     Document Type: Article

References (197)

1. Adams J.D., O'Mara-Adams J., Hoffmann D. Toxic and carcinogenic agents in undiluted mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke of different types of cigarettes. Carcinogenesis. 5:1987;729-731.
2. Alvarado J., Cristiano A.R. Determination of cadmium, cobalt, iron, nickel and lead in Venezuelan cigarettes by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 8:1993;253-259.
3. Autio K. Determination of ethylenethiourea (ETU) as a volatile N,N'-dimethyl-derivative by GLC-MS and GLC-NPSD. Applications for determining ETU. Finnish Chemical Letters. 1-2:1983;10-14.
4. Appel K.E. Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines some aspects of prevention. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 21:1991;299-304.
5. Ayres C.I., Thornton R.E. Determination of benzo[a]pyrene and related compounds in cigarette smoke. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 3:1965;285-290.
6. Badger G.M. Chemical constitution and carcinogenic activity. Advances in Cancer Research. 2:1954;73-127.
7. Badger G. M. (1962). The Chemical Basis of Carcinogenic Activity. pp. 16-19. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
8. Badger G.M., Donnelly J.K., Spotswood T.M. The formation of aromatic hydrocarbons at high temperatures. XXIV. The pyrolysis of some tobacco constituents. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 18:1965;1249-1266.
9. Baker R.R. Product formation inside a burning cigarette. Progress in Energy Science and Combustion. 7:1981;135-153.
10. Borgerding M.F., Bodnar J.A., Chung H.L., Mangan P.P., Morrison C.C., Risner C.H., Rodgers J.C., Simmons D.F., Uhrig M.S., Wendelboe F.N., Wingate D.E., Winkler L.S. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 1. Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 36:1997;169-182.
11. Brunnemann K.D., Fink W., Moser F. Analysis of volatile N-nitrosamines in mainstream and sidestream smoke from cigarettes by GLC-TEA. Oncology. 37:1980;217-222.
12. Brunnemann K.D., Hoffmann D. Assessment of the carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethanolamine in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis. 2:1981;1123-1127.
13. Brunnemann K.D., Hoffmann D., Gairola C.G., Lee B.C. Low ignition propensity cigarettes: smoke analysis for carcinogens and testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke particulate matter. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 10:1994;917-922.
14. Brunnemann et al., (1994b) Nitrosamines and related N-nitroso compounds. In American Chemical Society, ed. Loeppky et al., pp. 369-371.
15. Brunnemann K.D., Kagan M.R., Cox J.E., Hoffmann D. Analysis of 1,3-butadiene and other selected gas-phase components in cigarette mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke by gas chromatography-mass selective detection. Carcinogenesis. 11:1990;1863-1868.
16. Brunnemann K.D., Yu L., Hoffmann D. Assessment of carcinogenic volatile N-nitrosamines in tobacco and in mainstream and sidestream smoke from cigarettes. Cancer Research. 37:1977;3218-3222.
17. Burton H.R. Thermal decomposition and gas phase analysis of carbohydrates found in tobacco. Shafizadeh F., Sarkanen K.V., Tillmann D.A. Thermal Uses and Properties of Carbohydrates and Lignins. 1976;257-310 Academic Press, New York.
18. Byrd G.D., Fowler K.W., Hicks R.D., Lovette M.E., Borgerding M.F. Isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the determination of benzene, toluene, styrene and acrylonitrile in mainstream cigarette smoke. Journal of Chromatography. 503:1990;359-368.
19. Caldwell W.S., Conner J.M. Artifact formation during smoke trapping: An improved method for the determination of N-nitrosamines in cigarette smoke. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 73:1990;783-789.
20. Candeli A., Hoffmann, D. and Wynder, E. L. (1963) Unpublished 1963 data cited in Wynder E. L. and Hoffmann D. (1964) Experimental tobacco carcinogenesis. Advances in Cancer Research 8, 249-453 (see 323-333); Wynder E.L and Hoffmann D. (1967) Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke: Studies in Experimental Carcinogenesis, pp. 373-374, Table VIII-14. Academic Press, New York.
21. Candeli A., Hoffmann, D. and Wynder, E. L. (1963) Unpublished 1963 data cited in Wynder E. L. and Hoffmann D. (1964) Experimental tobacco carcinogenesis. Advances in Cancer Research 8, 249-453 (see 323-333); Wynder E.L and Hoffmann D. (1967) Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke: Studies in Experimental Carcinogenesis, pp. 373-374, Table VIII-14. Academic Press, New York.
22. th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference. Winston-Salem, NC.
23. th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference. Richmond, VA.
24. th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference. Raleigh, NC.
25. Carmella S., Hecht S.S., Tso T.C., Hoffmann D. Roles of tobacco cellulose, sugars and chlorogenic acid as precursors to catechols in cigarette smoke. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Supporting Information. 32:l984;267-273.
26. Chortyk O.T., Schlotzhauer W.S. Studies on the pyrogenesis of tobacco smoke constituents (a review). Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 7:1973;165-178.
27. Chortyk O.T. and Schlotzhauer W. S. (1989) The contribution of low tar cigarettes to environmental tobacco smoke. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 13, 129-134. See also Green C.R. (1990) A discussion of smoke generation and analytical procedure in 'The contribution of low tar cigarettes to environmental tobacco smoke'. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 14, 261.
28. Chortyk O.T. and Schlotzhauer W. S. (1989) The contribution of low tar cigarettes to environmental tobacco smoke. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 13, 129-134. See also Green C.R. (1990) A discussion of smoke generation and analytical procedure in 'The contribution of low tar cigarettes to environmental tobacco smoke'. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 14, 261.
29. Cogbill E.C., Hobbs M.E. Transfer of metallic constituents of cigarettes to the mainstream smoke. Tobacco Science. 1:1957;68-73.
30. CORESTA (1968) Standard Method No. 10: Machine smoking of cigarettes and determination of crude and dry smoke condensates. Centre de Cooperation pour les Recherches Scientifiques Relative au Tabac.
31. Coultson F. Overall view of the conference. Coultson F., Shubik P. Human Epidemiology and Animal Laboratory Correlations in Chemical Carcinogenesis. 1980;395-402 Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, NJ.
32. Dalhamn T., Edfors M.L. and Rylander R. (1968) Mouth absorption of various compounds in cigarette smoke. Archives of Environmental Health 16, 831-835; Retention of cigarette smoke components in human lungs. Archives of Environmental Health 17, 746-748.
33. Dalhamn T., Edfors M.L. and Rylander R. (1968) Mouth absorption of various compounds in cigarette smoke. Archives of Environmental Health 16, 831-835; Retention of cigarette smoke components in human lungs. Archives of Environmental Health 17, 746-748.
34. Darrall K.G., Figgins J.A., Brown R.D., Phillips G.F. Determination of benzene and associated volatile compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke. Analyst. 123:1998;1095-1101.
35. Davis D.L., Vaught A., Tso T.C., Bush L.P. Analysis of a New Low Yield Research Cigarette. 1984;Tobacco and Health Institute, Lexington, KY.
36. DeBardeleben M.Z., Wickham J.E., Kuhn W.F. The determination of tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke from an historical perspective. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science. 17:1991;115-148.
37. deBethizy J.D., Borgerding M.F., Doolittle D.J., Robinson J.H., McManus K.T., Rahn C.A., Davis R.A., Burger G.T., Hayes J.R., Reynolds J.H., Hayes A.W. Chemical and biological studies of a cigarette that heats rather than burns tobacco. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 30:1990;755-763.
38. Djordjevic M.V., Sigountos C.W., Brunnemann K.D., Hoffmann D. Formation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric acid in vitro and in mainstream cigarette smoke. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 39:1991;209-213.
39. Djordjevic M.V., Sigountos C.W., Hoffmann D., Brunnemann K.D., Kagan M.R., Bush L.P., Safaev R.D., Belitsky G.A., Zaridze D. Assessment of major carcinogens and alkaloids in the tobacco and mainstream smoke of USSR cigarettes. International Journal of Cancer. 47:1991b;348-351.
40. Dube M.F., Green C.R. Methods of collection of smoke for analytical purposes. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science. 8:1982;42-102.
41. Eisenbrand G., Archer M., Brunnemann K. D., Fine D. H., Hecht S. S., Hoffmann D., Krull J. and Webb K. S. (1983) Problems of contamination and artefact formation in nitrosamine sampling and analysis. In Environmental Carcinogens: Selected Methods of Analysis. Vol. 6: N-Nitroso Compounds, IARC Publications no. 45, ed. R. Preussmann, I. K. O'Neill, G. Eisenbrand, T. Spiegelhalder and H. Bartsch, pp. 25-34. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
42. Maleic Hydrazide: Notification of Issuances of Notice of Intent to Suspend Pesticide Registration. Federal Register. 46(179):1981;46000.
43. Environmental Protection Agency (1990) Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Assessment of lung cancer in adults and respiratory disorders in children. Draft Document EPA/600/6-90/006A (May).
44. Evans W.H., Thomas N.C., Boardman M.C., Nash S.J. Relationships of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon yields with particular matter (water and nicotine free) yields in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. Science of the Total Environment. 136:1993;101-109.
45. Fischer S., Castonguay A., Kaiserman M., Spiegelhalder B., Preussmann R. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Canadian cigarettes. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 116:1990;563-568.
46. Fischer S., Spiegelhalder B., Preussmann R. Preformed tobacco-specific nitrosamines in tobacco-role of nitrate and influence of tobacco type. Carcinogenesis. 10:1990;1511-1517.
47. Fischer S., Spiegelhalder B., Preussmann R. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in European and USA cigarettes. Archiv für Geschwulstforschung. 60:1990;169-177.
48. Fischer S., Spiegelhalder B. and Preussmann R. (1991) Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in commercial cigarettes: Possibilities for reducing exposure. In Relevance to Human Cancer of N-Nitroso Compounds, Tobacco Smoke and Mycotoxins, IARC Scientific Publications No. 105, pp. 489-493, ed. I. K. O'Neill, J. Chen and H. Bartsch. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
49. Gager F. L., Jr, Nedlock J. W. and Martin W. J. (1971) Tobacco additives and cigarette smoke: Part I. Transfer of D-glucose and sucrose and their degradation products to smoke. Carbohydrate Research 17, 327-333; Part II. Organic gas-phase products from D-glucose and glucose. Carbohydrate Research 17, 335-339.
50. Gager F. L., Jr, Nedlock J. W. and Martin W. J. (1971) Tobacco additives and cigarette smoke: Part I. Transfer of D-glucose and sucrose and their degradation products to smoke. Carbohydrate Research 17, 327-333; Part II. Organic gas-phase products from D-glucose and glucose. Carbohydrate Research 17, 335-339.
51. Gil-Av E., Shabtai J. Precursors of carcinogenic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke. Nature. 197:1963;1065-1066.
52. Gori G. B. (Ed.) (1976a) Report No. 1. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes. The First Set of Experimental Cigarettes. DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-905.
53. Gori G. B. (Ed.) (1976b) Report No. 2. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes. The Second Set of Experimental Cigarettes. DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1111.
54. Gori G. B. (Ed.) (1977) Report No. 3. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes. The Third Set of Experimental Cigarettes. DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 77-1280.
55. Gori G. B. (Ed.) (1980) Report No. 4. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes. The Fourth Set of Experimental Cigarettes. DHEW Publ. (NIH) March (1980).
56. Grasso P. Carcinogens in food. Searle C.E. Chemical Carcinogens. Second Edition. 1984;1205-1239 American Chemical Society Monograph 182, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
57. Green C.R. Neutral oxygenated compounds in cigarette smoke and their possible precursors. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science. 3:1977;94-120.
58. rd American Chemical Society Symposium, ed. J. L. McKenzie.
59. Green C.R., Rodgman A. The Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference: A half century forum for advances in analytical methodology of tobacco and its products. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science. 22:1996;131-304.
60. Grimmer G., Naujack K. W. and Dettbarn, G. (1987) Gas chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aza-arenes, aromatic amines in the particle and vapor phase of mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes. Presented at International Experimental Toxicology Symposium on Passive Smoking, Essen FRG; (1987) Toxicology Letters 35, 117-124.
61. Grimmer G., Naujack K. W. and Dettbarn, G. (1987) Gas chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aza-arenes, aromatic amines in the particle and vapor phase of mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes. Presented at International Experimental Toxicology Symposium on Passive Smoking, Essen FRG; (1987) Toxicology Letters 35, 117-124.
62. Grimmer G., Schneider D., Naujack K-W., Dettbarn G., Jacob J. Intercept-reactant method for the determination of aromatic amines in mainstream tobacco smoke. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 9:1996;85-92.
63. Grob K. Gas chromatography of cigarette smoke. Part III. Separation of the overlap region of gas and particulate phase by capillary columns. Journal of Gas Chromatography. 3:1965;52-56.
64. Groenen P.J., ten Noever de Brauw M.C. Determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in the vapour phase of the smoke from various tobacco products. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 8:1975;113-123.
65. Guerin, M. R., Jenkins R. A. and Tomkins B. A. (1992) Mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. In The Chemistry of Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Composition and Measurement, ed. M. Eisenberg. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.
66. Hattemeyer-Frey H.A., Travis C.C. Benzo-a-pyrene [sic]: Environmental partitioning and human exposure. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 7:1991;141-157.
67. Hecht S.S., Chen C.-H.B., Hoffmann D. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines: Occurrence, formation, carcinogenicity and metabolism. Accounts of Chemical Research. 12:1979;92-98.
68. Hecht S.S., Schmeltz I., Hoffmann D. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. LVIII. Nitrogenous compounds in cigarette smoke and their possible precursors. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science. 3:1977;59-83.
69. Herrmann K. Über die phenolischen Inhaltsstoffe des Tabaks und des Tabakrauches. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 2:1964;159-179.
70. Higgins C. E., Griest W. H. and Olerich G. (1982). Application of Tenax® trapping to the analysis of gas phase organic compounds in ultra-low tar cigarette smoke. Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
71. Higman H.C., Severson R.F., Chortyk O.T., Arrendale R.F. Pyrolytic evaluation of close-grown tobaccos. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International. 10:1979;65-72.
72. Hill W.T., Stanger D.W., Pizzo A., Riegel B., Shubik P., Wartman W.B. Cancer Research. 11:1951;892-897.
73. Hoffmann D., Hecht S.S. Advances in tobacco carcinogenesis. Cooper C.S., Grover P. Chemical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis, I. 1990;63-102 Springer-Verlag, London.
74. Hoffmann D., Hoffmann I. The changing cigarette, 1950-1995. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 50:1997;307-364.
75. Hoffmann D, Hoffmann I. Tobacco smoke components. [Letter to the Editor]. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International. 18:1998;49-52.
76. Hoffmann D., Rathkamp G. Quantitative determination of nitrobenzenes in cigarette smoke. Analytical Chemistry. 42:1970;1643-1647.
77. Hoffmann D., Rathkamp G. and Liu Y. Y. (1975) Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXVI. On the isolation and identification of volatile and non-volatile N-nitrosamines and hydrazines in cigarette smoke. In N-Nitroso Compounds in the Environment, ed. P. A. Bogovski and E. A. Walker, pp. 159-165. IARC Scientific Publications No. 9, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
78. Huynh C.K., VuDuc T., Debonneville C., Boiteux P. Pollution de l'air intérieur par les hydrocarbures polynucléaires de la fumée de tabac. Médecine Sociale et Préventive. 29:1984;201-202.
79. IARC (1972) Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 1. Some Inorganic Substances, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Amines, N-Nitroso Compounds, and Natural Products. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
80. IARC (1978) Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 17. Some N-Nitroso Compounds, pp. 221-226. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
81. IARC (1979) Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 19. Some Monomers, Plastics and Synthetic Elastomers, and Acrolein, pp. 19. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
82. IARC (1982a) Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 29. Some Industrial Chemicals and Dyestuffs. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
83. IARC (1982b) N-Nitroso Compounds: Occurrence and Biological Effects, ed. H. Bartsch, I. K. O'Neill, M. Castegnaro, M. Okada, IARC Scientific Publications No. 41, pp. 312. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
84. IARC (1983) Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 32. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part I, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, pp. 37, 148, 156, 164, 278, 284, 316, 328, 332, 338, 344, 385. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
85. IARC (1985) Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 37. Tobacco Habits Other than Smoking, Betel-Quid and Areca-Nut Chewing; and Some Related Nitrosamines, pp. 23-30; 156, 164, 211-212, 226, 242-244, 300, 385. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
86. IARC (1986) Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 38. Tobacco Smoking, pp. 87, 97, 116. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
87. IARC (1994) Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol. 60. Some Industrial Chemicals, pp. 248. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
88. IARC (1998) Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity to Humans. As evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-73. http://www.iarc.htm. Updated November 30, 1998. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
89. Ingebrethsen B.J. Aerosol studies of cigarette smoke. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science. 12:1980;54-142.
90. Ishiguro S., Sugawara S. The chemistry of tobacco smoke. Scientific Papers, Central Research Institute, Japan Monopoly Corporation. 298:1980;1-248.
91. Johnson W.R., Hale R.W., Clough S.C., Chen P.H. Chemistry of the conversion of nitrate nitrogen to smoke products. Nature. 243:1973;223-225.
92. Johnson W.R., Hale R.W., Nedlock J.W. Aliphatic amides in cigarette smoke. Tobacco Science. 17:1973;73.
93. Johnson W.R., Hale R.W., Nedlock J.W., Grubbs H.J., Powell D.H. The distribution of products between mainstream and sidestream smoke. Tobacco Science. 17:1973;141-144.
94. Johnson W. R., Powell D. H., Hale R. W. and Kornfeld R. A. (1975) Incorporation of atmospheric oxygen into components of cigarette smoke. Chemistry and Industry 521-522.
95. Jones E.C., Norman A.B. History of cigarette design. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science. 24:1998;3-64.
96. Kaburaki Y., Sugawara S., Kobashi U., Doihara T. Studies on the composition of tobacco smoke. XIV. The formation of pyridines in the pyrolysis of nicotine. Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society (Japan). 44:1970;224-231.
97. Kagan M. R., Cunningham J. A. and Hoffmann D. (1999) Propylene Glycol: A precursor of propylene oxide in cigarette smoke. Paper 41. 53rd Tobacco Science Research Conference. Montreal, Canada. Sept. 12-15, 1999.
98. Kamata K., Motohashi N., Meyer R., Yamamoto Y. Analysis of benz[c]acridines in cigarette smoke by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Liquid Chromatography. 15:1992;1907-1921.
99. Kanai Y., Wada O., Manabe S. Detection of carcinogenic glutamic acid pyrolysis products in cigarette smoke condensate. Carcinogenesis. 11:1990;1001-1003.
100. Kataoka H., Kijima K., Maruo G. Determination of mutagenic heterocyclic amines in combustion smoke samples. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 60:1998;60-67.
101. Kataoka H., Kurisu M., Shindoh S. Determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in combustion smoke samples. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 59:1997;570-576.
102. Klaassen C.D. Absorption, distribution and excretion of toxicants. Klaassen C.D., Amdur M.O., Doull J. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. 1996;91-112 McGraw-Hill, New York.
103. Krull I.S., Fan T.Y., Fine D.H. Problem of artifacts in the analysis of N-nitroso compounds. Analytical Chemistry. 50:1978;698-701.
104. Lacassagne A., Buu-Hoï N.P., Rudall G. Inhibition of the carcinogenic action produced by a weakly carcinogenic hydrocarbon on a highly active hydrocarbon. British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 26:1945;5-12.
105. Laskowski K. Components of tobacco smoke and their absorption in the respiratory system of the smoker. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny (Warszawa). 2:1951;139-160.
106. Lavit-Lamy D., Buu-Hoï N.P. The true nature of "dibenzo[a,l]pyrene" and its known derivatives. Chemical Communications. 4:1966;92-94.
107. Liu Y.Y., Schmeltz I., Hoffmann D. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke: (XXVII). Quantitative analysis of hydrazine in tobacco and cigarette smoke. Analytical Chemistry. 46:1974;885-889.
108. Luceri F., Pieraccini G., Moneti G., Dolara P. Primary aromatic amines from side-stream cigarette smoke are common contaminants of indoor air. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 9:1993;405-413.
109. Lyons M.J., Johnston H. Chemical analysis of the neutral fraction of cigarettes smoke tar. British Journal of Cancer. 11:1957;554-562.
110. McCormick A., Nicholson M.J., Baylis M.A., Underwood J.G. Nitrosamines in cigarette smoke condensate. Nature. 244:1973;237-238.
111. Maga J.A. Potential health concerns associated with smoke. Maga J. Smoke in Food Processing. 1988;113-144 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
112. Manabe S., Kurihara N., Wada O., Izumikawa S., Asakuno K., Morita M. Detection of a carcinogen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, in airborne particles and diesel-exhaust particles. Environmental Pollution. 80:1993;281-286.
113. Manabe S., Kurihara N., Wada O., Tohyama K., Aramaki T. Formation of PhIP in a mixture of creatinine, phenylalanine and sugar or aldehyde by aqueous heating. Carcinogenesis. 13:1992;827-830.
114. Manabe S., Tohyama K., Wada O., Aramaki T. Detection of a carcinogen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), in cigarette smoke condensate. Carcinogenesis. 12:1991;1945-1947.
115. Manabe S., Wada O. Carcinogenic tryptophan pyrolysis products in cigarette smoke condensate and cigarette smoke-polluted indoor air. Environmental Pollution. 64:1990;121-132.
116. Manabe S., Wada O., Kanai Y. Simultaneous determination of amino-α-carbolines and amino-γ-carbolines in cigarette smoke condensate by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography and Biomedical Applications. 529:1990;125-133.
117. Maxwell J. C., Jr and Fenstermacher S. D. (1998) Second-quarter 1998 sales estimates for the cigarette industry. The Maxwell Consumer Report, August 14, 1998.
118. Mitacek E.J., Brunnemann K.D., Hoffmann D., Limsila T., Suttajit M., Martin N., Caplan L.S. Volatile nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the smoke of Thai cigarettes: A risk factor for lung cancer and a suspected risk factor for liver cancer in Thailand. Carcinogenesis. 20:1999;133-137.
119. Miyake T., Shibamoto T. Quantitative analysis by gas chromatography of volatile carbonyl compounds in cigarette smoke. Journal of Chromatography. 693:1995;376-381.
120. Nanni E.J., Lovette M.E., Hicks R.D., Fowler K.W., Borgerding M.F. Separation and quantitation of phenolic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke by capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the selected-ion mode. Journal of Chromatography. 505:1990;365-374.
121. NIH (1980) Report No. 5. Toward Less Hazardous Cigarettes. Summary: Four Skin Painting Bioassays Using Condensate from Experimental Cigarettes. National Cancer Institute. DHEW Publ. (NIH) (September 1980).
122. Complex Mixtures: Mixtures for in vivo Toxicity Testing National Research Council. 1988;National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
123. Neurath G., Ehmke H. Apparatur zur Untersuchung des Nebenstromrauches. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 2:1964;117-121.
124. Neurath G., Gewe J., Wichern H. Über das Vorkommen von Benzofuranen im Tabakrauch. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 4:1968;247-249.
125. Neurath G., Pirmann B., Wichern H. Zum Frage der N-Nitroso-Verbindungen im Tabakrauch. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 2:1964;311-319.
126. th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, Lexington, KY.
127. Newsome J.R., Norman V., Keith C.H. Vapor phase analysis of tobacco smoke. Tobacco Science. 9:1965;102-110.
128. Indoor air quality. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Federal Register. 59(65):1994;15968-16039.
129. Pailer M., Klus H. Die Bestimmung von N-Nitrosaminen in Zigarettenrauchkondensate. Fachlich Mitteilungen Österreichischen Tabakregie. 12:1971;203-211.
130. Patrianakos C., Hoffmann D. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. LXIV: On the analysis of aromatic amines in cigarette smoke. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 3:1979;150-154.
131. Pillsbury H.C., Bright C.C., O'Connor K.J., Irish F.W. Tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 52:1969;458-462.
132. st Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, Durham, NC.
133. Rodgman A. (1991) A comparison of the chemical and physical properties of cigarette mainstream smoke (MS), cigarette sidestream smoke (SS), and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Document submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency, December, 1991. Revised version submitted, June 1992, pp. vii+117.
134. Rodgman A. Environmental tobacco smoke. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 16:1992;223-244.
135. Rodgman A. (1994) The chemical composition of environmental tobacco smoke: Some comments on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's notice on 'Indoor Air Quality.' Document submitted to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 5 August, 1994, pp. xiii+172.
136. Rodgman A. FTC "tar" and nicotine in cigarette mainstream smoke: A retrospective. Recent Advances in Tobacco Science. 23:1997;5-74.
137. Rodgman A. Tobacco smoke components. [Letter to the Editor]. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International. 18:1998;127-129.
138. Rodgman A. and Cook L. C. (1965) The composition of cigarette smoke. Unpublished 1955-1964 cigarette smoke data presented in part at Sigma Xi Meeting, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem NC (17 March, 1965); University of Georgia Chemistry Club Meeting, Columbus GA (2 May, 1968); American Chemical Society Section Meeting, Columbus GA (2 May, 1968); and Central North Carolina Section Meeting, American Chemical Society, Greensboro NC (14 October, 1969).
139. Rozman K.K., Klaassen C.D. Absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants. Klaassen C.D. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poison. 1996;91-112 McGraw-Hill, New York.
140. Safaev R.D., Zaridze D.G., Belitskii G.A., Djordjevic M., Hoffmann D., Brunnemann K., Perezhogina T.A., Sokolskaya N.N., Goginashvili A., Khesina Y. Carcinogenic substances in the tobacco and smoke of cigarettes: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, pesticides. Eksperimental'naya Onkologiya. 14:1992;25-29.
141. Sakuma H., Kusama M., Yamaguchi K., Sugawara S. The distribution of cigarette smoke condensate treated with nitrate. Toxicology Letters. 50:1984;289-298.
142. Schlotzhauer W.S., Severson R.F., Chortyk O.T., Arrendale R.F., Higman H.C. Pyrolytic formation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum ether extractable constituents of flue-cured tobacco leaf. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Supporting Information. 24:1976;992-997.
143. Schmeltz I., Hoffmann D. Nitrogen-containing compounds in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Chemical Reviews. 77:1977;295-311.
144. Schmeltz I., Schlotzhauer W.S., Higman E.B. Characteristic products from pyrolysis of nitrogenous organic substances. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 6:1972;134-138.
145. Schmeltz I., Tosk J., Hoffmann D. Formation and determination of naphthalenes in cigarette smoke. Analytical Chemistry. 48:1976;645-650.
146. Schmeltz I., Wenger A., Hoffmann D., Tso T.C. Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. 63. On the fate of nicotine during pyrolysis and in a burning cigarette. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 27:1979;602-608.
147. Severson R.F., Schlotzhauer W.S., Arrendale R.F., Snook M.E., Higman H.C. Correlation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon formation between pyrolysis and smoking. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International. 9:1977;23-37.
148. Severson R.F., Schlotzhauer W.S., Chortyk O.T., Arrendale R.F., Snook M.E. Precursors of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke. Jones P.W., Leber P. Third International Symposium on Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis. 1979;277-298 Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI.
149. Slaga T. J. and DiGiovanni J. (1984). Inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis. In Searle C. E. (Editor), Chemical Carcinogens, Second Edition, ed. C. E. Searle, American Chemical Society Monograph 182, pp. 1279-1321. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
150. Slaga T.J., Jecker L., Bracken W.M., Weeks C.E. The effects of weak or non-carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene. Cancer Letters. 7:1979;51-59.
151. Smith C.J., Livingston S.D., Doolittle D.J. An international literature survey of "IARC Group 1 carcinogens" reported in mainstream smoke. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 35:1997;1107-1130.
152. Smith C.J., McKarns S.C., Davis R.A., Livingston S.D., Bombick B.R., Avalos J.T., Morgan W.T., Doolittle D.J. Human urine mutagenicity study comparing cigarettes which burn or primarily heat tobacco. Mutation Research. 361:1996;1-9.
153. Smith C.J., Perfetti T.A., Rumple M.A., Rodgman A., Doolittle D.J. "IARC Group 2A carcinogens" reported in cigarette mainstream smoke. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 38:2000;371-383.
154. Snook M.E. Nitrogen analogues of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke. Jones P.W., Freudenthal P.W. Carcinogenesis: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 1978;203-215 Raven Press, New York, NY.
155. Snook M.E., Fortson P.J., Chortyk O.T. Isolation and identification of aza-arenes of tobacco smoke. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International. 11:1981;67-78.
156. Snook M.E., Severson R.F., Arrendale R.F., Higman H.C., Chortyk O.T. The identification of high molecular weight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in a biologically active fraction of cigarette smoke condensate. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International. 9:1977;79-101.
157. Snook M.E., Severson R.F., Arrendale R.F., Higman H.C., Chortyk O.T. Multi-alkylated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of tobacco smoke: Separation and identification. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International. 9:1978;222-247.
158. Snook M.E., Severson R.F., Higman H.C., Arrendale R.F., Chortyk O.T. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of tobacco smoke: Isolation and identification. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International. 8:1976;250-272.
159. th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, Raleigh, NC. Paper No. 40.
160. Stahly E. E. (1973) Some considerations of metal carbonyls in tobacco smoke. Chemistry and Industry, 620-623.
161. Stahly E. E. and Lard E. W. (1977) Further considerations of metal carbonyls in tobacco smoke. Chemistry and Industry, 85-86.
162. Stedman R.L. The chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke. Chemical Reviews. 68:1968;153-207.
163. Steiner P.E., Falk H.L. Stimulation and inhibition effects of weak and strong carcinogenic hydrocarbons: 1:2-benzanthracene, chrysene, 1:2:5:6-dibenzanthracene, and 20-methylcholanthrene. Cancer Research. 11:1951;56-63.
164. Sullivan S. The Reference and Research Cigarette Series. 1984;University of Kentucky Printing Services, Lexington, KY.
165. Sunderman F.W., Sunderman F.W. Jr. Nickel poisoning. XI. Implication of nickel as a pulmonary carcinogen. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 35:1961;203-209.
166. Sunderman F.W., Jr., Sunderman F.W. Studies of nickel carcinogenesis: Subcellular partition of nickel in lungs and liver following inhalation of nickel carbonyl. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 40:1963;563-575.
167. Swauger, J. E., Morton, M. J., Rahn, C. A., Collie, B. B., Bombick, E. A., Avalos, J. T., Borgerding, M. F. and Rees, D. C. (1997) A comparison of the mainstream cigarette smoke chemistry and mutagenicity of a representative sample of the US cigarette market with Kentucky reference cigarettes K1R4F and K1R5F. Toxicologist 36 Part 2, 152 Abstract 774. Presented at the Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, March 1997.
168. Swauger, J. E., Morton, M. J., Rahn, C. A., Collie, B. B., Bombick, E. A., Avalos, J. T., Borgerding, M. F. and Rees, D. C. (1997) A comparison of the mainstream cigarette smoke chemistry and mutagenicity of a representative sample of the US cigarette market with Kentucky reference cigarettes K1R4F and K1R5F. Toxicologist 36 Part 2, 152 Abstract 774. Presented at the Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, March 1997.
169. Szadkowski D., Schultze H., Schaller K.H., Lehnert G. Zur ökologischen Bedeuting der Schwermetallgehaltes von Zigaretten: Blei-, Cadmium-, und Nickelanalysen des Tabaks sowie der Gas- und Partikelphase. Archiv für Hygiene Und Bakteriologie. 153:1969;1-8.
170. Tricker A.R., Ditrich C., Preussmann R. N-Nitroso compounds in cigarette tobacco and their occurrence in mainstream tobacco smoke. Carcinogenesis. 12:1991;257-261.
171. USPHS (1964) Smoking and Health. Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. United States Public Health Service. DHEW Publ. No. (PHS) 1103, 57.
172. USPHS (1979) Smoking and Health. A Report of the Surgeon General. United States Public Health Service. DHEW Publ. No. (PHS) 79-50066: Chapter 14, 28-30, 109-113.
173. USPHS (1981) The Health Consequences of Smoking. The Changing Cigarette. A Report of the Surgeon General. United States Public Health Service. DHHS Publ. No. (PHS) 81-50156: 36-38, 49-52.
174. Van Duuren B.L. Identification of some polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette-smoke condensate. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 21:1958;1-16.
175. Van Duuren B.L., Bilbao J.A., Joseph C.A. The carcinogenic nitrogen heterocycles in cigarette smoke condensate. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 25:1960;53-61.
176. Vickroy D.G. The characterization of cigarette smoke from Cytrel® smoking products and its comparison to smoke from flue-cured tobacco. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 8:1976;415-421.
177. Voges E. (1984) Tobacco Encyclopedia, ed. E. Voges. Tobacco Journal International, Germany.
178. Waddell W., Marlowe C. Inhibition by alcohols of the localization of radioactive nitrosonornicotine in sites of tumor formation. Science. 221:1983;51-52.
179. Wakeham H. Recent trends in tobacco and tobacco smoke research. Schmeltz I. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Chemical Composition of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, 162nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, September, 1971. 1972;11-20 Plenum Press, New York.
180. Waldman J.M., Lioy P.J., Greenberg A., Butler J.P. Analysis of human exposure to benzo[a]pyrene [sic] via inhalation and food ingestion in the total human exposure study (THEES). Journal of Experimental Analysis of Environmental Epidemiology. 1:1991;93-225.
181. Walters D. B. (1977a) Monitoring phenolics in cigarette smoke condensate fractions by micropolyamide thin-layer chromatography. In Recent Advances in the Chemical Composition of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, ed. J. L. McKenzie, pp. 584-592. Proceedings of the American Chemical Society Symposium, New Orleans, LA.
182. Walters D.B. Monitoring phenolics in cigarette smoke condensate fractions by micro-polyamide thin-layer chromatography. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1:1977;218-220.
183. Waltz P., Häusermann M., Krull A. Methoden der quantitativen Bestimmung des Brenzcatechins in Cigarettenrauch. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 3:1965;263-277.
184. Westcott D.T., Spincer D. The cadmium, nickel and lead content of tobacco and cigarette smoke. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung. 7:1974;217-221.
185. White E.L., Uhrig M.S., Johnson T.J., Gordon B.M., Hicks R.D., Borgerding M.F., Coleman W.M. III, Elder J.F. Quantitative determination of selected compounds in a Kentucky 1R4F Reference cigarette smoke by multidimensional gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 28:1990;393-399.
186. Wolff I.A., Wasserman A.E. Nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines. Science. 177:1972;15-19.
187. Wright G. F. (1957) Studies with tobacco smoke condensate. In Proceedings of the 3rd National Cancer Conference, June, 1956, pp. 479-484. J. B. Lippincott Company.
188. Wynder E.L., Hoffmann D. A study of air pollution carcinogenesis. III. Carcinogenic activity of gasoline engine exhaust condensate. Cancer. 15:1962;103-108.
189. Wynder E.L., Hoffmann D. Ein experimenteller Beitrag zur Tabakrauchkanzerogenese. Deutsch Medizinische Wochenschrift. 88:1963;623-628.
190. Wynder E.L., Hoffmann D. Experimental tobacco carcinogenesis. Haddow A., Weinhouse S. Advances in Cancer Research. 1964;249-453 Academic Press, New York. Vol. 8.
191. Wynder E.L., Hoffmann D. Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke: Studies in Experimental Carcinogenesis. 1967;Academic Press, New York.
192. Wynder E.L., Hoffmann D. Tobacco and health: A societal challenge. New England Journal of Medicine. 300:1979;894-903.
193. Wynder E.L., Wright G.F. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. I. The primary fractions. Cancer. 10:1957;255-271.
194. Yamashita M., Wakabayashi K, Nagao M., Sato S., Kinae N., Tomita I., Sugimura T. Amounts of heterocyclic amines in basic fraction of cigarette smoke condensates. Mutation Research. 164:1968;286.
195. Yamashita M., Wakabayashi K, Nagao M., Sato S., Yamaizumi Z., Takahashi M., Kinae N., Tomita I., Sugimura T. Detection of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-b]quinoline in cigarette smoke condensate. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research. 77:1986;419-422.
196. Yoshida D., Matsumoto T. Amino-α-carbolines as mutagenic agents in cigarette smoke condensate. Cancer Letters. 10:1980;141-149.
197. Zaridze D. G., Safaev R. D., Belitsky G. A., Brunnemann K. D. and Hoffmann D. (1991) Carcinogenic substances in Soviet tobacco products. In Relevance to Human Cancer of N-Nitroso Compounds, Tobacco and Mycotoxins, ed. I. K. O'Neill, J. Chen and H. Bartsch, IARC Scientific Publications No. 105. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.