Protection against retroviruses are owing to a different form of immunity: An RNA-based molecular immunity hypothesis

Applied Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Morphology

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 133-146

  Bagasra, Omar ^a   Amjad, Muhammad ^a  

^a LINCOLN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADAPTATION; ARTICLE; DRUG RESISTANCE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 1; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; LATENT PERIOD; LENTIVIRINAE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROVIRUS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATION; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; DNA PRIMERS; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV LONG-TERM SURVIVORS; HIV-1; HUMANS; LEUKOCYTES, MONONUCLEAR; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; RETROVIRIDAE; RNA, VIRAL; SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; VIRULENCE; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0033862738     PISSN: 10623345     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00022744-200006000-00008     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Fauci AS. The AIDS epidemic - consideration for the 21st century. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1046-51.
2. Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Demarest JF, et al. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 1993;362:355-8.
3. Duesberg PH. Inventing the AIDS virus. Washington, DC: Regency Publishing, 1997:169-216.
4. Orgel LE, Crick FH, Sapienza C. Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite. Nature 1980;284:604-7.
5. Temin HM. Malignant transformation of cells by viruses. Perspect Biol Med 1970;4:26-9.
6. Villareal LP. On viruses, sex, and motherhood. J Virol 1997;71: 859-65.
7. Doolittle RF, Sapienza C. Selfish genes, the phenotypic paradigm, and genome evolution. Nature 1980;284:601-3.
8. Girard MP. Progress in the development of SIV vaccines. AIDS 1990;4:S143.
9. Karzon DT, Bolognesi DP, Koff WC. Development of a vaccine for the prevention of AIDS, a critical appraisal. Vaccine 1992;10: 1039.
10. Eichberg JW, Zarling JM, Alter HJ, et al. T-cell responses to human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and its recombinant antigens in HIV-infected chimpanzees. J Virol 1987;61:3804-8.
11. Hoth DF, Bolognesi DP, Corey L, Vermund SH. HIV Vaccine development: a progress report. Ann Intern Med 1994;8:603-11.
12. MAC251. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10:189-94.
13. Ruprecht RM, Mullaney S, Bernard LD, GamaSosa MA, Hom RC, Finberg RW. Vaccination with a live retrovirus: the nature of the protective immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87: 5558-62.
14. Heeney J, Jonker R, Koornstra W, et al. The resistance of HIV-infected chimpanzees to progression to AIDS correlates with absence of HIV-related T-cell dysfunction. J Med Primatol 1993;22: 194-200.
15. Clerici M, Giorgi JV, Chou CC, et al. Cell mediated immune response to HIV-1 in seronegative homosexuals with recent sexual exposure to HIV-1. J Infect Dis 1992;165:1012-9.
16. Phillips AN. Reduction of HIV concentration during acute infection: independence from a specific immune response. Science 1996;271:497-9.
17. Siegel F, Kurth R, Norley S. Neither whole inactivated virus immunogen nor passive immunoglobulin transfer protects against SIVagm infection in the African green monkey natural host. J AIDS 1995;8:217-26.
18. Rowland-Jones S, Sutton J, Ariyoshi K, et al. HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cell in HIV-exposed but uninfected Gambiae women. Nature 1995;1:59-64.
19. Langlade-Demoyen P, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Ferchal F, Oksenhendler E. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV. nef-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in noninfected heterosexual contact of HIV-1 infected patients. J Clin Invest 1994;93:1293-7.
20. Grossman Z, Polis M, Fienberg MB, et al. Ongoing HIV dissemination during HAART. Nat Med 1999;5:1099-104.
21. Gardner MB, Rosenthal A, Jennings M, Yee J, Antipa L, Robinson Jr E. The simiam retroviruses: SIV and SRV. Retroviridae 1994; 3:133-276.
22. Kestens L, Vingerhoets J, Peeters M, et al. Phenotypic and functional parameters of cellular immunity in chimpanzee with a naturally acquired simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1995;172:957-63.
23. Jolly CJ, Phillips-Conroy JE, Turner TR, Broussard S, Allan JS. SIVagm incidence over two decades in a natural population of Ethiopian grivet monkeys (Ceropithecus aethios aethiops). J Med Primatol 1996;25:78-83.
24. Hirsch VM, Dapolito GA, Goldstein S, et al. A distinct African lentivirus from Sykes' monkeys. J Virol 1993;67:1517-28.
25. Muller MC, Saksena NK, Nerrienet E, et al. Simian immunodeficiency viruses from Central and Western Africa: evidence for a new species-specific lentivirus in Tantalus monkeys. J Virol 1993; 67:1227-35.
26. Putkonen P, Walther L, Zhang YJ, et al. Long-term protection against SIV-induced disease in macaque vaccinated with a live attenuated HIV-2 vaccine. Nat Med 1995;1:914-8.
27. Travers K, Mboup S, Marlink R, et al. Natural protection against HIV-1 infection provided by HIV-2. Science 1995;268:1612-5.
28. Bonhoeffer S, Nowak M. Can live attenuated virus work as post-exposure treatment. Immunol Today 1995;16:131-4.
29. Baba TW, Gong YS, Pennick D, et al. Pathogenicity of live attenuated SIV after mucosal infection of neonatal macaques. Science 1995;267:1820-5.
30. Shibata R, Seimon CMW, Cho LO, et al. Resistance of previously infected chimpanzees to successive challenges with a heterologous intraclade B strain of HIV-1. J Virol 1996;70:4361-9.
31. Putkonen P, Thorstensson R, Albert J, et al. Infection of cynomolgus monkey with HIV-2 protects against pathogenic consequences of a subsequent simian immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS 1990;4:783-9.
32. Weiss RA. Foamy retroviruses: a virus in search of a disease. Nature 1988;333:497-8.
33. Mergia A, Luciw PA. Replication and regulation of primate foamy viruses. Virology 1991;184:475-82.
34. Sugamura K, Hinuma Y. Human retroviruses: HTLV-I and HTLV-II. In: Levy JA, ed. The Retroviridae. New York: Plenum Press, 1992:399-435.
35. Rey-Cullie M-A, Berthier J-L, Bomsel-Derontoy M-C, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus replication to high levels in sooty mongabeys without inducing disease. J Virol 1998;72:3872-86.
36. Kestler HW III, Ringler DJ, Mori K, et al. Importance of the nef gene for maintenance of high virus loads and/or development of AIDS. Cell 1991;65:651-62.
37. Huang Y, Zhang L, Ho DD. Characterization of nef sequences in long term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 1995;69:93-100.
38. h2 cytokines on CD8+ cell response against human immunodeficiency virus: implications for long-term survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:11135-9.
39. Kirchhoff F, Greenough TC, Brettler DB, Sullivan JL, Desrosier RC. Brief report: absence of intact nef sequences in a long term survivor with non progressive HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:228-32.
40. Choe HM, Farzan Y, Sun N, et al. The b-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell 1996;85:1135-48.
41. Alkhatib GC, Combadiere CC, Broder Y, et al. CC CKR5: a RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 1996;272:1955-8.
42. Samson MF, Libert BJ, Doranz J, et al. Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of CCR5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature 1996;382:722-5.
43. Dean M, Carrington M, Winkler C. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Science 1996;273:1856-62.
44. Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1a and MIP-1b as the major HIV suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 1995;270:1811-5.
45. Dickover RE, Dillon M, Gillette SG, et al. Rapid increases in load of human immunodeficiency virus correlate with early disease progression and loss of CD4 cells in vertically infected infants. J Infect Dis 1995;170:1279-84.
46. Duliege AM, Messiah A, Blancne S, Tardieu M, Griscelli C, Spira A. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in children: prognostic value of laboratory tests on the bimodal progression of the disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11;630-5.
47. CDC Report. Persistent lack of detectable HIV-1 antibody in a person with HIV infection. MMWR 1996;45:9181-295.
48. Alastair J, Wood J. Management of occupational exposure to blood-borne viruses. N Engl J Med 1995;332:443-50.
49. Marcus R. Surveillance of health care workers exposed to blood from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1118-22.
50. Detels R, Liu Z, Hennessey K, et al. Resistance to HIV-1 infection. J AIDS 1994;7:1263-9.
51. DeGruttola V, Seage GR III, Mayer KH, Horsburgh Jr CR. Infectiousness of HIV between male homosexual partners. J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42:849-56.
52. Prevots DR, Ancelle-Park RA, Neal AA. The epidemiology of heterosexually acquired HIV infection and AIDS in Western industrialized countries. AIDS 1994;8:S109-17.
53. Taylor R. Quiet clues to HIV-1 immunity: do some people resist infection? J NIH Res 1994;6:29-31.
54. Deacon NJ, Tsykin A, Solomon A, et al. Genomic structure of an attenuated quasispecies of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients. Science 1995;270:988-91.
55. Bryson YJ, Pang S, Wei LS, Dickover R, Diagne A, Chen IS. Clearance of HIV infection in a perinatally infected infant. N Engl J Med 1995;332:833-8.56
56. Roques PA, Gras G, Parnet-Mathieu F, et al. Clearance of HIV infection in 12 perinatally infected children: clinical, virological and immunological data. AIDS 1995;9: F19-26.
57. Baur A, Schwarz N, Ellinger S, et al. Continuous clearance of HIV in a vertically infected child. Lancet 1989;2:1045.
58. Paxton WA, Martin SR, Tse D, et al. Relative resistance to HTV-1 infection of CD4 lymphocytes from person who remain uninfected despite multiple high-risk sexual exposure. Nat Med 1996;2: 412-7.
59. Bagasra O, Farzadegan H, Seshamma T, Oakes JW, Saah A, Pomerantz RJ. Detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA in sperm from HIV-1-infected men. AIDS 1994;8:1669-74.
60. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, et al. A case control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1485-90.
61. Blease RM, Culver KW, Miller AD, et al. T lymphocyte-directed gene therapy for ADA-SCID: initial trial results after 4 years. Science 1995;270:475-80.
62. Bordignon C, Notarnglo LD, Nobili N, et al. Gene therapy in peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow for ADA-immunodeficient patients. Science 1995;270:470-5.
63. Crystal RG. Transfer of genes to humans: early lessons and obstacles to success. Science 1995;270:404-10.
64. Marshall E. Gene therapy's growing pains. Science 1995;269: 1050-5.
65. Desgroseillers L, Jolicoeur P. Physical mapping of the Fv-1 tropism host range determinant of BALB/c murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 1983;48:685-96.
66. Ou CY, Boone LR, Koh CK, Tennant RW, Yang WK. Nucleotide sequences of gag-pol regions that determine the Fv-1 host range property of BALB/c N-tropic and B-tropic murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 1983;48:779-84.
67. Nisini R, Aiuti A, Matricardi PM, et al. Lack of evidence for a superantigen in lymphocytes from HIV-discordant monozygotic twins. AIDS 1994;8:443-9.
68. Ho DD, Cao Y. Letter to the editor. N Engl J Med 1995;332: 1647-8.
69. Wyand MS, Manson KH, Aackner LA, Desrosiers RC. Nat Med 1997;3:32-6.
70. Almond N, Jenkins A, Slade A, Heath A, Cranage M, Kitchin P. Population sequence analysis of a simian immunodeficiency virus (32H reisolate of SIVmac251.: a virus stock used for international vaccine studies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8:77.
71. Hoover EA. Incomplete protection, but suppression of virus burden, elicited by subunit simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines. J Virol 1994;68:1843-53.
72. Sutjipto S, Pedersen NC, Miller CJ, et al. Inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine failed to protect rhesus macaques from intravenous or genital mucosal infection but delayed disease in intravenously exposed animals, J Virol 1990;64:2290.
73. Cao Y, Qin L, Zhang L, Safrit J, Ho DD. Virologie and immunologic characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:201-16.
74. Auger I, Thomas P, De Gruttola V, et al. Incubation periods for paediatric AIDS patients. Nature 1988;336:575-7.
75. Biti R, French R, Young J, Bennetts B, Stewart G, Liang T. HIV-1 infection in an individual homozygous for the CCR5 deletion allele. Nat Med 1997;3:252-3.
76. Smith O. HIV CCR5 resistance incomplete. Nat Med 1997;3: 372-3.
77. Dittmari MT, McKnight A, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Weiss RA Simmonds P. HIV-1 tropism and co-receptor use. Nature 1997; 385:495-6.
78. Lilliy F, Pincus T. Mouse leukemia: a model of a multiple-gene disease. Adv Cancer Res 1973;17:231-77.
79. Best S, Le Tissier P, Towers G, Stoye JP. Positional cloning of the mouse retrovirus restriction gene FV1. Nature 1996;382:826-9.
80. Jolicoeur P, Baltimore D. Effect of the Fv-1 locus on the titration of murine leukemia viruses. J Virol 1975;16:153-1598.
81. Marthas ML, Sutjipto S, Higgins J, et al. Immunization with a live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) prevents early disease but not infection in rhesus macaques challenged with pathogenic SIV. J Virol 1990;64:3694.
82. Goff SP. Operating under a gag order a block against incoming virus by the Fv-1 gene. Cell 1996;86:691-3.
83. Hamilton AJ, Baulcombe DC. A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Science 1999;286: 950-2.
84. Hammond SM, Bernstein E, Beach D, Hannon GJ. An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophilia cells. Natire 2000;404 (6775):293-6.