Pollinator selectivity and its implications for the evolution of dioecy and sexual dimorphism

Ecology

Volumn 81, Issue 9, 2000, Pages 2577-2591

  Ashman, Tia Lynn ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology   (United States)

Author keywords

Dioecy; Flowers; Fragaria virginiana; Gynodioecy; Petal length; Plant reproduction; Pollen removal and receipt; Pollination; Pollinator selectivity and discrimination; Pollinator mediated selection; Sexual dimorphism

Indexed keywords

DIOECY; EVOLUTION; HOST SELECTION; PLANT-INSECT INTERACTION; POLLINATION; SEXUAL DIMORPHISM;

APOIDEA; FORMICIDAE; FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA; FRAGARIA X ANANASSA; INSECTA;

EID: 0033850248     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2577:PSAIIF]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Ågren, J., T. Elmqvist, and A. Tunlid. 1986. Pollination by deceit, floral sex ratios, and seed set in dioecious Rubus chamaemorus L. Oecologia 70:332-338.
2. Ahmadi, H., and R. S. Bringhurst. 1991. Genetics of sex expression in Fragaria species. American Journal of Botany 78:504-514.
3. Aronne, G., C. C. Wilcock, and P. Pizzolongo. 1993. Pollination biology and sexual differentiation of Osyris alba (Santalaceae) in the Mediterranean region. Plant Systematics and Evolution 188:1-16.
4. Arulsekar, S., R. S. Bringhurst, and V. Voth. 1981. Inheritance of PGI and LAP isozymes in octoploid cultivated strawberries. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 106:679-683.
5. Ashman, T-L. 1998. Are relative pollen production and removal good predictors of relative male fitness? An experimental exploration with wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana). American Journal of Botany 85:1166-1171.
6. Ashman, T-L. 1999. Determinants of sex allocation in a gynodioecious wild strawberry: implications for the evolution of dioecy and sexual dimorphism. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 12:648-661.
7. Ashman, T-L., and M. L. Stanton. 1991. Seasonal variation in pollination dynamics of sexually dimorphic Sidalcea oregana ssp. spicata (Malvaceae). Ecology 72:993-1003.
8. Baker, H. G. 1976. "Mistake" pollination as a reproductive system with special reference to the Caricaceae. Pages 161-169 in J. Burley and B.T. Styles, editors. Tropical trees: variation, breeding and conservation. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
9. Bawa, K. S. 1994. Pollinators of tropic dioecious angiosperms: a reassessment? No, not yet. American Journal of Botany 81:456-460.
10. Bawa, K. S., and J. H. Beach. 1981. Evolution of sexual systems in flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 68:254-274.
11. Bell, G. L. 1985. On the function of flowers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biology 224:223-265.
12. Bell, G., L. Lefebvre, L-A. Giraldeau, and D. Weary. 1984. Partial preference of insects for the male flowers of an annual herb. Oecologia 64:287-294.
13. Bierzychudek, P. 1987. Pollinators increase the cost of sex by avoiding female flowers. Ecology 68:444-447.
14. Bringhurst, R. S. 1990. Cytogenetics and evolution in American Fragaria. HortScience 25:879-881.
15. Campbell, D. R. 1991. Effects of floral traits on sequential components of fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata. American Naturalist 137:713-737.
16. Campbell, D. R., N. M. Waser, M. V. Price, E. A. Lynch, and R. J. Mitchell. 1991. Components of phenotypic selection: pollen export and flower corolla width in Ipomopsis aggregata. Evolution 45:1458-1467.
17. Cane, J. H. 1993. Reproductive role of sterile pollen in cryptically dioecious species of flowering plants. Current Science 65:223-225.
18. Charlesworth, D. 1993. Why are unisexual flowers associated with wind pollination and unspecialized pollinators? American Naturalist 141:481-490.
19. Clements, F. E., and F. L. Long. 1923. Experimental pollination: an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C., USA.
20. Conner, J. K., S. Rush, S. Kercher, and P. Jennetten. 1996. Measurements of natural selection on floral traits in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). II. Selection through lifetime male and total fitness. Evolution 50:1137-1146.
21. Cresswell, J., and C. Galen. 1991. Frequency-dependent selection and adaptive surfaces for floral character combinations: the pollination of Polemonium viscosum. American Naturalist 138:1342-1353.
22. Darrow, G. M. 1966. The strawberry - history, breeding and physiology. Holt, Reinhart and Winston, New York, New York, USA.
23. Davis, S. L. 1997. Stamens are not essential as an attractant for pollinators in females of cryptically dioecious Thalictrum pubescences (Pursch.) (Rannunculuceae). Sexual Plant Reproduction 10:293-299.
24. DeLesalle, V. A., and S. L. Buchmann. 1991. Outerossing hypothesis and weak preference for pistillate flowers in the monoecious cucurbit, Apodanthera undulata. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 5:37-41.
25. Delph, L. F. 1996. Flower size dimorphism in plants with unisexual flowers. Pages 217-240 in D.G. Lloyd and S.C.H. Barrett, editors. Floral biology: studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
26. Delph, L. F. and C. M. Lively. 1992. Pollinator visitation, floral display, and nectar production of the sexual morphs of a gynodioecious shrub. Oikos 63:161-170.
27. Dieringer, G., and L. Cabrera. 1994. Sexual selection of anther trichomes and sexual dimorphism in Ibervillea lindheimeri (Cucurbitaceae: Melothrieac). American Journal of Botany 81:111-118.
28. Dobson, H. E., I. Groth, and G. Bergstrom. 1996. Pollen advertisement: chemical contrasts between whole-flower and pollen odors. American Journal of Botany 83:877-885.
29. Eckhart, V. M. 1991. The effects of floral display on pollinator visitation vary among populations of Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae). Evolutionary Ecology 5:370-384.
30. Eckhart, V. M. 1992. Spatio-temporal variation in abundance and variation in foraging behavior of the pollinators of gynodioecious Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae). Oikos 64:573-586.
31. Fong, D. W., T. C. Kane, and D. C. Culver. 1995. Vestigialization and loss of nonfunctional characters. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26:249-268.
32. Free, J. B. 1968. The foraging behavior of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus spp.) on blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum), raspberry (Rubus ideaeus) and strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa) flowers. Journal of Horticultural Science 43:157-169.
33. Freund, R. J., R. C. Littell, and P. C. Spector. 1986. SAS system for linear models. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
34. Garcia, M. B., R. J. Antor, and X. Espadaler. 1995. Ant pollination of the palaeoendemic dioecious Borderea phrenica (Dioscoreaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 198:17-27.
35. Harder, L. D., and J. D. Thomson. 1989. Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants. American Naturalist 133:323-344.
36. Hodges, S. A. 1995. The influence of nectar production on hawkmoth behavior, self pollination, and seed production in Mirabilis multiflora (Nyctaginaceae). American Journal of Botany 82:197-204.
37. Johnson, S. E., L. F. Delph, and C. L. Elderkin. 1995. The effect of petal-size manipulation on pollen removal, seed set, and insect behavior in Campanula americana. Oecologia 102:174-179.
38. Jordano, P. 1993. Pollination biology of Prunus mahaleb L.: deferred consequences of gender variation for fecundity and seed size. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 50:65-84.
39. Kay, Q. O. N. 1982. Intraspecific discrimination by pollinators and its role in evolution. Pages 9-28 in J. A. Armstrong, J. H. Powell, and A. J. Richards, editors. Pollination and Evolution. Royal Botanical Garden, Sidney, Australia.
40. Kearns, C. A., and D. W. Inouye. 1993. Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado, USA.
41. Kevan, P. G., D. Eisikowitch, J. D. Ambrose, and J. R. Kemp. 1990. Cryptic dioecy and insect pollination in Rosa setigera Michx. (Rosaceae), a rare plant of Carolinian Canada. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 40:229-243.
42. Krombein, K. V., P. D. Hurd, and D. R. Smith. 1979. Catalog of Hypmenoptera in America north of Mexico. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D. C., USA.
43. Lande, R. 1980. Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in polygenic characters. Evolution 34:292-305.
44. Leutenegger, W., and J. M. Cheverud. 1985. Sexual dimorphism in primates: the effects of size. Pages 33-50 in W. L. Jungers, editor. Size and scaling in primate biology. Plenum, New York, New York, USA.
45. Marden, J. H. 1984. Remote perception of floral nectar by bumblebees. Oecologia 64:232-240.
46. Mayer, S. S., and D. Charlesworth. 1991. Cryptic dioecy in flowering plants: its occurrence and significance. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:320-325.
47. McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood. 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Hull, Canada.
48. McKenna, M. A., and J. D. Thomson. 1988. A technique for sampling and measuring small amounts of floral nectar. Ecology 69:1306-1307.
49. Meagher, T. R. 1993. The quantitative genetics of sexual dimorphism in Silence latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). II. Response to sex-specific selection. Evolution 48:939-951.
50. Mitchell, R. J. 1993. Adaptive significance of Ipomopsis aggregata nectar production: observation and experiment in the field. Evolution 47:25-35.
51. Morgan, M. T. 1992. Attractive structures and the stability of hermaphroditic sex expression in flowering plants. Evolution 46:1199-1213.
52. Murcia, C. 1990. Effect of floral morphology and temperature on pollen receipt and removal in Ipomoea trichocarpa. Ecology 71:1098-1109.
53. Peakall, R., and S. N. Handel. 1993. Pollinators discriminate among floral heights of a sexually deceptive orchid: implications for selection. Evolution 47:1681-1687.
54. Podolsky, R. D. 1992. Strange floral attractors: pollinator attraction and the evolution of plant sexual systems. Science 258:791-793.
55. Renner, S. S., and J. P. Feil. 1993. Pollinators of tropic dioecious angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 80: 1100-1107.
56. Renner, S. S., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1995. Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants. American Journal of Botany 82:596-606.
57. SAS. 1996. SAS/STAT software version 6. 11. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
58. Schemske, D. W., J. Agren, and J. Le Corff. 1996. Deceit pollination in the monoecious neotropical herb Begonia oaxacana (Begoniaceae). Pages 292-318 in D. G. Lloyd and S. C. H. Barrett, editors. Floral biology: studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
59. Solomon, B. P. 1987. The role of male flowers in Solanum carolinense: pollen donors or pollinator attractors? Evolutionary Trends in Plants 1:89-93.
60. Stahler, M. M., J. J. Luby, and P. D. Ascher. 1991. Comparative yield of female and hermaphroditic Fragaria virginiana germplasm collected in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Pages 104-105 in A. Dale and J.J. Luby, editors. The strawberry into the 21st century. Timber, Portland, Oregon, USA.
61. Stanton, M. L. and R. E. Preston. 1988. Ecological consequences and phenotypic correlates of petal size variation in wild radish, Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 75:528-539.
62. Stanton, M. L., H. J. Young, N. C. Ellstrand, and J. M. Clegg. 1990. Consequences of floral variation for male and female reproduction in experimental populations of wild radish, Raphanus sativus L. Evolution 45:268-280.
63. Staudt, G. 1989. The species of Fragaria, their taxonomic and geographical distribution. Acta Horticultura 265:23-33.
64. Thomson, J. D. 1988. Effects of variation in inflorescence size and floral rewards on the visitation rates of traplining pollinators of Aralia hispida. Evolutionary Ecology 2:65-76.
65. Thomson, J. D., and J. Brunet. 1990. Hypotheses for the evolution of dioecy in seed plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5:11-16.
66. Thomson, J. D., and B. A. Thomson. 1989. Pollen presentation and viability schedules in animal-pollinated plants: consequences for reproductive success. Pages 1-24 in R. Wyatt, editor. Ecology and evolution of plant reproduction: new approaches. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
67. Thorp, R. W., D. L. Briggs, J. R. Estes, and E. H. Erickson. 1975. Nectar fluorescence under ultraviolet irradiation. Science 189:476-478.
68. Uno, G. E. 1982. Comparative reproductive biology of hermaphrodite and male-sterile Iris douglasiana Herb. (Iridaceae). American Journal of Botany 69:818-823.
69. Valleau, W. D. 1918. Sterility in the strawberry. Journal of Agricultural Research 12:613-669.
70. Valleau, W. D. 1923. The inheritance of flower types and fertility in the strawberry. American Journal of Botany 10: 259-274.
71. Vaughton, G., and M. Ramsey. 1998. Floral display, pollinator visitation and reproductive success in the dioecious perennial herb Wurmbea dioica (Lilliaceae). Oecologia 115:93-101.
72. Waser, N. M., L. Chittka, M. V. Price, N. M. Williams, and J. Ollerton. 1996. Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters. Ecology 77:1043-1060.
73. Waser, N. M., and M. V. Price. 1983. Pollinator behavior and natural selection for flower color in Delphinium nelsonii. Nature 302:422-424.
74. Wilson, P., J. D. Thomson, M. L. Stanton, and L. P. Rigney. 1994. Beyond floral Batemania: gender biases in selection for pollination success. American Naturalist 121:1-10.
75. Young, H., and M. L. Stanton. 1990. Influences of floral variation on pollen removal and seed production in wild radish. Ecology 71:536-547.
76. Zar, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
77. Zimmerman, M. 1988. Nectar production, flowering phenology, and strategies for pollination. Pages 157-178 in J. Lovett-Doust and L. Lovett-Doust, editors. Plant reproductive ecology: patterns and strategies. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.