Description and performance of the UIUC 24-layer stratosphere/troposphere general circulation model

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 105, Issue D14, 2000, Pages 17925-17954

  Yang, Fanglin ^a,b   Schlesinger, Michael E ^a   Rozanov, Eugene ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b National Centers for Environmental Prediction   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; CLIMATE MODELING; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0033789894     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900049     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Alexander, M.J., and T.J. Dunkerton, A spectral parameterization of mean-flow forcing due to breaking gravity waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 4167-4182, 1999.
2. Andrews, D.G., and M.E. McIntyre, Planetary waves in horizontal and vertical shear: The generalized Eliassen-Palm relation and the mean zonal acceleration, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2031-2048, 1976.
3. Andronova, N.G., E. Rozanov, F. Yang, M.E. Schlesinger, and G.L. Stenchikov, Radiative forcing by volcanic aerosols from 1850 through 1994, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,807-16,826, 1999.
4. Arakawa, A., Computational design for long-term numerical integration of the equations of fluid motion: Two dimensional incompressible flow, Part I, J. Comput. Phys., 1, 119-143, 1966.
5. Arakawa, A., Parameterization of cumulus convection, paper presented at WMO/IUGG Symposium on Numerical Weather Prediction, Jpn. Meteorol. Agency, Tokyo, November 26 to December 4, 1969.
6. Arakawa, A., and V.R. Lamb, Computational design of the basic dynamical processes of the UCLA general circulation model, in Methods in Computational Physics, edited by J. Chang, pp. 173-265, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1977.
7. Arakawa, A., and Y. Mintz, The UCLA atmospheric general circulation model, paper presented at Workshop on The UCLA Atmospheric General Circulation Model, Univ. Calif. Los Angeles, Department of Meteorel., Los Angeles, 1974.
8. Arakawa, A., and W.H. Schubert, Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large scale environment, Part I, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701, 1974.
9. Beagley, S.R., J. de. Grandpre, J.N. Koshyk, N.A. McFarlane, and T.G. Shepherd, Radiative-dynamical climatology of the first-generation Canadian middle atmosphere model, Atmos. Ocean, 35, 293-331, 1997.
10. Boucher, O., and U. Lohmann, The sulfate-CCN-cloud albedo effect, Tellus, Ser. B, 47B, 281-300, 1995.
11. Boucher, O., et al., Intercomparison of models representing direct shortwave radiative forcing by sulfate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,979-16,998, 1998.
12. Boville, B.A., Wave-mean flow interactions in a general circulation model of the troposphere and stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1711-1714, 1986.
13. Boville, B.A., Middle atmosphere version of CCM2 (MACCM2): Annual cycle and interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9017-9039, 1995.
14. Briegleb, B.P., and V. Ramanathan, Spectral and diurnal variation in clear-sky planetary albedo, J. Appl. Meteorol., 21, 1160-1171, 1982.
15. Briegleb, B.P., P. Minnis, V. Ramanathan, and E. Harrison, Comparison of regional clear-sky albedo inferred from satellite observation and model computations, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 214-226, 1986.
16. Cess, R.D., et al., Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models, Science, 267, 496-499, 1995.
17. Cess, R.D., et al., Comparison of the seasonal change in cloud-radiative forcing from atmospheric general circulation models and satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,593-16,603, 1997.
18. 2 with application to climate studies, J. Clim., 3, 209-217, 1990.
19. Chou, M.D., A solar radiation model for use in climate studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 762-772, 1992.
20. Chou, M.D., and K.T. Lee, Parameterizations for the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor and ozone, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1203-1208, 1996.
21. Chou, M.D., and M.J. Suarez, An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in General Circulation Models, in Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, v.3, 85 pp., NASA Greenbelt, Md., 1994.
22. Chou, M.D., and M.J. Suarez, A solar radiation parameterization for atmospheric studies, in Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, v.15, 40pp., NASA Greenbelt, Md., 1999.
23. Coy, L., and R. Swinbank, Characteristics of stratospheric winds and temperature produced by data assimilation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25,763-25,781, 1997.
24. Cuilen, M.J.P., The unified forecast/climate model, Meteorol. Mag., 122, 81-93, 1993.
25. Doronin, Y.P., Thermal Interaction of the Atmosphere and the Hydrosphere in the Arctic, 244 pp., Israel Prog. for Sci. Transl., Jerusalem, 1969.
26. Fiedler, F., and M.A. Panofsky, The geostrophic drag coefficient and the "effective" roughness length, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 212-220, 1972.
27. Gates, W.L., and A.B. Nelson, A new (revised) tabulation of the Scripps topography on a one-degree grid, Part 1, Terrain heights, Tech rep. R-1276-1-ARPA, 132 pp., Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., 1975.
28. Gates, W.L., E.S. Batten, A.B. Kahle, and A.B. Nelson, A documentation of the Mintz-Arakawa two-level atmospheric general circulation model, R-877-ARPA, 408 pp., Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., 1971.
29. Ghan, S.J., J.W. Lingaas, M.E. Schlesinger, R.L. Mobley, and W.L. Gates, A documentation of the OSU two-level atmospheric general circulation model, rep. 35, 395 pp., Clim. Res. Inst., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 1982.
30. Gleckler, P., AMIP Newsletter: WGNE Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, vol.9, 8 pp., Atmos. Model Intercomparison Proj., Livermore, Calif., 1999.
31. Gregory, D., G.J. Shutts, and J.R. Mitchell, A new gravity-wave-drag scheme incorporating anisotropic orography and low-level wave breaking: Impact upon the climate of the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 463-493, 1998.
32. Griffith, K.T., S.K. Cox, and R.C. Knollenberg, Infrared radiative properties of tropical cirrus clouds inferred from aircraft measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1073-1083, 1980.
33. Guinn, T. A., and W.H. Schubert, Stratus: An interactive mixed layer model for personal computers (version 1.0), Dep. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 1989.
34. Hamilton, K., Gravity wave process and their parameterization in global climate models, paper presented at NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Santa Fe, N. M., April 1-5, 1996.
35. Hamilton, K., R.J. Wilson, J.D. Mahlman, and L.J. Umscheid, Climatology of the SKYHI troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 5-43, 1995.
36. Hansen, J., G. Russell, D. Rind, P. Stone, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, R. Ruedy, and L. Travis, Efficient three-dimensional global models for climate studies: Models I and II, Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 609-662, 1983.
37. Hines, C.O., Doppler-spread parameterization of gravity-wave momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere, Part 1, Basic formulation, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 371-386, 1997a.
38. Hines, C.O., Doppler-spread parameterization of gravity-wave momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere, Part 2, Broad and quasi-monochromatic spectra, and implementation, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 387-400, 1997b.
39. Horinouchi, T., and S. Yoden, Wave mean flow interaction associated with a QBO-like oscillation in a simplified GCM, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 502-526, 1998.
40. Houghton, J. T., L.G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (Eds.), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change, 572 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1996.
41. Kiehl, J.T., and B.P. Briegleb, The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing, Science, 260, 311-314, 1993.
42. King, M.D., and Harshvardhan, Comparative accuracy of selected multiple scattering approximations, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 784-801, 1986.
43. Kuo, Y.H., Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection of large-scale flow, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232-1240, 1974.
44. Langematz, U., and S. Pawson, The Berlin troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere GCM: Climatology and forcing mechanisms, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1075-1096, 1997.
45. Langner, J., and H. Rodhe, A global three dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle, J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 225-263, 1991.
46. Lilly, D.K., Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 292-309, 1968.
47. Lindzen, R.S., Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9709-9714, 1981.
48. Manabe, S.J., J.S. Smagorinsky, and R.F. Strickler, Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrological cycle, Mon. Weather Rev., 93, 769-798, 1965.
49. Manzini, E., and L. Bengtsson, Stratospheric climate and variability from a general circulation model and observations, Clim. Dyn., 12, 615-639, 1996.
50. Matthews, E., Global vegetation and land use: New high-resolution data bases for climate studies, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 474-487, 1983.
51. McClatchey, R.A., R.W. Fenn, J.E.A. Selby, F.E. Volz, and J.S. Garing, Optical Properties of the Atmosphere, 3rd ed., 108 pp., Air Force Cambridge Res. Lab., Bedford, Mass., 1972.
52. McFarlane, N.A., The effect of orographically excited gravity wave drag on the general circulation of the lower stratosphere and troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 14, 1775-1800, 1987.
53. Medvedev, A.S., and G.P. Klaassen, Vertical evolution of gravity wave spectra and the parameterization of associated wave drag, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25,841-25,853, 1995.
54. Medvedev, A.S., G.P. Klaassen, and S.R. Beagley, On the role of an anisotropic gravity wave spectrum in maintaining the circulation of the middle atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 509-512, 1998.
55. Monteith, J.L., Principles of Environmental Physics, 236 pp., Edward Arnold, London, 1973.
56. Oh, J.H., Physically-based general circulation model parameterization of clouds and their radiative interaction, Ph. D. dissertation, 315 pp., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 1989.
57. Palmer, T.N., G.J. Shutts, and R. Swinbank, Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 112, 1001-1039, 1986.
58. Ramanathan, V., B. Subasilar, G.J. Zhang, W. Conant, R.D. Cess, J.T. Kiehl, H. Grassl, and L. Shi, Warm pool heat budget and shortwave cloud forcing: A missing physics?, Science, 267, 499-503, 1995.
59. Rees, D., J.J. Barnett, and K. Labitzke, COSPAR international reference atmosphere: 1986, Part II, Middle atmosphere models, Adv. in Spaces Res., 10(12), 519 pp., 1990.
60. Rind, D., R. Suozzo, and N.K. Balarchandran, The GISS global climate-middle atmosphere model, Part II, Model variability due to interactions between planetary waves, the mean circulation, and gravity wave drag, J. Atmos. Sci, 45, 371-386, 1988a.
61. Rind, D., R. Suozzo, N.K. Balarchandran, A. Lacis, and G. Russell, The GISS global climate-middle atmosphere model, Part I, Model structure and climatology, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 329-370, 1988b.
62. Rossow, W.B., L.C. Garder, P.J. Lu, and A.W. Walker, International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Documentation Of Cloud Data, 76 pp., World Meteorol. Org., Geneva, 1991.
63. Rozanov, E., V. Zubov, M.E. Schlesinger, F. Yang, and N. Andronova, Three-dimensional simulations of ozone in the stratosphere and comparison with UARS data, Phys. Chem. Earth, 24, 459-463, 1999a.
64. Rozanov, E., V. Zubov, M.E. Schlesinger, F. Yang, and N.G. Andronova, The UIUC three-dimensional stratospheric chemical transport model: Description and evaluation of the simulated source gases and ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11,755-11,781, 1999b.
65. Schlesinger, M.E., and J.-H. Oh, A cloud evaporation parameterization for general circulation models, Mon. Weather Rev., 121, 1239-1248, 1993.
66. Schlesinger, M.E., and M. Verbitsky, Simulation of glacial onset with a coupled atmospheric general circulation/mixed-layer ocean-ice-sheet/asthenosphcre model, Palaeoclimates Data Modell., 2, 179-201, 1996.
67. 2 as simulated by the OSU atmospheric GCM/mixed-layer ocean model, J. Clim., 2, 459-495, 1989.
68. Schlesinger, M.E., J.-H. Oh, and D. Rosenfeld, A parameterization of the evaporation of rainfall, Mon. Weather Rev., 116, 1887-1895, 1988.
69. Schlesinger, M.E., N.G. Andronova, B. Entwistle, A. Ghanem, N. Ramankutty, W. Wang, and F. Yang, Modeling and simulation of climate and climate change, in Past and Present Variability of the Solar-Terrestrial System: Measurement, Data Analysis and Theoretical Models; edited by G. Cini Castagnoli and A. Provenzale, pp. 389-429, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 1997a.
70. Schlesinger, M.E., N. Andronova, A. Ghanem, S. Malyshev, T. Reichler, E. Rozanov, W. Wang, and F. Yang, Geographical scenarios of greenhouse-gas and anthropogenic-sulfate-aerosol induced climate changes, 86 pp., Dep. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Ill. at Urbana-Champaign, 1997b.
71. Shepherd, T.G., K. Semeniuk, and J.N. Koshyk, Sponge layer feedbacks in middle-atmosphere models, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,447-23,464, 1996.
72. Slingo, A., A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427, 1989.
73. Starr, D.O.C., and S.K. Cox, Cirrus clouds, Part II, Numerical experiments on the formation and maintenance of cirrus, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2682-2694, 1985.
74. Stephens, G.L., Radiation profiles in extended water clouds, Part II, Parameterization schemes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2123-2132, 1978.
75. Sundqvist, H., A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including prediction of cloud water content, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 104, 677-690, 1978.
76. Sundqvist, H., Parameterization of condensation and associated clouds in models for weather prediction and general circulation simulation, in Physically-Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change, Part 1, edited by M.E. Schlesinger, pp. 433-462, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1988.
77. Swinbank, R., W.A. Lahoz, A. O'Neill, C.S. Douglas, A. Heaps, and D. Podd, Middle atmosphere variability in the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1485-1526, 1998.
78. Takahashi, M., Simulation of the quasi-biennial oscillation in a general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1307-1310, 1999.
79. Takahashi, M., and M. Shiobara, A note on a QBO-like oscillation in the 1/5 sector CCSR/NIES GCM, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73, 131-137, 1995.
80. Tokioka, T., Some consideration on vertical differencing, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 2, 98-111, 1978.
81. Trenberth, K.E., J.C. Berry, and L.E. Buja, Vertical interpolation and truncation of model-coordinate data, NCAR/TN-396+STR, 54 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo. 1993.
82. Vinnikov, K.Y., and I.B. Yeserkepova, Soil moisture: Empirical data and model results, J. Clim., 4, 66-79, 1991.
83. Wang, W., Use of the UIUC 11-Layer atmospheric general circulation model to simulate and understand the tropical intrascasonal oscillation, Ph.D. dissertation, 243 pp., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 1996.
84. Wang, W., and M.E. Schlesinger, The dependence on convective parameterization of tropical intraseasonal oscillations - an assessment using the UIUC GCM, in Proceedings of the First International Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) Scientific Conference, edited by W. L. Gates, pp. 125-130, World Meteorol. Org., Geneva, 1995.
85. Wang, W., and M.E. Schlesinger, The dependence on convection parameterization of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation simulated by the 11-layer UIUC atmospheric GCM, J. Clim., 12, 1423-1457, 1999.
86. Wang, W.-C., X.-Z. Liang, M.P. Dudek, D. Pollard, and S.L. Thompson, Atmospheric ozone as a climate gas, Atmos. Res., 37, 247-256, 1995.
87. Wild, M., A. Ohmura, and H. Gilgen, Validation of general circulation model radiative fluxes using surface observations, J. Clim., 8, 1309-1323, 1995.
88. World Climate Research Project SPARC, Stratospheric processes and their relation to climate: SPARC implementation plan, WCRP-105, 131 pp., Geneva, 1998.
89. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), A preliminary cloudless standard atmosphere for radiation computation, WCP-112, 58 pp., Int. Assoc. For Meteorol. and Atmos. Phys., Radiation Commission, Geneva, 1986.
90. Xie, P., and P. Arkin, Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs, Bull. Am. Meteorol Soc., 78, 2539-2558, 1997.
91. Yang, F., Radiative forcing and climatic impact of the mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, Ph.D. dissertation, 219 pp., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 2000.