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Volumn 286, Issue 5440, 1999, Pages 756-760

Subtropical North Atlantic temperatures 60,000 to 30,000 years ago

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ICE;

EID: 0033595702     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5440.756     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (156)

References (52)
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    • 37 methyl ketones (alkenones) were quantified by capillary gas chromatography on a Hewlett Packard 6890 with a Chrompack CP-Sil-5 column (60 m by 0.32 mm inner diameter), a programmable temperature vaporization inlet in solvent-vent mode, and flame-ionization detector, all controlled by Hewlett Packard Chemstation software.
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    • 2 = 0.958, was obtained for a worldwide assortment of core-top sediment values (n = 370) regressed against associated mean annual 0-m SSTs (range of 0° to 29°C) (18), supporting the culture regression (12) used in this study.
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    • 37 of 115 BRA analyses during this study was 0.7300 ± 0.005846 (1σ), or 20.23° ± 0.1720°C. This compares with a mean SST of 20.24° ± 0.1646°C for 47 individual BRA extracts. Thus, analytical precision is dictated by the chromatography.
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    • The original sampling protocol included the use of Whirl-Pak plastic sample bags (Nasco, Fort Atkinson, WI) that contaminated the dry sediment with a compound having similar retention characteristics to the 37:3 alkenone. The partial coelution of the two compounds hindered quantification of the alkenone. In instances where the contaminant peak area equaled or exceeded that of the alkenone, the sample was not used for the SST reconstruction. The remaining contaminated samples were analyzed with three different chromatographic methods. The results of all analyses are plotted in Fig. 1, but only those SSTs determined with the optimized final method (that is, those giving the best separation between the contaminant and alkenone) are connected by a line. Only the results of the optimized method are plotted in Fig. 3. In all, 2.5 m, or 250 samples, of the 12-m section studied were affected. When the source of the contaminant was identified, a revised protocol employing precombusted glass sample vials was implemented.
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    • 18O values characterizing stadial periods and the similar amplitudes of interstadial isotopic depletions differ from the trend of decreasing stadial SSTs and widely varying (2° to 5°C) interstadial warming periods evident in the alkenone record (Fig. 3A). The lack of a trend in isotopic depletion through MIS 3 suggests decreasing salinity during subsequent stadials.
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    • Carbonate data and identification of interstadial events in cores KNR31-GPC9 and KNR140-JPC27 are from (3) and L Keigwin, unpublished data, respectively.
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    • Benthic paleochemical evidence for weakened thermohaline circulation in association with cold stadial episodes during MIS 3 is documented in (8) and is expected from numerical climate models (5).
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    • 14C dates in the deeper parts of core KNR31-GPC5 may be in error. The estimated error of the SPECMAP age scale is 3.5 to 7.7 ky in MIS 3 [D. G. Martinson et al., Quat. Res. 27, 1 (1987)].
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    • ice. (GISP2) and the alkenone SST record in the sediment (core MD95-2036) was accomplished with the LinAge function of the AnalySeries 1.1 toolkit [D. Paillard, L. Labeyrie, P. Yiou, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 77, 379 (1997)]. This function performs a linear interpolation between tie points.
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    • 3, data from the Blake and Bahama Outer Ridges and for thoughtful discussions, E. Boyle, the Institut Français pour la Recherche et la Technologie Polaires and International Marine Global Change Study coring program, the captain and crew of the research vessel Marion Dufresne for acquiring and facilitating our access to core MD95-2036, and T. Keman for assistance. This work was funded by NSF grant ATM 9610128 to S.J.L.


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