-
1
-
-
0027913102
-
-
P. M. Grootes, M. Stuiver, J. W. C. White, S. Johnsen, J. Jouzel, Nature 366, 552 (1993); P. M. Grootes and M. Stuiver, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 26455 (1997).
-
(1993)
Nature
, vol.366
, pp. 552
-
-
Grootes, P.M.1
Stuiver, M.2
White, J.W.C.3
Johnsen, S.4
Jouzel, J.5
-
2
-
-
0031448569
-
-
P. M. Grootes, M. Stuiver, J. W. C. White, S. Johnsen, J. Jouzel, Nature 366, 552 (1993); P. M. Grootes and M. Stuiver, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 26455 (1997).
-
(1997)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.102
, pp. 26455
-
-
Grootes, P.M.1
Stuiver, M.2
-
3
-
-
0027040269
-
-
G. Bond et al., Nature 360, 245 (1992); G. Bond et al., ibid. 365, 143 (1993).
-
(1992)
Nature
, vol.360
, pp. 245
-
-
Bond, G.1
-
4
-
-
0027845692
-
-
G. Bond et al., Nature 360, 245 (1992); G. Bond et al., ibid. 365, 143 (1993).
-
(1993)
Nature
, vol.365
, pp. 143
-
-
Bond, G.1
-
6
-
-
0029529638
-
-
D. W. Oppo and S. J. Lehman, Paleoceanography 10, 901 (1995); C. D. Charles, J. Lynch-Stieglitz, U. S. Ninnemann, R. G. Fairbanks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 142, 19 (1996); L Vidal et al., ibid. 146, 13 (1997); R. Zahn et al., Paleoceanography 12, 696 (1997); J. F. McManus, D. W. Oppo, J. L. Cullen, Science 283, 971 (1999).
-
(1995)
Paleoceanography
, vol.10
, pp. 901
-
-
Oppo, D.W.1
Lehman, S.J.2
-
7
-
-
0029831285
-
-
D. W. Oppo and S. J. Lehman, Paleoceanography 10, 901 (1995); C. D. Charles, J. Lynch-Stieglitz, U. S. Ninnemann, R. G. Fairbanks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 142, 19 (1996); L Vidal et al., ibid. 146, 13 (1997); R. Zahn et al., Paleoceanography 12, 696 (1997); J. F. McManus, D. W. Oppo, J. L. Cullen, Science 283, 971 (1999).
-
(1996)
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
, vol.142
, pp. 19
-
-
Charles, C.D.1
Lynch-Stieglitz, J.2
Ninnemann, U.S.3
Fairbanks, R.G.4
-
8
-
-
0030976764
-
-
D. W. Oppo and S. J. Lehman, Paleoceanography 10, 901 (1995); C. D. Charles, J. Lynch-Stieglitz, U. S. Ninnemann, R. G. Fairbanks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 142, 19 (1996); L Vidal et al., ibid. 146, 13 (1997); R. Zahn et al., Paleoceanography 12, 696 (1997); J. F. McManus, D. W. Oppo, J. L. Cullen, Science 283, 971 (1999).
-
(1997)
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
, vol.146
, pp. 13
-
-
Vidal, L.1
-
9
-
-
0031413050
-
-
D. W. Oppo and S. J. Lehman, Paleoceanography 10, 901 (1995); C. D. Charles, J. Lynch-Stieglitz, U. S. Ninnemann, R. G. Fairbanks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 142, 19 (1996); L Vidal et al., ibid. 146, 13 (1997); R. Zahn et al., Paleoceanography 12, 696 (1997); J. F. McManus, D. W. Oppo, J. L. Cullen, Science 283, 971 (1999).
-
(1997)
Paleoceanography
, vol.12
, pp. 696
-
-
Zahn, R.1
-
10
-
-
0033548040
-
-
D. W. Oppo and S. J. Lehman, Paleoceanography 10, 901 (1995); C. D. Charles, J. Lynch-Stieglitz, U. S. Ninnemann, R. G. Fairbanks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 142, 19 (1996); L Vidal et al., ibid. 146, 13 (1997); R. Zahn et al., Paleoceanography 12, 696 (1997); J. F. McManus, D. W. Oppo, J. L. Cullen, Science 283, 971 (1999).
-
(1999)
Science
, vol.283
, pp. 971
-
-
McManus, J.F.1
Oppo, D.W.2
Cullen, J.L.3
-
11
-
-
0000284534
-
-
S. Manabe and R. J. Stouffer, J. Clim. 1, 841 (1988); A. Schiller, U. Mikolajewicz, R. Voss, Report No. 188 (Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, 1996).
-
(1988)
J Clim
, vol.1
, pp. 841
-
-
Manabe, S.1
Stouffer, R.J.2
-
12
-
-
0344561696
-
-
Report No. 188 Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
-
S. Manabe and R. J. Stouffer, J. Clim. 1, 841 (1988); A. Schiller, U. Mikolajewicz, R. Voss, Report No. 188 (Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, 1996).
-
(1996)
-
-
Schiller, A.1
Mikolajewicz, U.2
Voss, R.3
-
16
-
-
0031404480
-
-
W. Broecker, GSA Today 7, 1 (1997); R. S. Webb, D. H. Rind, S. J. Lehman, R. J. Healy, D. Sigman, Nature 385, 695 (1997).
-
(1997)
Gsa Today
, vol.7
, pp. 1
-
-
Broecker, W.1
-
17
-
-
0030621062
-
-
W. Broecker, GSA Today 7, 1 (1997); R. S. Webb, D. H. Rind, S. J. Lehman, R. J. Healy, D. Sigman, Nature 385, 695 (1997).
-
(1997)
Nature
, vol.385
, pp. 695
-
-
Webb, R.S.1
Rind, D.H.2
Lehman, S.J.3
Healy, R.J.4
Sigman, D.5
-
20
-
-
0023495920
-
-
F. G. Prahl and S. G. Wakeham, Nature 330, 367 (1987); F. G. Prahl, L. A. Muehlhausen, D. L. Zahnle, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 2303 (1988).
-
(1987)
Nature
, vol.330
, pp. 367
-
-
Prahl, F.G.1
Wakeham, S.G.2
-
21
-
-
0024257153
-
-
F. G. Prahl and S. G. Wakeham, Nature 330, 367 (1987); F. G. Prahl, L. A. Muehlhausen, D. L. Zahnle, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 2303 (1988).
-
(1988)
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
, vol.52
, pp. 2303
-
-
Prahl, F.G.1
Muehlhausen, L.A.2
Zahnle, D.L.3
-
22
-
-
0344561694
-
-
note
-
37 methyl ketones (alkenones) were quantified by capillary gas chromatography on a Hewlett Packard 6890 with a Chrompack CP-Sil-5 column (60 m by 0.32 mm inner diameter), a programmable temperature vaporization inlet in solvent-vent mode, and flame-ionization detector, all controlled by Hewlett Packard Chemstation software.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
0344130149
-
-
note
-
2 = 0.958, was obtained for a worldwide assortment of core-top sediment values (n = 370) regressed against associated mean annual 0-m SSTs (range of 0° to 29°C) (18), supporting the culture regression (12) used in this study.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
0344130148
-
-
note
-
37 of 115 BRA analyses during this study was 0.7300 ± 0.005846 (1σ), or 20.23° ± 0.1720°C. This compares with a mean SST of 20.24° ± 0.1646°C for 47 individual BRA extracts. Thus, analytical precision is dictated by the chromatography.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
0344130146
-
-
note
-
The original sampling protocol included the use of Whirl-Pak plastic sample bags (Nasco, Fort Atkinson, WI) that contaminated the dry sediment with a compound having similar retention characteristics to the 37:3 alkenone. The partial coelution of the two compounds hindered quantification of the alkenone. In instances where the contaminant peak area equaled or exceeded that of the alkenone, the sample was not used for the SST reconstruction. The remaining contaminated samples were analyzed with three different chromatographic methods. The results of all analyses are plotted in Fig. 1, but only those SSTs determined with the optimized final method (that is, those giving the best separation between the contaminant and alkenone) are connected by a line. Only the results of the optimized method are plotted in Fig. 3. In all, 2.5 m, or 250 samples, of the 12-m section studied were affected. When the source of the contaminant was identified, a revised protocol employing precombusted glass sample vials was implemented.
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
0344130147
-
-
note
-
18O values characterizing stadial periods and the similar amplitudes of interstadial isotopic depletions differ from the trend of decreasing stadial SSTs and widely varying (2° to 5°C) interstadial warming periods evident in the alkenone record (Fig. 3A). The lack of a trend in isotopic depletion through MIS 3 suggests decreasing salinity during subsequent stadials.
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
0039398731
-
-
P. J. Müller, G. Kirst, G. Ruhland, I. V. Storch, A. Rosell-Mele, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1757 (1998).
-
(1998)
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
, vol.62
, pp. 1757
-
-
Müller, P.J.1
Kirst, G.2
Ruhland, G.3
Storch, I.V.4
Rosell-Mele, A.5
-
30
-
-
0008249247
-
-
National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD
-
S. Levitus and T. Boyer, Eds., Temperature, vol. 4 of World Ocean Atlas 1994 (National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD, 1994). Production-weighted SSTs were calculated with flux data from W. G. Deuser, Deep Sea Res. 33, 225 (1986).
-
(1994)
Temperature, 4 of World Ocean Atlas 1994
-
-
Levitus, S.1
Boyer, T.2
-
31
-
-
0022841565
-
-
S. Levitus and T. Boyer, Eds., Temperature, vol. 4 of World Ocean Atlas 1994 (National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD, 1994). Production-weighted SSTs were calculated with flux data from W. G. Deuser, Deep Sea Res. 33, 225 (1986).
-
(1986)
Deep Sea Res.
, vol.33
, pp. 225
-
-
Deuser, W.G.1
-
32
-
-
0344561693
-
-
note
-
37 resulted from variable dilution with advected sediment, we would expect estimated SSTs to vary in phase with lightness.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
0344130145
-
-
note
-
CLIMAP Project Members, Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly Maps for August and February in the Modern and Last Glacial Maximum. Map Chart Sec. MC-36 (Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 1981).
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
0032556914
-
-
A. Ganopolski, S. Rahmstorf, V. Petoukhov, M. Claussen, Nature 391, 351 (1998); A. J. Weaver, M. Eby, A. F. Fanning, E. C. Wiebe, ibid. 394, 847 (1998).
-
(1998)
Nature
, vol.391
, pp. 351
-
-
Ganopolski, A.1
Rahmstorf, S.2
Petoukhov, V.3
Claussen, M.4
-
35
-
-
0032572675
-
-
A. Ganopolski, S. Rahmstorf, V. Petoukhov, M. Claussen, Nature 391, 351 (1998); A. J. Weaver, M. Eby, A. F. Fanning, E. C. Wiebe, ibid. 394, 847 (1998).
-
(1998)
Nature
, vol.394
, pp. 847
-
-
Weaver, A.J.1
Eby, M.2
Fanning, A.F.3
Wiebe, E.C.4
-
36
-
-
0344561692
-
-
note
-
Carbonate data and identification of interstadial events in cores KNR31-GPC9 and KNR140-JPC27 are from (3) and L Keigwin, unpublished data, respectively.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
0344130143
-
-
note
-
Benthic paleochemical evidence for weakened thermohaline circulation in association with cold stadial episodes during MIS 3 is documented in (8) and is expected from numerical climate models (5).
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
0023145738
-
-
note
-
14C dates in the deeper parts of core KNR31-GPC5 may be in error. The estimated error of the SPECMAP age scale is 3.5 to 7.7 ky in MIS 3 [D. G. Martinson et al., Quat. Res. 27, 1 (1987)].
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
0344561690
-
-
note
-
ice. (GISP2) and the alkenone SST record in the sediment (core MD95-2036) was accomplished with the LinAge function of the AnalySeries 1.1 toolkit [D. Paillard, L. Labeyrie, P. Yiou, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 77, 379 (1997)]. This function performs a linear interpolation between tie points.
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
0030701521
-
-
(20), consistent with sediment-climate relations we inferred for MIS 3.
-
J. Adkins, E. A. Boyle, L. Keigwin, E. Cortijo, Nature 390, 154 (1997); (20)], consistent with sediment-climate relations we inferred for MIS 3.
-
(1997)
Nature
, vol.390
, pp. 154
-
-
Adkins, J.1
Boyle, E.A.2
Keigwin, L.3
Cortijo, E.4
-
43
-
-
0000866241
-
-
W. Dansgaard, Tellus 16, 436 (1974) ; J. Jouzel, R. D. Koster, R. J. Suozzo, G. L. Russell, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 25791 (1994)], temporal [C. A. Shuman et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100, 9165 (1995)], and borehole [K. M. Cuffey et al., Science 270, 455 (1995)] calibrations and on the thermal diffusion of N isotopes [J. P. Severinghaus, T. Sowers, E. J. Brook, R. B. Alley, M. L. Bender, Nature 391, 141 (1998)]. The slope (α) of these relations varies by up to a factor of 2. The larger response of Greenland air temperature in relation to Bermuda Rise SST results from the greater sensitivity of high-latitude sea and air temperatures to changing thermohaline circulation [compare (5)].
-
(1974)
Tellus
, vol.16
, pp. 436
-
-
Dansgaard, W.1
-
44
-
-
0028594508
-
-
temporal
-
W. Dansgaard, Tellus 16, 436 (1974) ; J. Jouzel, R. D. Koster, R. J. Suozzo, G. L. Russell, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 25791 (1994)], temporal [C. A. Shuman et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100, 9165 (1995)], and borehole [K. M. Cuffey et al., Science 270, 455 (1995)] calibrations and on the thermal diffusion of N isotopes [J. P. Severinghaus, T. Sowers, E. J. Brook, R. B. Alley, M. L. Bender, Nature 391, 141 (1998)]. The slope (α) of these relations varies by up to a factor of 2. The larger response of Greenland air temperature in relation to Bermuda Rise SST results from the greater sensitivity of high-latitude sea and air temperatures to changing thermohaline circulation [compare (5)].
-
(1994)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.99
, pp. 25791
-
-
Jouzel, J.1
Koster, R.D.2
Suozzo, R.J.3
Russell, G.L.4
-
45
-
-
0029471937
-
-
and borehole
-
W. Dansgaard, Tellus 16, 436 (1974) ; J. Jouzel, R. D. Koster, R. J. Suozzo, G. L. Russell, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 25791 (1994)], temporal [C. A. Shuman et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100, 9165 (1995)], and borehole [K. M. Cuffey et al., Science 270, 455 (1995)] calibrations and on the thermal diffusion of N isotopes [J. P. Severinghaus, T. Sowers, E. J. Brook, R. B. Alley, M. L. Bender, Nature 391, 141 (1998)]. The slope (α) of these relations varies by up to a factor of 2. The larger response of Greenland air temperature in relation to Bermuda Rise SST results from the greater sensitivity of high-latitude sea and air temperatures to changing thermohaline circulation [compare (5)].
-
(1995)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.100
, pp. 9165
-
-
Shuman, C.A.1
-
46
-
-
0029509195
-
-
calibrations and on the thermal diffusion of N isotopes
-
W. Dansgaard, Tellus 16, 436 (1974) ; J. Jouzel, R. D. Koster, R. J. Suozzo, G. L. Russell, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 25791 (1994)], temporal [C. A. Shuman et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100, 9165 (1995)], and borehole [K. M. Cuffey et al., Science 270, 455 (1995)] calibrations and on the thermal diffusion of N isotopes [J. P. Severinghaus, T. Sowers, E. J. Brook, R. B. Alley, M. L. Bender, Nature 391, 141 (1998)]. The slope (α) of these relations varies by up to a factor of 2. The larger response of Greenland air temperature in relation to Bermuda Rise SST results from the greater sensitivity of high-latitude sea and air temperatures to changing thermohaline circulation [compare (5)].
-
(1995)
Science
, vol.270
, pp. 455
-
-
Cuffey, K.M.1
-
47
-
-
0032495498
-
-
The slope (α) of these relations varies by up to a factor of 2. The larger response of Greenland air temperature in relation to Bermuda Rise SST results from the greater sensitivity of high-latitude sea and air temperatures to changing thermohaline circulation [compare (5)].
-
W. Dansgaard, Tellus 16, 436 (1974) ; J. Jouzel, R. D. Koster, R. J. Suozzo, G. L. Russell, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 25791 (1994)], temporal [C. A. Shuman et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100, 9165 (1995)], and borehole [K. M. Cuffey et al., Science 270, 455 (1995)] calibrations and on the thermal diffusion of N isotopes [J. P. Severinghaus, T. Sowers, E. J. Brook, R. B. Alley, M. L. Bender, Nature 391, 141 (1998)]. The slope (α) of these relations varies by up to a factor of 2. The larger response of Greenland air temperature in relation to Bermuda Rise SST results from the greater sensitivity of high-latitude sea and air temperatures to changing thermohaline circulation [compare (5)].
-
(1998)
Nature
, vol.391
, pp. 141
-
-
Severinghaus, J.P.1
Sowers, T.2
Brook, E.J.3
Alley, R.B.4
Bender, M.L.5
-
50
-
-
0027842945
-
-
E. C. Grimm, G. L. Jacobson Jr., W. A. Watts, B. C. S. Hansen, K. A. Maasch, Science 261, 198 (1993); T. V. Lowell et al., ibid. 269, 1541 (1995).
-
(1993)
Science
, vol.261
, pp. 198
-
-
Grimm, E.C.1
Jacobson G.L., Jr.2
Watts, W.A.3
Hansen, B.C.S.4
Maasch, K.A.5
-
51
-
-
0029540088
-
-
E. C. Grimm, G. L. Jacobson Jr., W. A. Watts, B. C. S. Hansen, K. A. Maasch, Science 261, 198 (1993); T. V. Lowell et al., ibid. 269, 1541 (1995).
-
(1995)
Science
, vol.269
, pp. 1541
-
-
Lowell, T.V.1
-
52
-
-
0345423793
-
-
note
-
3, data from the Blake and Bahama Outer Ridges and for thoughtful discussions, E. Boyle, the Institut Français pour la Recherche et la Technologie Polaires and International Marine Global Change Study coring program, the captain and crew of the research vessel Marion Dufresne for acquiring and facilitating our access to core MD95-2036, and T. Keman for assistance. This work was funded by NSF grant ATM 9610128 to S.J.L.
-
-
-
|