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For reviews of synthetic ionophores, see: (a) Gokel, G. W.; Murillo, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 425. (b) Koert, U. Chem. Unserer Z. 1997, 31, 20. For recent examples, see: Fyles, T. M.; Loock, D.; Zhou, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2997. Clark, T. A.; Buehler, L. K.; Ghadiri, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 651. (e) Jin, T.; Kinjo, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hirata, H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1998, 94, 3135. (f) Murray, C. L.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun., 1998, 2477. (g) Fritz, M. G.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D. Macromol. 1999, 32, 574. (h) Tedesco, M.; Ghebremariam, B.; Sakai, N.; Matile, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 540. Sakai, N.; Majumdar, N.; Matile, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4294.
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For reviews of synthetic ionophores, see: (a) Gokel, G. W.; Murillo, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 425. (b) Koert, U. Chem. Unserer Z. 1997, 31, 20. For recent examples, see: Fyles, T. M.; Loock, D.; Zhou, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2997. Clark, T. A.; Buehler, L. K.; Ghadiri, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 651. (e) Jin, T.; Kinjo, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hirata, H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1998, 94, 3135. (f) Murray, C. L.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun., 1998, 2477. (g) Fritz, M. G.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D. Macromol. 1999, 32, 574. (h) Tedesco, M.; Ghebremariam, B.; Sakai, N.; Matile, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 540. Sakai, N.; Majumdar, N.; Matile, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4294.
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For reviews of synthetic ionophores, see: (a) Gokel, G. W.; Murillo, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 425. (b) Koert, U. Chem. Unserer Z. 1997, 31, 20. For recent examples, see: Fyles, T. M.; Loock, D.; Zhou, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2997. Clark, T. A.; Buehler, L. K.; Ghadiri, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 651. (e) Jin, T.; Kinjo, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hirata, H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1998, 94, 3135. (f) Murray, C. L.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun., 1998, 2477. (g) Fritz, M. G.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D. Macromol. 1999, 32, 574. (h) Tedesco, M.; Ghebremariam, B.; Sakai, N.; Matile, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 540. Sakai, N.; Majumdar, N.; Matile, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4294.
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For reviews of synthetic ionophores, see: (a) Gokel, G. W.; Murillo, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 425. (b) Koert, U. Chem. Unserer Z. 1997, 31, 20. For recent examples, see: Fyles, T. M.; Loock, D.; Zhou, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2997. Clark, T. A.; Buehler, L. K.; Ghadiri, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 651. (e) Jin, T.; Kinjo, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hirata, H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1998, 94, 3135. (f) Murray, C. L.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun., 1998, 2477. (g) Fritz, M. G.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D. Macromol. 1999, 32, 574. (h) Tedesco, M.; Ghebremariam, B.; Sakai, N.; Matile, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 540. Sakai, N.; Majumdar, N.; Matile, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4294.
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For reviews of synthetic ionophores, see: (a) Gokel, G. W.; Murillo, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 425. (b) Koert, U. Chem. Unserer Z. 1997, 31, 20. For recent examples, see: Fyles, T. M.; Loock, D.; Zhou, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2997. Clark, T. A.; Buehler, L. K.; Ghadiri, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 651. (e) Jin, T.; Kinjo, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hirata, H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1998, 94, 3135. (f) Murray, C. L.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun., 1998, 2477. (g) Fritz, M. G.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D. Macromol. 1999, 32, 574. (h) Tedesco, M.; Ghebremariam, B.; Sakai, N.; Matile, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 540. Sakai, N.; Majumdar, N.; Matile, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4294.
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For reviews of synthetic ionophores, see: (a) Gokel, G. W.; Murillo, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 425. (b) Koert, U. Chem. Unserer Z. 1997, 31, 20. For recent examples, see: Fyles, T. M.; Loock, D.; Zhou, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2997. Clark, T. A.; Buehler, L. K.; Ghadiri, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 651. (e) Jin, T.; Kinjo, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hirata, H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1998, 94, 3135. (f) Murray, C. L.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun., 1998, 2477. (g) Fritz, M. G.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D. Macromol. 1999, 32, 574. (h) Tedesco, M.; Ghebremariam, B.; Sakai, N.; Matile, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 540. Sakai, N.; Majumdar, N.; Matile, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4294.
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For reviews of synthetic ionophores, see: (a) Gokel, G. W.; Murillo, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 425. (b) Koert, U. Chem. Unserer Z. 1997, 31, 20. For recent examples, see: Fyles, T. M.; Loock, D.; Zhou, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2997. Clark, T. A.; Buehler, L. K.; Ghadiri, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 651. (e) Jin, T.; Kinjo, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hirata, H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1998, 94, 3135. (f) Murray, C. L.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun., 1998, 2477. (g) Fritz, M. G.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D. Macromol. 1999, 32, 574. (h) Tedesco, M.; Ghebremariam, B.; Sakai, N.; Matile, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 540. Sakai, N.; Majumdar, N.; Matile, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4294.
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For reviews of synthetic ionophores, see: (a) Gokel, G. W.; Murillo, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 425. (b) Koert, U. Chem. Unserer Z. 1997, 31, 20. For recent examples, see: Fyles, T. M.; Loock, D.; Zhou, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2997. Clark, T. A.; Buehler, L. K.; Ghadiri, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 651. (e) Jin, T.; Kinjo, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hirata, H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1998, 94, 3135. (f) Murray, C. L.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun., 1998, 2477. (g) Fritz, M. G.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D. Macromol. 1999, 32, 574. (h) Tedesco, M.; Ghebremariam, B.; Sakai, N.; Matile, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 540. Sakai, N.; Majumdar, N.; Matile, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4294.
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For reviews of synthetic ionophores, see: (a) Gokel, G. W.; Murillo, O. Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 425. (b) Koert, U. Chem. Unserer Z. 1997, 31, 20. For recent examples, see: Fyles, T. M.; Loock, D.; Zhou, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2997. Clark, T. A.; Buehler, L. K.; Ghadiri, M. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 651. (e) Jin, T.; Kinjo, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Hirata, H. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1998, 94, 3135. (f) Murray, C. L.; Gokel, G. W. Chem. Commun., 1998, 2477. (g) Fritz, M. G.; Walde, P.; Seebach, D. Macromol. 1999, 32, 574. (h) Tedesco, M.; Ghebremariam, B.; Sakai, N.; Matile, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 38, 540. Sakai, N.; Majumdar, N.; Matile, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4294.
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A recent report of an amphiphilic, fluorescent pyrrolopyrimidine (U-104067) has shown that the molecule exhibits full solubility in the liquid disordered phase of DPPC membranes, and complete insolubility in the solid ordered phase, while remaining in the bilayer: Epps, D. E.; Wilson, C. L.; Vosters, A. F.; Kezdy, F. J. Chem. Phys. Lipids 1997, 86, 121.
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13044296546
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note
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When higher concentrations of 1 were used, a cooling/reheating cycle caused extensive leakage, allowing even the shift reagent to enter the vesicles.
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16
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(a) Udenfriend, S.; Stein, S.; Bohlen, P.; Dairman, W. Science 1972, 178, 871.
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(b) Imai, K.; Watanabe, Y. Anal. Chim. Acta 1981, 130, 37. The experimental procedure was similar to that reported in ref 3.
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13044281904
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note
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We do not presently understand the nature of the transport-active dimers, which remain after gel filtration.
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