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Also using HPLC methods, the log P values for AZT (0.05), ddA (-0.29), and ddI (-1.24) have been determined: Barchi, J. J.; Marquez, V. E.; Driscoll, J. S.; Ford, H., Jr.; Mitsuya, H.; Shirasaka, T.; Aoki, S.; Kelley, J. A. Potential Anti-AIDS Drugs. Lipophilic, Adenosine Deaminase-activated Prodrugs. J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 1647-1655.
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Masood, R.; Ahluwalia, G. S.; Cooney, D. A.; Fridland, A.; Marquez, V. E.; Driscoll, J. S.; Hao, Z.; Mitsuya, H.; Perno, C.-F.; Broder, S.; Johns, D. G. 2′-Fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine: A Metabolically Stable Analogue of the Antiretroviral Agent 2′,3′-Dideoxyadenosine. Mol. Pharmacol. 1989, 37, 590-596.
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0345063005
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note
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It should be added that different names for the nucleoside analogues 2 and 3 could be found in the literature. Here we use the abbreviations F-ara- and F-ribo-ddA, but also the terms F-up- and F-down-ddA, F-beta- and F-alpha-ddA, and 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′-fluoroarabinosyladenine and 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′-fluorori-bosyladenine have been used. The correct names are 9-(2′,3′-dideoxy-2′-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine (2) and 9-(2′,3′-dideoxy-2′-fluoro-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl) adenine (3).
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21
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0023203860
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Marquez, V. E.; Tseng, C. K.-H.; Kelley, J. A.; Mitsuya, H.; Broder, S.; Roth, J. S.; Driscoll, J. S. 2′,3′-Dideoxy-2′-fluoro-ara-A. An Acid-Stable Purine Nucleoside Active Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Biochem. Pharmacol. 1987, 36, 2719-2772.
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22
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0025218997
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Acid stable 2′-fluoro purine dideoxynucleosides as acitve agents against HIV
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Marquez, V. E.; Tseng, C. K.-H.; Mitsuya, H.; Aoki, S.; Kelley, J. A.; Ford, H., Jr.; Roth, J. S.; Broder, S.; Johns, D. G.; Driscoll, J. S. Acid Stable 2′-Fluoro Purine Dideoxynucleosides as Acitve Agents Against HIV. J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 978-985.
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Herdewijn, P.; Pauwels, R.; Baba, M.; Balzarini, J.; De Clercq, E. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Various 2′- and 3′-Substituted 2′,3′-Dideoxyadenosines: A Structure-Activity Analysis. J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 2132-2137.
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Boyle, M. J.; Flanigan, M. E.; Ford, H.; Baseler, M.; Adelsberger, J.; Davey, R. T.; Lane, H. C. The Hu-HIV/PBL-SCID Mouse: A Modified Hu-PBL-SCID Model for the Study of HIV Pathogenesis and Therapy. J. Immunol. 1995, 154, 6212-6223.
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Ruxrungtham, K.; Boone, E.; Ford, H.; Driscoll, J. S.; Davey, R. T.; Lane, H. C. Potent Activity of 2′-β-Fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Hu-PBL-SCID mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1996, 40, 2369-2374.
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Hitchcock, M. J. M.; Woods, D.; De Boeck, H.; Ho, H.-T. Biochemical Pharmacology of 2′-Fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyarabinosyladenine an Inhibitor of HIV with Improved Metabolic and Chemical Stability Over 2′,3′-Dideoxyadenosine. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 1990, 1, 319-327.
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Effect of anti HFV 2′-β-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside analogs of the cellular content of mitochondrial DNA and on lactate production
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Tsai, C.-H.; Doong, S.-L.; Johns, D. G.; Driscoll, J. S.; Cheng, Y.-C. Effect of Anti HFV 2′-β-Fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside Analogs of the Cellular Content of Mitochondrial DNA and on Lactate Production. Biochem. Pharmocol. 1994, 48, 1477-1481.
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Quantitation of mitochondrial DNA in human lymphoblast by a competitive polymerase chain reaction method: Application to the study of inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA content
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Zhang, H.; Cooney, D. A.; Sreenath, A.; Zhan, Q.; Agbaria, R.; Stowe, E. E.; Fornace, A. J., Jr.; Johns, D. G. Quantitation of Mitochondrial DNA in Human Lymphoblast by a Competitive Polymerase Chain Reaction Method: Application to the Study of Inhibitors of Mitochondrial DNA Content. Mol. Pharmacol. 1994, 46, 1063-1069.
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Driscoll, J. S.; Mayers, D. L.; Bader, J. P.; Weislow, O. S.; Johns, D. G.; Buckheit, R. W. 2′-Fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (F-ddA): Activity Against Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strains and Clades A-E. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 1997, 8, 107-111.
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Conformational studies and anti-HIV activity of mono- and difluorodideoxynucleosides
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Chu, C. K., Baker, D. C., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York
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Marquez, V. E.; Lim, B. B.; Barchi, J. J., Jr.; Nicklaus, M. C. Conformational Studies and Anti-HIV Activity of Mono- and Difluorodideoxynucleosides. In Nucleosides and Nucleotides as Antitumor and Antiviral Agents; Chu, C. K., Baker, D. C., Eds.; Plenum Press: New York, 1993; pp 265-284.
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Marquez, V.E.1
Lim, B.B.2
Barchi J.J., Jr.3
Nicklaus, M.C.4
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0026541519
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Molecular structures of two new anti-HIV nucleoside analogs: 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine and 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)hypoxanthine
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(a) Two crystal structures have been published showing the anti-conformation of the glycosyl bond and a C2′-endo (S) conformation for the 2′-F-ara-configurated nucleoside analogues: Liaw, V.-C.; Gao, Y.-G.; Marquez, V. E.; Wang, A. H.-J. Molecular Structures of two new Anti-HIV Nucleoside Analogs: 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine and 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)hypoxanthine. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992, 20, 459-465.
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Liebman, J. F., Greenberg, A., Dolbier, W. R., Eds.; VCH Publishers Inc.: New York, and cited references
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(b) In NMR studies, the preference of the C3′-endo (N) conformation for 2′-fluororibonucleosides has been shown with an N/S energy difference of 1.1-2.4 kJ/mol: Bergstrom, D.; Swartling, D. J. Fluorine Substituted Analogs of Nucleic Acid Components. In Fluorine Containing Molecules; Liebman, J. F., Greenberg, A., Dolbier, W. R., Eds.; VCH Publishers Inc.: New York, 1988; pp 259-308 and cited references.
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0001131448
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A new generalized Karplus-type equation realating vicinal proton-fluorine coupling constants to H-C-C-F torsion angles
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(c) Another NMR method confirmed the preponderance of a C2′-endo-conformation of 2′-F-ara-ddU (P = 139°; 85% C2′-endo-conformation) and C3′-endo-conformation for 2′-ribo-ddU (P = 37°; 0% C2′-endo-conformation): Thibaudeau, C.; Plavec, J.; Chattopadhyaya, J. A New Generalized Karplus-Type Equation Realating Vicinal Proton-Fluorine Coupling Constants to H-C-C-F Torsion Angles. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 4967-4984.
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4H-1.3.2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-nucleosyl-2-oxide - A new concept for lipophilic, potential prodrugs of biologically active nucleoside monophosphates
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(a) Meier, C. 4H-1.3.2-Benzodioxaphosphorin-2-nucleosyl-2-oxide - A New Concept for Lipophilic, Potential Prodrugs of Biologically Active Nucleoside Monophosphates. Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 77-79; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 70-72.
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CycloSal-pro-nucleotides: The design and biological evaluation of a new class of lipophilic nucleotide prodrugs
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(b) Meier, C.; Knispel, T.; Lorey, M. CycloSal-Pro-Nucleotides: The Design and Biological Evaluation of a New Class of Lipophilic Nucleotide Prodrugs. Int. Antiviral News 1997, 5, 183-186.
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CycloSal-d4TMP: Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a new d4TMP delivery system
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(a) Meier, C.; Lorey, M.; De Clercq, E.; Balzarini, J. cycloSal-d4TMP: Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of a New d4TMP Delivery System. J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 1417-1427.
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Cyclic saligenyl phosphotriesters of 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydrothymidine (d4T) - A new pro-nucleotide approach
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(b) Meier, C.; Lorey, M.; De Clercq, E.; Balzarini, J. Cyclic Saligenyl Phosphotriesters of 2′,3′-Dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydrothymidine (d4T) - A New Pro-Nucleotide Approach. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1997, 7, 99-104.
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ADA-bypass by lipophilic CycloSal-ddAMP pro-nucleotides. A second example of the efficiency of the cycloSal-concept
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Meier, C.; Knispel, T.; De Clercq, E.; Balzarini, J. ADA-Bypass by Lipophilic CycloSal-ddAMP Pro-Nucleotides. A Second Example of the Efficiency of the cycloSal-Concept. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1997, 7, 1577-1582.
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cycloSal-pronucleotides 2′,3′-dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydroadenosine: Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a highly efficient nucleotide delivery system
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See accompanying paper: Meier, C.; et al. cycloSal-Pronucleotides 2′,3′-Dideoxy-2′,3′-didehydroadenosine: Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of a Highly Efficient Nucleotide Delivery System. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 1604-1614.
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Nucleotide delivery from cycloSaligenyl-3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine monophosphates (cycloSal-AZTMP)
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Meier, C.; De Clercq, E.; Balzarini, J. Nucleotide Delivery from cycloSaligenyl-3′-Azido-3′-Deoxythymidine Monophosphates (cycloSal-AZTMP). Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 837-846.
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Estimation of the lipophilicity of anti-HIV nucleoside analogues by determination of the partition coefficient and retention time on a LiChrosphere 60 RP-8 HPLC column
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(a) Using a somewhat different methodology, a P value of 0.96 was determined for AZT: Balzarini, J.; Cools, J. M.; De Clercq, E. Estimation of the Lipophilicity of Anti-HIV Nucleoside Analogues by Determination of the Partition Coefficient and Retention Time on a LiChrosphere 60 RP-8 HPLC Column. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989, 158, 413-422.
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Meier, C.; Habel, L.; Haller-Meier, F.; Lomp, A.; Herderich, M.; Klöcking, R.; Meerbach, A.; Wutzler, P. Chemistry and Anti-HSV-1 Evaluation of cycloSal-Nucleotides (cycloSal-NMP) of Acyclic Nucleoside Analogues. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 1998, 9, in press.
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(a) Perigaud, C.; Aubertin, A.-M.; Benzaria, S.; Pelicano, H.; Giradet, J.-L.; Maury, G.; Gosselin, G.; Kirn, A.; Imbach, J.-L. Equal Inhibition of the Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Human T-Cell Culture by ddA Bis(Sate)phosphotriester and 3′-Azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1994, 48, 11-14.
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Conversion of 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (ddA) and 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (d4A) to their activity against human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus
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(b) Balzarini, J.; Kruining, J.; Wedgwood, O.; Pannecouque, C.; Aquaro, A.; Perno, C.-F.; Naesens, L.; Witrouw, M.; Heijtink, R.; De Clercq, E.; McGuigan, C. Conversion of 2′,3′-Dideoxyadenosine (ddA) and 2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (d4A) to their Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus. FEBS Lett. 1997, 410, 324-328.
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Interpretation of the roles of adenylosuccinate lyase and of AMP deaminase in the anti-HIV activity of 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine
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Nair, V.; Sells, T. B. Interpretation of the Roles of Adenylosuccinate Lyase and of AMP Deaminase in the Anti-HIV Activity of 2′,3′-Dideoxyadenosine and 2′,3′-Dideoxyinosine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1992, 1119, 201-204.
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9-[(2RS)-3-fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl]derivativea of purines: A class of highly selective antiretroviral agents in vitro and in vivo
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Balzarini, J.; Holy, A.; Jindrich, J.; Dvorakova, H.; Hao, Z.; Snoeck, R.; Herdewijn, P.; Johns, D. G.; De Clercq, E. 9-[(2RS)-3-Fluoro-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl]derivativea of purines: A class of highly selective antiretroviral agents in vitro and in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991, 88, 4961-4965.
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Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS
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9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) efficiently inhibits retrovirus replication in vitro and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus monkeys
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Balzarini, J.; Naesens, L.; Slachmuylders, J.; Niphuis, H.; Rosenberg, I.; Holy, A.; Schellekens, H.; De Clercq, E. 9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) Efficiently Inhibits Retrovirus Replication in vitro and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Rhesus Monkeys. AIDS 1991, 5, 21-28.
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