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note
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Using 1 equiv of benzophenone gave a high initial formation of acetophenone which dropped during the course of the reaction, indicating that benzophenone indeed worked as a hydrogen mediator. After 24 h, the product composition was acetate/acetophenone 87:13, and that without added ketone was 85:15. Adding hydrogen gas (5 mL) and closing the system had no effect.
-
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79
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0344520621
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note
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For other solvent studies using Novozym 435, see refs 17a, 18f, and 18i.
-
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80
-
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0001040853
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This electronic effect has been seen by others in ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reactions: (a) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (b) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215.
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81
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0031022631
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This electronic effect has been seen by others in ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reactions: (a) Hashiguchi, S.; Fujii, A.; Takehara, J.; Ikariya, T.; Noyori, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7562. (b) Jiang, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G.; Zhang, X. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 215.
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0344089477
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A big difference in rate between 1-naphthylethanol (14) and 2-naphthylethanol (16) has been observed in ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reactions. See ref 26a.
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84
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0344520622
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note
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Substrates with larger groups (e.g., isopropyl) next to the alcohol function are too sterically demanding for this particular enzyme; see ref 18e.
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0344520627
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note
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Closely related substrates gave low E values when using Candida antarctica in hydrolysis of the corresponding butanoic esters; see ref 19b.
-
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90
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0040725324
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(b) Osakada, K.; Kim, Y. J.; Tanaka, M.; Ishiguro, S. I.; Yamamoto, A. Organometallics 1991, 10, 197.
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0344520608
-
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note
-
The ethanol or 2-propanol formed is then acylated by the enzyme, and the process becomes irreversible.
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99
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0028456231
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Waagen, V.; Partali, V.; Hollingsaeter, I.; Huang, M. S. S.; Anthonsen, T. Acta Chem. Scand. 1994, 48, 506.
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101
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0345382970
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-
note
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Beller, M. Unpublished results from these laboratories.
-
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102
-
-
0345382969
-
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note
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The separation of 1-phenylethyl acetate (4) and 4-chlorophenyl acetate is difficult, and in most cases only unreacted 1-phenylethanol (3) was separated in this purification. The hydrolysis was performed on the mixture of (R)-1-phenylethyl acetate and 4-chlorophenyl acetate, and the (R)-1-phenylethanol was isolated in the purification after the hydrolysis step.
-
-
-
-
103
-
-
33845280102
-
-
NMR data can be found in the following references. 4: Bianchi, D.; Cesti, P.; Battistel, E. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5531. 7: Pincock, J. A.; Wedge, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4067. 9: Boyd, D. R.; Sharma, N. D.; Kerley, N. A.; McMordie, R. A. S.; Sheldrake, G. N.; Williams, P.; Dalton, H. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 1, 67. 13: Brown, S. M.; Davies, S. G.; de Sousa, J. A. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 813. 15: Pirkle, W. H.; Hauske, J. R. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 801. 17: Legros, J. Y.; Toffano, M.; Fiaud, J. C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3235. 19: Rao, B. R.; Nambudiry, M. E. N. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1721. 21: Funahashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1488. 25: See ref 22b. 29: Iqbal, J.; Srivastava, R. R. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3155.
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Bianchi, D.1
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104
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0001442561
-
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NMR data can be found in the following references. 4: Bianchi, D.; Cesti, P.; Battistel, E. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5531. 7: Pincock, J. A.; Wedge, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4067. 9: Boyd, D. R.; Sharma, N. D.; Kerley, N. A.; McMordie, R. A. S.; Sheldrake, G. N.; Williams, P.; Dalton, H. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 1, 67. 13: Brown, S. M.; Davies, S. G.; de Sousa, J. A. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 813. 15: Pirkle, W. H.; Hauske, J. R. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 801. 17: Legros, J. Y.; Toffano, M.; Fiaud, J. C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3235. 19: Rao, B. R.; Nambudiry, M. E. N. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1721. 21: Funahashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1488. 25: See ref 22b. 29: Iqbal, J.; Srivastava, R. R. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3155.
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Pincock, J.A.1
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105
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1542525780
-
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NMR data can be found in the following references. 4: Bianchi, D.; Cesti, P.; Battistel, E. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5531. 7: Pincock, J. A.; Wedge, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4067. 9: Boyd, D. R.; Sharma, N. D.; Kerley, N. A.; McMordie, R. A. S.; Sheldrake, G. N.; Williams, P.; Dalton, H. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 1, 67. 13: Brown, S. M.; Davies, S. G.; de Sousa, J. A. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 813. 15: Pirkle, W. H.; Hauske, J. R. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 801. 17: Legros, J. Y.; Toffano, M.; Fiaud, J. C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3235. 19: Rao, B. R.; Nambudiry, M. E. N. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1721. 21: Funahashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1488. 25: See ref 22b. 29: Iqbal, J.; Srivastava, R. R. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3155.
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Dalton, H.7
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106
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0027159499
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NMR data can be found in the following references. 4: Bianchi, D.; Cesti, P.; Battistel, E. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5531. 7: Pincock, J. A.; Wedge, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4067. 9: Boyd, D. R.; Sharma, N. D.; Kerley, N. A.; McMordie, R. A. S.; Sheldrake, G. N.; Williams, P.; Dalton, H. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 1, 67. 13: Brown, S. M.; Davies, S. G.; de Sousa, J. A. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 813. 15: Pirkle, W. H.; Hauske, J. R. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 801. 17: Legros, J. Y.; Toffano, M.; Fiaud, J. C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3235. 19: Rao, B. R.; Nambudiry, M. E. N. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1721. 21: Funahashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1488. 25: See ref 22b. 29: Iqbal, J.; Srivastava, R. R. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3155.
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Brown, S.M.1
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107
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0000682121
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NMR data can be found in the following references. 4: Bianchi, D.; Cesti, P.; Battistel, E. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5531. 7: Pincock, J. A.; Wedge, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4067. 9: Boyd, D. R.; Sharma, N. D.; Kerley, N. A.; McMordie, R. A. S.; Sheldrake, G. N.; Williams, P.; Dalton, H. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 1, 67. 13: Brown, S. M.; Davies, S. G.; de Sousa, J. A. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 813. 15: Pirkle, W. H.; Hauske, J. R. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 801. 17: Legros, J. Y.; Toffano, M.; Fiaud, J. C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3235. 19: Rao, B. R.; Nambudiry, M. E. N. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1721. 21: Funahashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1488. 25: See ref 22b. 29: Iqbal, J.; Srivastava, R. R. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3155.
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Pirkle, W.H.1
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0028938772
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NMR data can be found in the following references. 4: Bianchi, D.; Cesti, P.; Battistel, E. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5531. 7: Pincock, J. A.; Wedge, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4067. 9: Boyd, D. R.; Sharma, N. D.; Kerley, N. A.; McMordie, R. A. S.; Sheldrake, G. N.; Williams, P.; Dalton, H. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 1, 67. 13: Brown, S. M.; Davies, S. G.; de Sousa, J. A. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 813. 15: Pirkle, W. H.; Hauske, J. R. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 801. 17: Legros, J. Y.; Toffano, M.; Fiaud, J. C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3235. 19: Rao, B. R.; Nambudiry, M. E. N. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1721. 21: Funahashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1488. 25: See ref 22b. 29: Iqbal, J.; Srivastava, R. R. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3155.
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Legros, J.Y.1
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0025915122
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NMR data can be found in the following references. 4: Bianchi, D.; Cesti, P.; Battistel, E. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5531. 7: Pincock, J. A.; Wedge, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4067. 9: Boyd, D. R.; Sharma, N. D.; Kerley, N. A.; McMordie, R. A. S.; Sheldrake, G. N.; Williams, P.; Dalton, H. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 1, 67. 13: Brown, S. M.; Davies, S. G.; de Sousa, J. A. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 813. 15: Pirkle, W. H.; Hauske, J. R. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 801. 17: Legros, J. Y.; Toffano, M.; Fiaud, J. C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3235. 19: Rao, B. R.; Nambudiry, M. E. N. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1721. 21: Funahashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1488. 25: See ref 22b. 29: Iqbal, J.; Srivastava, R. R. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3155.
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Rao, B.R.1
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0038947233
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25: See ref 22b
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NMR data can be found in the following references. 4: Bianchi, D.; Cesti, P.; Battistel, E. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5531. 7: Pincock, J. A.; Wedge, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4067. 9: Boyd, D. R.; Sharma, N. D.; Kerley, N. A.; McMordie, R. A. S.; Sheldrake, G. N.; Williams, P.; Dalton, H. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 1, 67. 13: Brown, S. M.; Davies, S. G.; de Sousa, J. A. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 813. 15: Pirkle, W. H.; Hauske, J. R. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 801. 17: Legros, J. Y.; Toffano, M.; Fiaud, J. C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3235. 19: Rao, B. R.; Nambudiry, M. E. N. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1721. 21: Funahashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1488. 25: See ref 22b. 29: Iqbal, J.; Srivastava, R. R. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3155.
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Funahashi, K.1
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111
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0026033501
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NMR data can be found in the following references. 4: Bianchi, D.; Cesti, P.; Battistel, E. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 5531. 7: Pincock, J. A.; Wedge, P. J. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 4067. 9: Boyd, D. R.; Sharma, N. D.; Kerley, N. A.; McMordie, R. A. S.; Sheldrake, G. N.; Williams, P.; Dalton, H. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 1, 67. 13: Brown, S. M.; Davies, S. G.; de Sousa, J. A. A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1993, 4, 813. 15: Pirkle, W. H.; Hauske, J. R. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 801. 17: Legros, J. Y.; Toffano, M.; Fiaud, J. C. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 3235. 19: Rao, B. R.; Nambudiry, M. E. N. Synth. Commun. 1991, 21, 1721. 21: Funahashi, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1979, 52, 1488. 25: See ref 22b. 29: Iqbal, J.; Srivastava, R. R. Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 3155.
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