Organizing democracy: Economic interest groups in post-communist Germany

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 1-23

  Padgett, Stephen ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; DEMOCRATIZATION; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POST-COMMUNISM;

GERMANY;

EID: 0033460322     PISSN: 13523279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523279908415411     Document Type: Article

References (168)

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3. See, for example, A. Arato, 'Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-81', Telos, No. 47 (1981), pp.23-47; J.L. Cohen and A. Arato, 'Social Movements, Civil Society and the Problem of Sovereignty', Praxis International, Vol.4 (1984), pp.266-83; Z.A. Pelczynski, 'Solidarity and the Rebirth of Civil Society in Poland 1976-81', in J. Keane (ed.), Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives (London; Verso, 1988), pp.361-80; Adam Michnik, Letters from Prison and Other Essays, translated by M. Latynski (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985); G. Kligman, 'Reclaiming the Public: A Reflection on Creating Civil Society in Romania', Eastern European Politics and Societies, Vol.4 (1990), p.421.
4. See, for example, A. Arato, 'Civil Society against the State: Poland 1980-81', Telos, No. 47 (1981), pp.23-47; J.L. Cohen and A. Arato, 'Social Movements, Civil Society and the Problem of Sovereignty', Praxis International, Vol.4 (1984), pp.266-83; Z.A. Pelczynski, 'Solidarity and the Rebirth of Civil Society in Poland 1976-81', in J. Keane (ed.), Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives (London; Verso, 1988), pp.361-80; Adam Michnik, Letters from Prison and Other Essays, translated by M. Latynski (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985); G. Kligman, 'Reclaiming the Public: A Reflection on Creating Civil Society in Romania', Eastern European Politics and Societies, Vol.4 (1990), p.421.
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59. D. Ost, 'Labour, Class, and Democracy Shaping Political Antagonisms in Post-Communist Society', in Crawford (ed.), Markets, States and Democracy, pp.184-8.
60. Miszlivetz, 'Participation and Transition', p.30.
61. J. Musil, 'Responses of the State and the Social Partners to the Challenges of Restructuring and Privatization', Labour and Society, Vol. 16 (1991), p.385; Bamber and Peschanski, 'Transforming Industrial Relations in Russia', pp.80-83; Hagewisch, Brewster and Koubek, 'Different Roads; Change in Industrial and Employee Relations', Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 27 (1996), p.57; Myant, 'Czech and Slovak Trade Unions', p.63.
62. J. Musil, 'Responses of the State and the Social Partners to the Challenges of Restructuring and Privatization', Labour and Society, Vol. 16 (1991), p.385; Bamber and Peschanski, 'Transforming Industrial Relations in Russia', pp.80-83; Hagewisch, Brewster and Koubek, 'Different Roads; Change in Industrial and Employee Relations', Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 27 (1996), p.57; Myant, 'Czech and Slovak Trade Unions', p.63.
63. J. Musil, 'Responses of the State and the Social Partners to the Challenges of Restructuring and Privatization', Labour and Society, Vol. 16 (1991), p.385; Bamber and Peschanski, 'Transforming Industrial Relations in Russia', pp.80-83; Hagewisch, Brewster and Koubek, 'Different Roads; Change in Industrial and Employee Relations', Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 27 (1996), p.57; Myant, 'Czech and Slovak Trade Unions', p.63.
64. J. Musil, 'Responses of the State and the Social Partners to the Challenges of Restructuring and Privatization', Labour and Society, Vol. 16 (1991), p.385; Bamber and Peschanski, 'Transforming Industrial Relations in Russia', pp.80-83; Hagewisch, Brewster and Koubek, 'Different Roads; Change in Industrial and Employee Relations', Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 27 (1996), p.57; Myant, 'Czech and Slovak Trade Unions', p.63.
65. P. Stykow, Formen der Representation von Wirtschaftsakteuren in Ruβland: Eine Fallstudie, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), pp.17, 26.
66. Ost, 'Labour, Class and Democracy', pp.186-7; Bamber and Peschanski, Transforming Industrial Relations in Russia', p.80; Musil, 'Responses of the State and the Social Partners', pp.385-6.
67. Ost, 'Labour, Class and Democracy', pp.186-7; Bamber and Peschanski, Transforming Industrial Relations in Russia', p.80; Musil, 'Responses of the State and the Social Partners', pp.385-6.
68. Ost, 'Labour, Class and Democracy', pp.186-7; Bamber and Peschanski, Transforming Industrial Relations in Russia', p.80; Musil, 'Responses of the State and the Social Partners', pp.385-6.
69. Bill Lomax, 'The Strange Death of Civil Society', p.49; M. Brie and P. Stykow, Regionale Akteurkoordination im russischen Transformationsprozeβ, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1995), pp.12-15; Poznanski, 'Political Economy of Privatization', pp.215-16.
70. Bill Lomax, 'The Strange Death of Civil Society', p.49; M. Brie and P. Stykow, Regionale Akteurkoordination im russischen Transformationsprozeβ, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1995), pp.12-15; Poznanski, 'Political Economy of Privatization', pp.215-16.
71. Bill Lomax, 'The Strange Death of Civil Society', p.49; M. Brie and P. Stykow, Regionale Akteurkoordination im russischen Transformationsprozeβ, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1995), pp.12-15; Poznanski, 'Political Economy of Privatization', pp.215-16.
72. Stykow, Formen der Representation, p.16.
73. Amitai Etzioni, A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations (New York: Free Press, 1961).
74. R.H. Salisbury, 'An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups', Midwest Journal of Political Science, Vol. 13 (1969), pp.1-32.
75. Wiesenthal, Representation of Functional Interests, p.7.
76. Myant, 'Czech and Slovak Trade Unions', pp.77-9.
77. MacShane, 'The Changing Contours of Trade Unionism in Eastern Europe', pp.348-9.
78. Lomax, 'The Strange Death of Civil Society', p.50.
79. Grant, 'Business Associations in Eastern Europe and Russia', pp.94-5.
80. The model is characterized by 'broadly encompassing internally homogeneous interest organizations', invested with a highly developed 'capacity for generating interest positions', and 'a deep sense of interdependency and social responsibility ... in the exercise of private economic power': W. Streeck, Industrial Relations in West Germany (London: Heinemann, 1984), p.145; C. Deubner, 'Change and Internationalisation in Industry: Towards a Sectoral Interpretation of Western German Politics', International Organization, Vol. 38 (1984), p.519; K.H.F. Dyson, 'The Politics of Economic Management in West Germany', in W.E. Paterson and G. Smith (eds.), The West German Model: Perspectives on a Stable State (London: Frank Cass, 1981), pp.53-4.
81. The model is characterized by 'broadly encompassing internally homogeneous interest organizations', invested with a highly developed 'capacity for generating interest positions', and 'a deep sense of interdependency and social responsibility ... in the exercise of private economic power': W. Streeck, Industrial Relations in West Germany (London: Heinemann, 1984), p.145; C. Deubner, 'Change and Internationalisation in Industry: Towards a Sectoral Interpretation of Western German Politics', International Organization, Vol. 38 (1984), p.519; K.H.F. Dyson, 'The Politics of Economic Management in West Germany', in W.E. Paterson and G. Smith (eds.), The West German Model: Perspectives on a Stable State (London: Frank Cass, 1981), pp.53-4.
82. The model is characterized by 'broadly encompassing internally homogeneous interest organizations', invested with a highly developed 'capacity for generating interest positions', and 'a deep sense of interdependency and social responsibility ... in the exercise of private economic power': W. Streeck, Industrial Relations in West Germany (London: Heinemann, 1984), p.145; C. Deubner, 'Change and Internationalisation in Industry: Towards a Sectoral Interpretation of Western German Politics', International Organization, Vol. 38 (1984), p.519; K.H.F. Dyson, 'The Politics of Economic Management in West Germany', in W.E. Paterson and G. Smith (eds.), The West German Model: Perspectives on a Stable State (London: Frank Cass, 1981), pp.53-4.
83. Interview, Nordmetall, Schwerin, 8 Dec. 1995.
84. R. Czada, 'The Treuhandanstalt and the Transition from Socialism to Capitalism', in A. Benz and K.H. Goetz (eds.), A New German Public Sector: Reform, Adaptation and Stability (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1996), pp.93-118.
85. K. Bluhm, 'Regionale Unterstützungsnetzwerke in der ostdeutschen Industrie: Der Interessenverband Chemnitzer Maschinenbau', in H. Wiesenthal (ed.), Einheit als Interessenpolitik: Studien zur sektoralen Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frankfurt: Campus, 1995), pp.166-9.
86. C. Flockton, 'Economic Management and the Challenge of Reunification', in G. Smith, W.E. Patterson and S.A. Padgett (eds.), Developments in German Politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), p.227, J. Hall and U. Ludwig, 'German Unification and the "Market Adoption" Hypothesis', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 19 (1995), pp.499-500, J. Priewe, 'Privatization of the Industrial Sector: The Function and Activities of the Treuhandanstalt', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 17 (1993), p.340.
87. C. Flockton, 'Economic Management and the Challenge of Reunification', in G. Smith, W.E. Patterson and S.A. Padgett (eds.), Developments in German Politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), p.227, J. Hall and U. Ludwig, 'German Unification and the "Market Adoption" Hypothesis', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 19 (1995), pp.499-500, J. Priewe, 'Privatization of the Industrial Sector: The Function and Activities of the Treuhandanstalt', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 17 (1993), p.340.
88. C. Flockton, 'Economic Management and the Challenge of Reunification', in G. Smith, W.E. Patterson and S.A. Padgett (eds.), Developments in German Politics (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996), p.227, J. Hall and U. Ludwig, 'German Unification and the "Market Adoption" Hypothesis', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 19 (1995), pp.499-500, J. Priewe, 'Privatization of the Industrial Sector: The Function and Activities of the Treuhandanstalt', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 17 (1993), p.340.
89. DGB Landesbezirk Berlin-Brandenburg, Geschäftsbericht 1990-1993 (Berlin: DGB, 1993).
90. Hall and Ludwig, 'German Unification and the "Market Adaptation" Hypothesis', p.502.
91. Interview, Landesverband der Sächsischen Industrie (LSI), Dresden, 12 Dec. 1994.
92. Interviews, Unternehmerverband (UV) Norddeutschland, Schwerin, 7 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband Rostock und Umgebung, Rostock, 10 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband (UV) Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, 16 Dec. 1994; Unternehmerverband (UV) Thüringen, Erfurt, 22 Nov. 1994.
93. Interviews, Unternehmerverband (UV) Norddeutschland, Schwerin, 7 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband Rostock und Umgebung, Rostock, 10 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband (UV) Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, 16 Dec. 1994; Unternehmerverband (UV) Thüringen, Erfurt, 22 Nov. 1994.
94. Interviews, Unternehmerverband (UV) Norddeutschland, Schwerin, 7 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband Rostock und Umgebung, Rostock, 10 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband (UV) Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, 16 Dec. 1994; Unternehmerverband (UV) Thüringen, Erfurt, 22 Nov. 1994.
95. Interviews, Unternehmerverband (UV) Norddeutschland, Schwerin, 7 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband Rostock und Umgebung, Rostock, 10 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband (UV) Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, 16 Dec. 1994; Unternehmerverband (UV) Thüringen, Erfurt, 22 Nov. 1994.
96. Interview, Verband der Mittelständischen Wirtschaft, Rostock, 11 Feb. 1995.
97. Interview, Landesvereinigung der Arbeitgeber- und Wirtschaftsverbände Sachsen-Anhalt (LVSA), Magdeburg, 13 Dec. 1994.
98. O. Jakobi and W Müller-Jentsch, 'West Germany: Continuity and Structural Change', in G. Baglioni and C. Crouch (eds.), European Industrial Relations: The Challenge of Flexibility (London: Sage Publications, 1990); O. Jakobi, B. Keller and W. Müller-Jentsch, 'Germany: Codetermining the Future?' in A. Ferner and R. Hyman (eds.), Industrial Relations in the New Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992); Christel Lane, 'Is Germany Following the British Path? A Comparative Analysis of Stability and Change', Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 25 (1994), pp. 187-98; Christel Lane, 'Industrial Order and the Transformation of Industrial Relations: Britain, Germany and France Compared', in Hyman and Ferner (eds.), New Frontiers, pp.167-95.
99. O. Jakobi and W Müller-Jentsch, 'West Germany: Continuity and Structural Change', in G. Baglioni and C. Crouch (eds.), European Industrial Relations: The Challenge of Flexibility (London: Sage Publications, 1990); O. Jakobi, B. Keller and W. Müller-Jentsch, 'Germany: Codetermining the Future?' in A. Ferner and R. Hyman (eds.), Industrial Relations in the New Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992); Christel Lane, 'Is Germany Following the British Path? A Comparative Analysis of Stability and Change', Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 25 (1994), pp. 187-98; Christel Lane, 'Industrial Order and the Transformation of Industrial Relations: Britain, Germany and France Compared', in Hyman and Ferner (eds.), New Frontiers, pp.167-95.
100. O. Jakobi and W Müller-Jentsch, 'West Germany: Continuity and Structural Change', in G. Baglioni and C. Crouch (eds.), European Industrial Relations: The Challenge of Flexibility (London: Sage Publications, 1990); O. Jakobi, B. Keller and W. Müller-Jentsch, 'Germany: Codetermining the Future?' in A. Ferner and R. Hyman (eds.), Industrial Relations in the New Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992); Christel Lane, 'Is Germany Following the British Path? A Comparative Analysis of Stability and Change', Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 25 (1994), pp. 187-98; Christel Lane, 'Industrial Order and the Transformation of Industrial Relations: Britain, Germany and France Compared', in Hyman and Ferner (eds.), New Frontiers, pp.167-95.
101. O. Jakobi and W Müller-Jentsch, 'West Germany: Continuity and Structural Change', in G. Baglioni and C. Crouch (eds.), European Industrial Relations: The Challenge of Flexibility (London: Sage Publications, 1990); O. Jakobi, B. Keller and W. Müller-Jentsch, 'Germany: Codetermining the Future?' in A. Ferner and R. Hyman (eds.), Industrial Relations in the New Europe (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992); Christel Lane, 'Is Germany Following the British Path? A Comparative Analysis of Stability and Change', Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 25 (1994), pp. 187-98; Christel Lane, 'Industrial Order and the Transformation of Industrial Relations: Britain, Germany and France Compared', in Hyman and Ferner (eds.), New Frontiers, pp.167-95.
102. K. Koch, 'The German Works Council and Collective Bargaining; Developments Since Unification', German Politics, Vol. 4 (1995), p.155.
103. Interviews, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994; IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Sachsen, Dresden, 2 Dec. 1994; IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995.
104. Interviews, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994; IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Sachsen, Dresden, 2 Dec. 1994; IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995.
105. Interviews, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994; IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Sachsen, Dresden, 2 Dec. 1994; IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995.
106. Streeck, Industrial Relations in West Germany (London: Heinemann, 1984), p.145.
107. J. Kädtler and G. Kottwitz, 'Industrielle Beziehungen in Ostdeutschland: Durch Kooperation zum Gegensatz von Kapital und Arbeit?', Industrielle Beziehungen, Vol. 1 (1994), pp.13-38; B. Mahnkopf, 'Vorwärts in der Vergangenheit? Pessimistische Spekulationen über die Zukunft der Gewerkschaften in der neuen Bundesrepublik', in A. Westphal, H. Herr, M. Heine and U. Busch (eds.), Wirtschaftspolitische Konsequenzen der deutschen Vereinigung (Frankfurt: Campus, 1991), p.279; Interviews, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994; IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994.
108. J. Kädtler and G. Kottwitz, 'Industrielle Beziehungen in Ostdeutschland: Durch Kooperation zum Gegensatz von Kapital und Arbeit?', Industrielle Beziehungen, Vol. 1 (1994), pp.13-38; B. Mahnkopf, 'Vorwärts in der Vergangenheit? Pessimistische Spekulationen über die Zukunft der Gewerkschaften in der neuen Bundesrepublik', in A. Westphal, H. Herr, M. Heine and U. Busch (eds.), Wirtschaftspolitische Konsequenzen der deutschen Vereinigung (Frankfurt: Campus, 1991), p.279; Interviews, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994; IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994.
109. J. Kädtler and G. Kottwitz, 'Industrielle Beziehungen in Ostdeutschland: Durch Kooperation zum Gegensatz von Kapital und Arbeit?', Industrielle Beziehungen, Vol. 1 (1994), pp.13-38; B. Mahnkopf, 'Vorwärts in der Vergangenheit? Pessimistische Spekulationen über die Zukunft der Gewerkschaften in der neuen Bundesrepublik', in A. Westphal, H. Herr, M. Heine and U. Busch (eds.), Wirtschaftspolitische Konsequenzen der deutschen Vereinigung (Frankfurt: Campus, 1991), p.279; Interviews, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994; IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994.
110. J. Kädtler and G. Kottwitz, 'Industrielle Beziehungen in Ostdeutschland: Durch Kooperation zum Gegensatz von Kapital und Arbeit?', Industrielle Beziehungen, Vol. 1 (1994), pp.13-38; B. Mahnkopf, 'Vorwärts in der Vergangenheit? Pessimistische Spekulationen über die Zukunft der Gewerkschaften in der neuen Bundesrepublik', in A. Westphal, H. Herr, M. Heine and U. Busch (eds.), Wirtschaftspolitische Konsequenzen der deutschen Vereinigung (Frankfurt: Campus, 1991), p.279; Interviews, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994; IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994.
111. R. Bispinck, 'Collective Bargaining in East Germany: Between Economic Constraints and Political Regulations', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 17 (1993), pp.320-23.
112. J. Bastian, So viel Bündnis war noch nie: The Institutional Architecture of an Alliance for Jobs in Germany, IGS Discussion Paper 2 (Birmingham: Institute for German Studies, University of Birmingham, 1997), p. 18; C. Bialas, Gewerkschaftlicher Organizationsaufbau und Transformation der Lohnpolitik im Prozess der deutschen Einheit: Die IG Metall in den neuen Bundesländern 1990-93, Forschungsberichte AG TRAP, Helt 1 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), pp.49-50; M. Wenger, Bankrott und Aufbau: Ostdeutsche Erfahrungen (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1995).
113. J. Bastian, So viel Bündnis war noch nie: The Institutional Architecture of an Alliance for Jobs in Germany, IGS Discussion Paper 2 (Birmingham: Institute for German Studies, University of Birmingham, 1997), p. 18; C. Bialas, Gewerkschaftlicher Organizationsaufbau und Transformation der Lohnpolitik im Prozess der deutschen Einheit: Die IG Metall in den neuen Bundesländern 1990-93, Forschungsberichte AG TRAP, Helt 1 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), pp.49-50; M. Wenger, Bankrott und Aufbau: Ostdeutsche Erfahrungen (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1995).
114. J. Bastian, So viel Bündnis war noch nie: The Institutional Architecture of an Alliance for Jobs in Germany, IGS Discussion Paper 2 (Birmingham: Institute for German Studies, University of Birmingham, 1997), p. 18; C. Bialas, Gewerkschaftlicher Organizationsaufbau und Transformation der Lohnpolitik im Prozess der deutschen Einheit: Die IG Metall in den neuen Bundesländern 1990-93, Forschungsberichte AG TRAP, Helt 1 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), pp.49-50; M. Wenger, Bankrott und Aufbau: Ostdeutsche Erfahrungen (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1995).
115. Membership data for employer associations sourced from W. Ettl and H. Wiesenthal, Tarifautonomie in de-industrialisiertem Gelände: Report und Analyse eines Institutionentransfers im Process der deutschen Einheit, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP, 3 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), p.7. Gesamtmetall, Geschäftsbericht (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1991), p.247; Gesamtmetall, Arbeitgeberverband Gesamtmetall (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1992), p.37; W. Ettl, 'Arbeitgeberverbände als Transformationsakteure: Organizationentwicklung und Tarifpolitik im Dilemma zwischen Funktionalität und Representativität', in H. Wiesenthal (ed.), Einheit als Interessenpolitik: Studien zur sektoralen Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frankfurt: Campus; 1995), pp.68-9; Wirtschaftswoche, 26 March 1993; trade union membership from Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, Mitgliederstatistik, 1991-95, unpublished; also interview data; see also Graham Timmins, 'German Unification and Organised Labour: An Investigation into the Impact of Post-communist Transition in the Former GDR on the West German Model of Industrial Relations', doctoral dissertation, unpublished (Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield, 1997), p.81.
116. Membership data for employer associations sourced from W. Ettl and H. Wiesenthal, Tarifautonomie in de-industrialisiertem Gelände: Report und Analyse eines Institutionentransfers im Process der deutschen Einheit, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP, 3 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), p.7. Gesamtmetall, Geschäftsbericht (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1991), p.247; Gesamtmetall, Arbeitgeberverband Gesamtmetall (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1992), p.37; W. Ettl, 'Arbeitgeberverbände als Transformationsakteure: Organizationentwicklung und Tarifpolitik im Dilemma zwischen Funktionalität und Representativität', in H. Wiesenthal (ed.), Einheit als Interessenpolitik: Studien zur sektoralen Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frankfurt: Campus; 1995), pp.68-9; Wirtschaftswoche, 26 March 1993; trade union membership from Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, Mitgliederstatistik, 1991-95, unpublished; also interview data; see also Graham Timmins, 'German Unification and Organised Labour: An Investigation into the Impact of Post-communist Transition in the Former GDR on the West German Model of Industrial Relations', doctoral dissertation, unpublished (Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield, 1997), p.81.
117. Membership data for employer associations sourced from W. Ettl and H. Wiesenthal, Tarifautonomie in de-industrialisiertem Gelände: Report und Analyse eines Institutionentransfers im Process der deutschen Einheit, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP, 3 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), p.7. Gesamtmetall, Geschäftsbericht (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1991), p.247; Gesamtmetall, Arbeitgeberverband Gesamtmetall (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1992), p.37; W. Ettl, 'Arbeitgeberverbände als Transformationsakteure: Organizationentwicklung und Tarifpolitik im Dilemma zwischen Funktionalität und Representativität', in H. Wiesenthal (ed.), Einheit als Interessenpolitik: Studien zur sektoralen Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frankfurt: Campus; 1995), pp.68-9; Wirtschaftswoche, 26 March 1993; trade union membership from Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, Mitgliederstatistik, 1991-95, unpublished; also interview data; see also Graham Timmins, 'German Unification and Organised Labour: An Investigation into the Impact of Post-communist Transition in the Former GDR on the West German Model of Industrial Relations', doctoral dissertation, unpublished (Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield, 1997), p.81.
118. Membership data for employer associations sourced from W. Ettl and H. Wiesenthal, Tarifautonomie in de-industrialisiertem Gelände: Report und Analyse eines Institutionentransfers im Process der deutschen Einheit, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP, 3 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), p.7. Gesamtmetall, Geschäftsbericht (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1991), p.247; Gesamtmetall, Arbeitgeberverband Gesamtmetall (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1992), p.37; W. Ettl, 'Arbeitgeberverbände als Transformationsakteure: Organizationentwicklung und Tarifpolitik im Dilemma zwischen Funktionalität und Representativität', in H. Wiesenthal (ed.), Einheit als Interessenpolitik: Studien zur sektoralen Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frankfurt: Campus; 1995), pp.68-9; Wirtschaftswoche, 26 March 1993; trade union
119. Membership data for employer associations sourced from W. Ettl and H. Wiesenthal, Tarifautonomie in de-industrialisiertem Gelände: Report und Analyse eines Institutionentransfers im Process der deutschen Einheit, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP, 3 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), p.7. Gesamtmetall, Geschäftsbericht (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1991), p.247; Gesamtmetall, Arbeitgeberverband Gesamtmetall (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1992), p.37; W. Ettl, 'Arbeitgeberverbände als Transformationsakteure: Organizationentwicklung und Tarifpolitik im Dilemma zwischen Funktionalität und Representativität', in H. Wiesenthal (ed.), Einheit als Interessenpolitik: Studien zur sektoralen Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frankfurt: Campus; 1995), pp.68-9; Wirtschaftswoche, 26 March 1993; trade union membership from Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, Mitgliederstatistik, 1991-95, unpublished; also interview data; see also Graham Timmins, 'German Unification and Organised Labour: An Investigation into the Impact of Post-communist Transition in the Former GDR on the West German Model of Industrial Relations', doctoral dissertation, unpublished (Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield, 1997), p.81.
120. Membership data for employer associations sourced from W. Ettl and H. Wiesenthal, Tarifautonomie in de-industrialisiertem Gelände: Report und Analyse eines Institutionentransfers im Process der deutschen Einheit, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP, 3 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), p.7. Gesamtmetall, Geschäftsbericht (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1991), p.247; Gesamtmetall, Arbeitgeberverband Gesamtmetall (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1992), p.37; W. Ettl, 'Arbeitgeberverbände als Transformationsakteure: Organizationentwicklung und Tarifpolitik im Dilemma zwischen Funktionalität und Representativität', in H. Wiesenthal (ed.), Einheit als Interessenpolitik: Studien zur sektoralen Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frankfurt: Campus; 1995), pp.68-9; Wirtschaftswoche, 26 March 1993; trade union membership from Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, Mitgliederstatistik, 1991-95, unpublished; also interview data; see also Graham Timmins, 'German Unification and Organised Labour: An Investigation into the Impact of Post-communist Transition in the Former GDR on the West German Model of Industrial Relations', doctoral dissertation, unpublished (Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield, 1997), p.81.
121. Membership data for employer associations sourced from W. Ettl and H. Wiesenthal, Tarifautonomie in de-industrialisiertem Gelände: Report und Analyse eines Institutionentransfers im Process der deutschen Einheit, Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP, 3 (Berlin: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994), p.7. Gesamtmetall, Geschäftsbericht (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1991), p.247; Gesamtmetall, Arbeitgeberverband Gesamtmetall (Cologne: Gesamtmetall, 1992), p.37; W. Ettl, 'Arbeitgeberverbände als Transformationsakteure: Organizationentwicklung und Tarifpolitik im Dilemma zwischen Funktionalität und Representativität', in H. Wiesenthal (ed.), Einheit als Interessenpolitik: Studien zur sektoralen Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frankfurt: Campus; 1995), pp.68-9; Wirtschaftswoche, 26 March 1993; trade union membership from Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund, Mitgliederstatistik, 1991-95, unpublished; also interview data; see also Graham Timmins, 'German Unification and Organised Labour: An Investigation into the Impact of Post-communist Transition in the Former GDR on the West German Model of Industrial Relations', doctoral dissertation, unpublished (Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield, 1997), p.81.
122. Interview, Industrie und Handelskammer, Schwerin, 9 Feb. 1995.
123. Interview, Verband der Wirtschaft, Thüringen (VWT), Erfurt, 15 Nov. 1994.
124. Interview, Verband der Wirtschaft, Thüringen, Erfurt, 15 Nov. 1994.
125. Interview, Nordmetall, Hamburg, 14 Feb. 1995; see also Visser, 'European Trade Unions', pp.91-2.
126. Interview, Nordmetall, Hamburg, 14 Feb. 1995; see also Visser, 'European Trade Unions', pp.91-2.
127. Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle, Unternehmensbefragung im Ostdeutschen verarbeitenden Gewerbe. Untersuchung im Auftrag der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 'Arbeitsgruppe Transformationsprozesse in den neuen Bundesländern' (Halle: IWH/Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1994).
128. W. Ettl and A. Heikenroth, Strukturwandel, Verbandsabstinenz, Tarifflucht: Zur Lage ostdeutscher Unternehmen und Arbeitgeberverbände (Berlin: Arbeitspapiere AG TRAP, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1995), pp.19-28;
129. Interviews, Unternehmerverband (UV) Thüringen, Erfurt, 22 Nov. 1994; Unternehmerverband (UV) Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, 16 Dec. 1994; Nordmetall, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; Verband der Mittelständischen Wirtschaft, Rostock, 11 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband Norddeutschland, Schwerin, 7 Feb. 1995.
130. Interviews, Unternehmerverband (UV) Thüringen, Erfurt, 22 Nov. 1994; Unternehmerverband (UV) Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, 16 Dec. 1994; Nordmetall, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; Verband der Mittelständischen Wirtschaft, Rostock, 11 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband Norddeutschland, Schwerin, 7 Feb. 1995.
131. Interviews, Unternehmerverband (UV) Thüringen, Erfurt, 22 Nov. 1994; Unternehmerverband (UV) Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, 16 Dec. 1994; Nordmetall, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; Verband der Mittelständischen Wirtschaft, Rostock, 11 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband Norddeutschland, Schwerin, 7 Feb. 1995.
132. Interviews, Unternehmerverband (UV) Thüringen, Erfurt, 22 Nov. 1994; Unternehmerverband (UV) Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, 16 Dec. 1994; Nordmetall, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; Verband der Mittelständischen Wirtschaft, Rostock, 11 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband Norddeutschland, Schwerin, 7 Feb. 1995.
133. Interviews, Unternehmerverband (UV) Thüringen, Erfurt, 22 Nov. 1994; Unternehmerverband (UV) Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, 16 Dec. 1994; Nordmetall, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; Verband der Mittelständischen Wirtschaft, Rostock, 11 Feb. 1995; Unternehmerverband Norddeutschland, Schwerin, 7 Feb. 1995.
134. U. Berger, 'Engagement und Interessen der Wirtschaftsverbände in der Transformation der ostdeutschen Wirtschaft: Industrieverbände im Spannungsfeld von Mitgliederinteressen und Gemeinwohl', in H. Wiesenthal (ed.), Einheit als Interessenpolitik: Studien zur sektoralen Transformation Ostdeutschlands (Frankfurt: Campus, 1995), p.104.
135. BVMW, unpublished membership data, Bonn 1994.
136. Interviews, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994. IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle, Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994.
137. Interviews, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994. IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle, Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994.
138. B. Wessels, Bürger und Organisationen - Ost- und Westdeutschland: vereint und doch verschieden? (Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, 1992).
139. Interviews, DGB, Landesbezirk Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, 10 Feb. 1995; IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994.
140. Interviews, DGB, Landesbezirk Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, 10 Feb. 1995; IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994.
141. Interview, DGB, Landesbezirk Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 28 Oct. 1994.
142. Interviews, Nordmetall, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; Vereinigung der Arbeitgeberverbände in Sachsen, Dresden, 7 Oct. 1994.
143. Interviews, Nordmetall, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; Vereinigung der Arbeitgeberverbände in Sachsen, Dresden, 7 Oct. 1994.
144. IfEP (Institut für Empirische Psychologie), Trendbarometer 94: Zusammenfassende Trendanalyse und Präsentationsunterlagen, Juni 1994 (Cologne: IfEP, 1994).
145. Wessels, 'Bürger und Organisationen', pp.16-17.
146. IfEP, Trendbarometer, p.11.
147. Interview Unternehmerverband Thüringen, Erfurt, 14 Nov. 1994.
148. Interview, Hartmannbund, Landesverband Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, 11 Feb. 1995.
149. Interview, Verband der Niedergelassenen Ärzte/Virchow-Bund (NAV-VB) Sachsen, Dresden, 7 Dec. 1994.
150. Interviews, Verband der Wirtschaft, Thüringen (VWT), Erfurt; 15 Nov. 1994; Vereinigung der Arbeitgeberverbände in Sachsen, VAS, Dresden, 7 Oct. 1994; Vereinigung der Unternehmensverbände für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (VUMV), Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995.
151. Interviews, Verband der Wirtschaft, Thüringen (VWT), Erfurt; 15 Nov. 1994; Vereinigung der Arbeitgeberverbände in Sachsen, VAS, Dresden, 7 Oct. 1994; Vereinigung der Unternehmensverbände für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (VUMV), Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995.
152. Interviews, Verband der Wirtschaft, Thüringen (VWT), Erfurt; 15 Nov. 1994; Vereinigung der Arbeitgeberverbände in Sachsen, VAS, Dresden, 7 Oct. 1994; Vereinigung der Unternehmensverbände für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (VUMV), Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995.
153. Interview, Hartmannbund, Landesverband Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995.
154. Interview, DGB, Landesbezirk Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 28 Oct. 1994.
155. Interview, IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Magdeburg, 13 Dec. 1994.
156. Interview, IG Medien Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 28 Oct. 1994.
157. Interviews, Industrie- und Handelskammer, IHK, Schwerin, 9 Feb. 1995; Industrie- und Handelskammer, Magdeburg, 14 Dec. 1994; Hartmannbund, Landesverband, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; IG Metall, Verwaetungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994; Vereinigung der Unternehmensverbände in Berlin und Brandenburg (UVB), Berlin, 27 Oct. 1994.
158. Interviews, Industrie- und Handelskammer, IHK, Schwerin, 9 Feb. 1995; Industrie- und Handelskammer, Magdeburg, 14 Dec. 1994; Hartmannbund, Landesverband, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; IG Metall, Verwaetungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994; Vereinigung der Unternehmensverbände in Berlin und Brandenburg (UVB), Berlin, 27 Oct. 1994.
159. Interviews, Industrie- und Handelskammer, IHK, Schwerin, 9 Feb. 1995; Industrie- und Handelskammer, Magdeburg, 14 Dec. 1994; Hartmannbund, Landesverband, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; IG Metall, Verwaetungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994; Vereinigung der Unternehmensverbände in Berlin und Brandenburg (UVB), Berlin, 27 Oct. 1994.
160. Interviews, Industrie- und Handelskammer, IHK, Schwerin, 9 Feb. 1995; Industrie- und Handelskammer, Magdeburg, 14 Dec. 1994; Hartmannbund, Landesverband, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; IG Metall, Verwaetungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994; Vereinigung der Unternehmensverbände in Berlin und Brandenburg (UVB), Berlin, 27 Oct. 1994.
161. Interviews, Industrie- und Handelskammer, IHK, Schwerin, 9 Feb. 1995; Industrie- und Handelskammer, Magdeburg, 14 Dec. 1994; Hartmannbund, Landesverband, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995; IG Metall, Verwaetungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994; Vereinigung der Unternehmensverbände in Berlin und Brandenburg (UVB), Berlin, 27 Oct. 1994.
162. Author's calculations from interview data.
163. Interview, Vereinigung der Unternehmensverbände in Berlin and Brandenburg (UVB), Berlin, 27 Oct. 1994.
164. Interview, Nordmetall, Schwerin, 8 Feb. 1995.
165. Interview, Landesverband der Sächsischen Industrie (LSI), Dresden, 12 Dec. 1994.
166. Interview, IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Magdeburg, 13 Dec. 1994.
167. Interview, IG Metall, Bezirksleitung Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin, 3 Nov. 1994.
168. Interview, IG Metall, Verwaltungsstelle Erfurt, 24 Nov. 1994.