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Volumn 6, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 112-130

The Israel-Syria track

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EID: 0033417805     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4967.1999.tb00329.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (5)

References (81)
  • 1
    • 0004185307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Internet Edition), October 24
    • For a complete text of the Wye Memorandum see The New York Times (Internet Edition), October 24, 1998. President Clinton's involvement included his personal participation in the negotiations at the Wye River Plantation and his subsequent historic visit to Israel and Gaza to give impetus to agreement. See Deborah Sontag, "Clinton. Despite Hurdles, Sets Up Crucial Salvage Mission," The New York Times (Internet Edition), December 14, 1998. Also in mid-December 1998, U.S. Senator Arlen Specter (chairman of the Senate Committee on Intelligence), who traveled with President Clinton to Israel, went to Damascus and delivered a message to President Asad from Prime Minister Netanyahu indicating Israeli interest in resuming peace talks with Syria, and also a message from President Clinton urging Syria to reach agreement with Tel Aviv on resumption of peace talks. See Al Hayat (London, in Arabic), December 18, 1998, p. 7.
    • (1998) The New York Times
  • 2
    • 85033959784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinton. Despite hurdles, sets up crucial salvage mission
    • (Internet Edition), December 14
    • For a complete text of the Wye Memorandum see The New York Times (Internet Edition), October 24, 1998. President Clinton's involvement included his personal participation in the negotiations at the Wye River Plantation and his subsequent historic visit to Israel and Gaza to give impetus to agreement. See Deborah Sontag, "Clinton. Despite Hurdles, Sets Up Crucial Salvage Mission," The New York Times (Internet Edition), December 14, 1998. Also in mid-December 1998, U.S. Senator Arlen Specter (chairman of the Senate Committee on Intelligence), who traveled with President Clinton to Israel, went to Damascus and delivered a message to President Asad from Prime Minister Netanyahu indicating Israeli interest in resuming peace talks with Syria, and also a message from President Clinton urging Syria to reach agreement with Tel Aviv on resumption of peace talks. See Al Hayat (London, in Arabic), December 18, 1998, p. 7.
    • (1998) The New York Times
    • Sontag, D.1
  • 3
    • 0038876834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (London, in Arabic), December 18
    • For a complete text of the Wye Memorandum see The New York Times (Internet Edition), October 24, 1998. President Clinton's involvement included his personal participation in the negotiations at the Wye River Plantation and his subsequent historic visit to Israel and Gaza to give impetus to agreement. See Deborah Sontag, "Clinton. Despite Hurdles, Sets Up Crucial Salvage Mission," The New York Times (Internet Edition), December 14, 1998. Also in mid-December 1998, U.S. Senator Arlen Specter (chairman of the Senate Committee on Intelligence), who traveled with President Clinton to Israel, went to Damascus and delivered a message to President Asad from Prime Minister Netanyahu indicating Israeli interest in resuming peace talks with Syria, and also a message from President Clinton urging Syria to reach agreement with Tel Aviv on resumption of peace talks. See Al Hayat (London, in Arabic), December 18, 1998, p. 7.
    • (1998) Al Hayat , pp. 7
  • 4
    • 85033969787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel puts pact in doubt
    • November 12
    • See Lee Hockstader, "Israel Puts Pact in Doubt," The Washington Post, November 12, 1998, pp. A1, A27.
    • (1998) The Washington Post
    • Hockstader, L.1
  • 5
    • 85033963419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the time of this writing the situation has been made much more complicated by the impeachment of the president and his pending trial in the Senate. Given the president's high approval ratings, and despite his likely censure by the Senate, President Clinton can exert tremendous leverage on any new Israeli government to move the peace process forward
    • At the time of this writing the situation has been made much more complicated by the impeachment of the president and his pending trial in the Senate. Given the president's high approval ratings, and despite his likely censure by the Senate, President Clinton can exert tremendous leverage on any new Israeli government to move the peace process forward.
  • 7
    • 0038876831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel after the elections: What you see is what you get
    • August
    • See George Joffe, "Israel After the Elections: What You See is What You Get," Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol. 8, No. 8, August 1996, p. 365.
    • (1996) Jane's Intelligence Review , vol.8 , Issue.8 , pp. 365
    • Joffe, G.1
  • 8
    • 0004047063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • June 24
    • The New York Times, June 24, 1996, p. 1.
    • (1996) The New York Times , pp. 1
  • 12
    • 85033946570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Netanyahu gets the royal treatment in Washington
    • July 19
    • Donald Neff, "Netanyahu gets the royal treatment in Washington," Middle East International, July 19, 1996, p. 4. In Cairo, President Mubarak and Prime Minister Netanyahu held a joint press conference following their meeting in which they indicated their desire to pursue the peace process, widen the circle of peace, and fulfill commitments already made. For the full text, see Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-96-140, July 19, 1996, pp. 13-17.
    • (1996) Middle East International , pp. 4
    • Neff, D.1
  • 13
    • 85033955902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • July 19
    • Donald Neff, "Netanyahu gets the royal treatment in Washington," Middle East International, July 19, 1996, p. 4. In Cairo, President Mubarak and Prime Minister Netanyahu held a joint press conference following their meeting in which they indicated their desire to pursue the peace process, widen the circle of peace, and fulfill commitments already made. For the full text, see Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-96-140, July 19, 1996, pp. 13-17.
    • (1996) Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-96-140 , pp. 13-17
  • 14
    • 85033952819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Amman, in Arabic), 20-26, July
    • Shihan (Amman, in Arabic), 20-26, July 1996, p. 13. See FBIS-NES-96-141, July 22, 1996, p. 12.
    • (1996) Shihan , pp. 13
  • 15
    • 0038876826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • July 22
    • Shihan (Amman, in Arabic), 20-26, July 1996, p. 13. See FBIS-NES-96-141, July 22, 1996, p. 12.
    • (1996) FBIS-NES-96-141 , pp. 12
  • 17
    • 0003841052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • August 6, August 7, 1996, p. A 24
    • Mixed signals have continued since Mr. Netanyahu's visit to Amman in early August. It may be recalled that King Hussein had, a few days earlier, visited Damascus for talks with President Asad. Press reports indicated that the king was "very optimistic and very reassured" that negotiations will continue until there is comprehensive peace. Netanyahu stated that the deadlock on how to proceed with the peace talks with Syria could be broken at once "if there is goodwill on the side of Syria." The following day, however, Syria rejected resumption of talks with Israel arguing that the Israelis wanted to discuss south Lebanon without making any commitment to trade for peace on the Golan. The editor of Syria's state-run daily Tishrin stated the next day that Netanyahu rejects realistic terms for peace - trading land for peace. See, The Washington Post, August 6, 1996, p. 1/11, and August 7, 1996, p. A 24. Also, President Asad stated that "the Israeli government wants 'to resume the peace process without any foundation or ground for action,'... I don't think that this will lead to any results." The Washington Post, August 8, 1996, p. A 26.
    • (1996) The Washington Post , pp. 1-11
  • 18
    • 0003841052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • August 8
    • Mixed signals have continued since Mr. Netanyahu's visit to Amman in early August. It may be recalled that King Hussein had, a few days earlier, visited Damascus for talks with President Asad. Press reports indicated that the king was "very optimistic and very reassured" that negotiations will continue until there is comprehensive peace. Netanyahu stated that the deadlock on how to proceed with the peace talks with Syria could be broken at once "if there is goodwill on the side of Syria." The following day, however, Syria rejected resumption of talks with Israel arguing that the Israelis wanted to discuss south Lebanon without making any commitment to trade for peace on the Golan. The editor of Syria's state-run daily Tishrin stated the next day that Netanyahu rejects realistic terms for peace - trading land for peace. See, The Washington Post, August 6, 1996, p. 1/11, and August 7, 1996, p. A 24. Also, President Asad stated that "the Israeli government wants 'to resume the peace process without any foundation or ground for action,'... I don't think that this will lead to any results." The Washington Post, August 8, 1996, p. A 26.
    • (1996) The Washington Post
  • 19
    • 85033971814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel-U.S.face-off looms, as Ross goes home empty-handed
    • (Internet Edition), March 31
    • For example, see David Makovsky, "Israel-U.S. face-off looms, as Ross goes home empty-handed," Ha'aretz (Internet Edition), March 31, 1998.
    • (1998) Ha'aretz
    • Makovsky, D.1
  • 20
    • 85033970719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel's bad decision on Har Homa
    • February 28
    • See "Israel's Bad Decision on Har Homa," Chicago Tribune, February 28, 1997, p. 22; Joel Greenberg, "Ending Silence, Palestinians Battle Israeli Units," The New York Times, March 21, 1997, p. A11; Rebecca Trounson, "Netanyahu Shrugs Off East Jerusalem Furor," The Los Angeles Times, November 13, 1998, p. 14; and Aliza Marcus, "Israel asks bids for building site in E. Jerusalem; Har Homa plan angers Palestinians," Boston Globe, November 13, 1998, p. A2.
    • (1997) Chicago Tribune , pp. 22
  • 21
    • 85033964904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ending silence, Palestinians battle Israeli units
    • March 21
    • See "Israel's Bad Decision on Har Homa," Chicago Tribune, February 28, 1997, p. 22; Joel Greenberg, "Ending Silence, Palestinians Battle Israeli Units," The New York Times, March 21, 1997, p. A11; Rebecca Trounson, "Netanyahu Shrugs Off East Jerusalem Furor," The Los Angeles Times, November 13, 1998, p. 14; and Aliza Marcus, "Israel asks bids for building site in E. Jerusalem; Har Homa plan angers Palestinians," Boston Globe, November 13, 1998, p. A2.
    • (1997) The New York Times
    • Greenberg, J.1
  • 22
    • 85033955936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Netanyahu shrugs off East Jerusalem furor
    • November 13
    • See "Israel's Bad Decision on Har Homa," Chicago Tribune, February 28, 1997, p. 22; Joel Greenberg, "Ending Silence, Palestinians Battle Israeli Units," The New York Times, March 21, 1997, p. A11; Rebecca Trounson, "Netanyahu Shrugs Off East Jerusalem Furor," The Los Angeles Times, November 13, 1998, p. 14; and Aliza Marcus, "Israel asks bids for building site in E. Jerusalem; Har Homa plan angers Palestinians," Boston Globe, November 13, 1998, p. A2.
    • (1998) The Los Angeles Times , pp. 14
    • Trounson, R.1
  • 23
    • 85033950691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel asks bids for building site in E. Jerusalem; Har Homa plan angers Palestinians
    • November 13
    • See "Israel's Bad Decision on Har Homa," Chicago Tribune, February 28, 1997, p. 22; Joel Greenberg, "Ending Silence, Palestinians Battle Israeli Units," The New York Times, March 21, 1997, p. A11; Rebecca Trounson, "Netanyahu Shrugs Off East Jerusalem Furor," The Los Angeles Times, November 13, 1998, p. 14; and Aliza Marcus, "Israel asks bids for building site in E. Jerusalem; Har Homa plan angers Palestinians," Boston Globe, November 13, 1998, p. A2.
    • (1998) Boston Globe
    • Marcus, A.1
  • 24
    • 84937272922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel's tough new peace plan forces Syria into hard choice
    • August 8
    • See Ilene R. Prusher, "Israel's Tough New Peace Plan Forces Syria Into Hard Choice," The Christian Science Monitor, August 8, 1996, p. 6.
    • (1996) The Christian Science Monitor , pp. 6
    • Prusher, I.R.1
  • 25
    • 0002203867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A gamble on forcing Israel's hand
    • May 7
    • See Barton Gellman, "A Gamble On Forcing Israel's Hand," The Washington Post, May 7, 1998, p. A1; and Lee Hockstader, "U.S. Effort Is Rebuffed By Israeli," The Washington Post, May 11, 1998, pp. A1, 14.
    • (1998) The Washington Post
    • Gellman, B.1
  • 26
    • 85033960084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. effort is rebuffed by Israeli
    • May 11
    • See Barton Gellman, "A Gamble On Forcing Israel's Hand," The Washington Post, May 7, 1998, p. A1; and Lee Hockstader, "U.S. Effort Is Rebuffed By Israeli," The Washington Post, May 11, 1998, pp. A1, 14.
    • (1998) The Washington Post
    • Hockstader, L.1
  • 28
    • 0003353794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turkish-Israeli-Syrian relations and their impact on the Middle East
    • Spring
    • For a detailed discussion of this point, see the excellent article by Alain Gresh, "Turkish-Israeli-Syrian Relations And Their Impact On The Middle East," Middle East Journal, Vol. 52, No. 2, Spring 1998, pp. 188-203.
    • (1998) Middle East Journal , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 188-203
    • Gresh, A.1
  • 29
    • 85048901173 scopus 로고
    • The Golan: Israel, Syria, and strategic calculations
    • Autumn
    • Muhammad Muslih, "The Golan: Israel, Syria, And Strategic Calculations," Middle East Journal, Vol. 47, No. 4, Autumn 1993, p. 613. I shall rely almost exclusively on this source to highlight the two periods involved in Israeli-Syrian relations on the Golan.
    • (1993) Middle East Journal , vol.47 , Issue.4 , pp. 613
    • Muslih, M.1
  • 31
    • 0040061332 scopus 로고
    • Ceding the high ground
    • April
    • See Robert I. Friedman, "Ceding the High Ground," Harper's Magazine, April 1995, pp. 66-67.
    • (1995) Harper's Magazine , pp. 66-67
    • Friedman, R.I.1
  • 32
    • 85033964305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Golan Heights: Its strategic-geographicriparian importance
    • (London, in Arabic), January 29
    • According to one estimate, Israel uses 500 million cubic meters of Golan water per year, or approximately one fourth of its annual water needs. See Ali Said Badwan, "The Golan Heights: Its Strategic-geographicriparian Importance," Asarq Al-Awsat (London, in Arabic), January 29, 1997, p. 15.
    • (1997) Asarq Al-Awsat , pp. 15
    • Badwan, A.S.1
  • 33
    • 84933494052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a full discussion of the Syrian position and Israeli actions on the Golan, see Muslih, op.cit, pp. 625ff., and Tayseer Marai and Usama R. Halabi, "Life Under Occupation in the Golan Heights," Journal of Palestine Studies, XXII, No. 1, Autumn 1992, pp. 78-93.
    • Asarq Al-Awsat
    • Muslih1
  • 34
    • 84933494052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life under occupation in the Golan Heights
    • Autumn
    • For a full discussion of the Syrian position and Israeli actions on the Golan, see Muslih, op.cit, pp. 625ff., and Tayseer Marai and Usama R. Halabi, "Life Under Occupation in the Golan Heights," Journal of Palestine Studies, XXII, No. 1, Autumn 1992, pp. 78-93.
    • (1992) Journal of Palestine Studies , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 78-93
    • Marai, T.1    Halabi, U.R.2
  • 35
    • 84979404033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a full exposition of these positions, see Muslih, op.cit., pp. 622-625. Also, for a discussion on the modalities of peace between Israel and Syria, see Alon Ben-Meir, "Israel and Syria: The Search For A 'Risk-Free' Peace," Middle East Policy, Vol. 4, No. 1 & 2, September 1995, pp. 140-155.
    • Journal of Palestine Studies , pp. 622-625
    • Muslih1
  • 36
    • 84979404033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel and Syria: The search for a 'risk-free' peace
    • September
    • For a full exposition of these positions, see Muslih, op.cit., pp. 622-625. Also, for a discussion on the modalities of peace between Israel and Syria, see Alon Ben-Meir, "Israel and Syria: The Search For A 'Risk-Free' Peace," Middle East Policy, Vol. 4, No. 1 & 2, September 1995, pp. 140-155.
    • (1995) Middle East Policy , vol.4 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 140-155
    • Ben-Meir, A.1
  • 38
    • 0004047069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Internet Edition), December 7
    • See The New York Times (Internet Edition), December 7, 1997, and Ha'aretz (Israel, Internet English Edition), December 7, 1997.
    • (1997) The New York Times
  • 39
    • 9944242004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Israel, Internet English Edition), December 7
    • See The New York Times (Internet Edition), December 7, 1997, and Ha'aretz (Israel, Internet English Edition), December 7, 1997.
    • (1997) Ha'aretz
  • 46
    • 85033962754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This view is also held by Moshe Arens, former Israeli defense and foreign minister and Netanyahu's political godfather, who believes that Israel must retain the Golan Heights for security reasons. "We would risk paying dearly for giving it up. During the October 1973 war, the Golan was almost entirely reconquered by Syrian troops who could have gone on advancing right up to Haifa." Gresh, op.cit., p. 189.
    • Fundamental Factors in a Stabilized Middle East: Security, Territory, and Peace , pp. 189
    • Gresh1
  • 48
    • 84928461844 scopus 로고
    • Damascus and the claim to Lebanon
    • Winter
    • See Daniel Pipes, "Damascus and the Claim to Lebanon," Orbis, Vol. 30, No. 4, Winter 1987, pp. 663-682. Dore Gold is also of the opinion that President Asad is interested in controlling Lebanon and that he might be "willing to forgo most of the Golan in favor of Lebanon...." See Ilene R. Prusher, "Israel's Tough New Peace Plan Forces Syria Into Hard Choice," The Christian Science Monitor, August 8, 1996, p. 6.
    • (1987) Orbis , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 663-682
    • Pipes, D.1
  • 49
    • 84937272922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel's tough new peace plan forces Syria into hard choice
    • August 8
    • See Daniel Pipes, "Damascus and the Claim to Lebanon," Orbis, Vol. 30, No. 4, Winter 1987, pp. 663-682. Dore Gold is also of the opinion that President Asad is interested in controlling Lebanon and that he might be "willing to forgo most of the Golan in favor of Lebanon...." See Ilene R. Prusher, "Israel's Tough New Peace Plan Forces Syria Into Hard Choice," The Christian Science Monitor, August 8, 1996, p. 6.
    • (1996) The Christian Science Monitor , pp. 6
    • Prusher, I.R.1
  • 50
    • 84937273458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syria's peace bluff: Just kidding
    • January 8 & 15
    • Daniel Pipes, "Syria's Peace Bluff: Just Kidding," The New Republic, January 8 & 15, 1996, pp. 18-19.
    • (1996) The New Republic , pp. 18-19
    • Pipes, D.1
  • 51
    • 0038876816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why Golan demilitarization would not work
    • Louis Rene Beres and Zalman Shoval, "Why Golan Demilitarization Would Not Work," TVI Report, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1996, p. 12.
    • (1996) TVI Report , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 12
    • Beres, L.R.1    Shoval, Z.2
  • 52
    • 0040061325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Golan boom quells settlers' fears of pullout
    • (London, Internet Edition), March 9
    • Christopher Walker, "Golan Boom Quells Settlers' Fears of Pullout," The Times (London, Internet Edition), March 9, 1998.
    • (1998) The Times
    • Walker, C.1
  • 53
    • 0002281992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fresh light on the Syrian-Israeli peace negotiations
    • Winter
    • See interview with Ambassador Walid Al-Moualem, "Fresh Light on the Syrian-Israeli Peace Negotiations," Journal of Palestine Studies, XXVI, No. 2, Winter 1997, pp. 81-94. This was a rare interview by a Syrian diplomat which received wide attention in the international press. The Jerusalem Post wrote, "....the interview, exceptional in its depth, scope and candor, could be the opening diplomatic salvo from Damascus in an offensive that is intended to lead to military conflict."
    • (1997) Journal of Palestine Studies , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 81-94
    • Al-Moualem, A.W.1
  • 54
    • 0030170732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting to peacekeeping in principal rivalries: Anticipating an Israeli-Syrian peace treaty
    • June
    • Even if Israel agrees to return the Golan to Syria in exchange for peace, it is likely to demand adjustments in the international boundary in order to avoid cross-border tensions and insure control of Lake Tiberias and other water resources. See Brian S. Mandell, "Getting to Peacekeeping in Principal Rivalries: Anticipating An Israeli-Syrian Peace Treaty," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 40, No. 2, June 1996, p. 243.
    • (1996) Journal of Conflict Resolution , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 243
    • Mandell, B.S.1
  • 57
    • 0002014077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, July 7
    • For a detailed survey of the Israeli-Syrian interaction between 1991 (Madrid Peace Conference) and the suspension of the talks in 1996, see Helena Cobban, Syria and the Peace: A Good Chance Missed (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, July 7, 1997).
    • (1997) Syria and the Peace: A Good Chance Missed
    • Cobban, H.1
  • 58
    • 85033949813 scopus 로고
    • The president's news conference with President Hafiz Al-Asad of Syria in Geneva
    • January 24
    • "The President's News Conference With President Hafiz al-Asad of Syria in Geneva," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Vol. 30, Iss. 3, January 24, 1994, p. 92.
    • (1994) Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 92
  • 59
    • 0040654878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syria and the future of the peace process
    • September
    • A few months later, the Syrian minister of defense, General Mustafa Tlass, amplified on this position indicating Syria's willingness to cooperate with the U.S. initiative and to adhere to "the resolution of international legitimacy." See General Mustafa Tlass, "Syria and the Future of the Peace Process," Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol. 6, No. 9, September 1996, pp. 412-13.
    • (1996) Jane's Intelligence Review , vol.6 , Issue.9 , pp. 412-413
    • Tlass, M.1
  • 60
    • 0031396473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syria between two transitions
    • Spring
    • Hisham Melhen, "Syria Between Two Transitions," Middle East Report, Spring 1997, p. 4.
    • (1997) Middle East Report , pp. 4
    • Melhen, H.1
  • 61
    • 0039469561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turkey warns Syria again not to support rebel kurds
    • October 6
    • Syria's vulnerability was clearly demonstrated in October 1998, when Turkey threatened military action if Syria does not end its support of PKK rebels operating against Turkey from Syrian territories. The initial Syrian reaction was to call Turkey's threat a plot with Israel to undermine Syria. However, Syria quickly sought Arab and Islamic mediation of the crisis that resulted in an agreement whereby Syria presumably acceded to Turkey's security concerns. See "Turkey Warns Syria Again Not To Support Rebel Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 6, 1998; "Syria Calls Turkish Threat a Plot," The Washington Post (Internet Edition), October 2, 1998; Stephen Kinzer, "Syria Agrees to Stop Supporting Kurds, Defusing Crisis With Turkey," The New York Times, October 22, 1998; and "Turkish-Syrian Discussions," Al-Ittihad, (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), October 30, 1998.
    • (1998) International Herald Tribune
  • 62
    • 0040061328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syria calls Turkish threat a plot
    • (Internet Edition), October 2
    • Syria's vulnerability was clearly demonstrated in October 1998, when Turkey threatened military action if Syria does not end its support of PKK rebels operating against Turkey from Syrian territories. The initial Syrian reaction was to call Turkey's threat a plot with Israel to undermine Syria. However, Syria quickly sought Arab and Islamic mediation of the crisis that resulted in an agreement whereby Syria presumably acceded to Turkey's security concerns. See "Turkey Warns Syria Again Not To Support Rebel Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 6, 1998; "Syria Calls Turkish Threat a Plot," The Washington Post (Internet Edition), October 2, 1998; Stephen Kinzer, "Syria Agrees to Stop Supporting Kurds, Defusing Crisis With Turkey," The New York Times, October 22, 1998; and "Turkish-Syrian Discussions," Al-Ittihad, (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), October 30, 1998.
    • (1998) The Washington Post
  • 63
    • 85033949434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syria agrees to stop supporting kurds, defusing crisis with Turkey
    • October 22
    • Syria's vulnerability was clearly demonstrated in October 1998, when Turkey threatened military action if Syria does not end its support of PKK rebels operating against Turkey from Syrian territories. The initial Syrian reaction was to call Turkey's threat a plot with Israel to undermine Syria. However, Syria quickly sought Arab and Islamic mediation of the crisis that resulted in an agreement whereby Syria presumably acceded to Turkey's security concerns. See "Turkey Warns Syria Again Not To Support Rebel Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 6, 1998; "Syria Calls Turkish Threat a Plot," The Washington Post (Internet Edition), October 2, 1998; Stephen Kinzer, "Syria Agrees to Stop Supporting Kurds, Defusing Crisis With Turkey," The New York Times, October 22, 1998; and "Turkish-Syrian Discussions," Al-Ittihad, (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), October 30, 1998.
    • (1998) The New York Times
    • Kinzer, S.1
  • 64
    • 85033972718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turkish-Syrian discussions
    • (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), October 30
    • Syria's vulnerability was clearly demonstrated in October 1998, when Turkey threatened military action if Syria does not end its support of PKK rebels operating against Turkey from Syrian territories. The initial Syrian reaction was to call Turkey's threat a plot with Israel to undermine Syria. However, Syria quickly sought Arab and Islamic mediation of the crisis that resulted in an agreement whereby Syria presumably acceded to Turkey's security concerns. See "Turkey Warns Syria Again Not To Support Rebel Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 6, 1998; "Syria Calls Turkish Threat a Plot," The Washington Post (Internet Edition), October 2, 1998; Stephen Kinzer, "Syria Agrees to Stop Supporting Kurds, Defusing Crisis With Turkey," The New York Times, October 22, 1998; and "Turkish-Syrian Discussions," Al-Ittihad, (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), October 30, 1998.
    • (1998) Al-Ittihad
  • 65
    • 85033948612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Netanyahu proposes new Syrian formula
    • (Israel, Internet Edition), September 21
    • Ze'ev Schiff, "Netanyahu Proposes New Syrian Formula," Ha'aretz, (Israel, Internet Edition), September 21, 1997.
    • (1997) Ha'aretz
    • Schiff, Z.1
  • 66
    • 85033973838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • August 28, in FBIS-NES-97-24, August 29, 1997
    • See Jerusalem Qol Yisra'el, (in Hebrew), August 28, 1997, in FBIS-NES-97-24, August 29, 1997.
    • (1997) Jerusalem Qol Yisra'el, (in Hebrew)
  • 67
    • 0038876822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (London, in Arabic), April 5
    • See Asharq Al-Awsat (London, in Arabic), April 5, 1997, p. 3.
    • (1997) Asharq Al-Awsat , pp. 3
  • 68
    • 85033956144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Election cited for derailing mideast peace move
    • January 29
    • See Thomas Lippman, "Election Cited for Derailing Mideast Peace Move," The Washington Post, January 29, 1997, p. 6, and Al-Ittihad (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), April 12, 1998, quoting Tlass: "President Asad has a document signed by President Clinton indicating the willingness of the previous Israeli Labor Government to withdraw from the Golan Heights to the June 4, 1967 line."
    • (1997) The Washington Post , pp. 6
    • Lippman, T.1
  • 69
    • 79954076921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), April 12
    • See Thomas Lippman, "Election Cited for Derailing Mideast Peace Move," The Washington Post, January 29, 1997, p. 6, and Al-Ittihad (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), April 12, 1998, quoting Tlass: "President Asad has a document signed by President Clinton indicating the willingness of the previous Israeli Labor Government to withdraw from the Golan Heights to the June 4, 1967 line."
    • (1998) Al-Ittihad
  • 70
    • 85033957893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), February 17
    • Quoted in Al-Ittihad (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), February 17, 1997.
    • (1997) Al-Ittihad
  • 71
    • 0040654926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Israel seeks deal to quit buffer zone in Lebanon
    • (Internet Edition), March 2
    • Joel Greenberg, "Israel Seeks Deal to Quit Buffer Zone in Lebanon," The New York Times (Internet Edition), March 2, 1998.
    • (1998) The New York Times
    • Greenberg, J.1
  • 72
    • 85033943041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lahoud establishes the policy of his country toward Israel
    • (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), December 12
    • Lebanon's newly elected president, former Army Commander Emile Lahoud, has endorsed the Syrian position on Lebanon, emphasizing among other things the demand that Israel accept U.N. resolution 425 unconditionally, that Israeli withdrawal should occur simultaneously from south Lebanon and the Golan Heights, and that the Lebanese Army will not make its mission that of preserving the security of northern Israel. See Rafiq Nasrallah, "Lahoud Establishes The Policy Of His Country Toward Israel," Al-Ittihad (Abu Dhabi, in Arabic, Internet Edition), December 12, 1998.
    • (1998) Al-Ittihad
    • Nasrallah, R.1
  • 73
    • 0039448070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview of President Asad with French television
    • July 16
    • See "Interview of President Asad With French Television,"Al-Ittihad, July 16, 1998. France has been actively seeking a role in the Middle East, especially in Lebanon and Syria, its former "colonies" under the old League of Nations mandate system, a role which apparently Syria and Lebanon welcome. See Pia Christina Wood, "Chirac's 'New Arab Policy' And Middle East Challenges: The Arab Israeli Conflict, Iraq And Iran," Middle East Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4, Autumn 1998, pp. 563-580.
    • (1998) Al-Ittihad
  • 74
    • 0039448070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chirac's 'new Arab policy' and Middle East challenges: The Arab Israeli conflict, Iraq and Iran
    • Autumn
    • See "Interview of President Asad With French Television,"Al-Ittihad, July 16, 1998. France has been actively seeking a role in the Middle East, especially in Lebanon and Syria, its former "colonies" under the old League of Nations mandate system, a role which apparently Syria and Lebanon welcome. See Pia Christina Wood, "Chirac's 'New Arab Policy' And Middle East Challenges: The Arab Israeli Conflict, Iraq And Iran," Middle East Journal, Vol. 52, No. 4, Autumn 1998, pp. 563-580.
    • (1998) Middle East Journal , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 563-580
    • Wood, P.C.1
  • 76
    • 85033963291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syria said to see Iran as ally against Israel-Turkey front
    • August 1, 1997, in FBIS-NES-97-213, August 4
    • "Syria Said To See Iran as Ally Against Israel-Turkey Front," Ha'aretz (in English), August 1, 1997, in FBIS-NES-97-213, August 4, 1997.
    • (1997) Ha'aretz (in English)
  • 78
    • 0004185307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Internet Edition), International Section, May 8
    • The New York Times (Internet Edition), International Section, May 8, 1998. Several months later, the Clinton administration "informally asked Israel to consider accepting the principle of an eventual Palestinian state as part of a final Wye Plantation summit document..." See David Makovsky, "U.S. asks: 'consider' Palestinian state," Israel Ha'aretz (Israel, in English, Internet Edition), October 14, 1998.
    • (1998) The New York Times
  • 79
    • 85033972093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. asks: 'Consider' Palestinian state
    • (Israel, in English, Internet Edition), October 14
    • The New York Times (Internet Edition), International Section, May 8, 1998. Several months later, the Clinton administration "informally asked Israel to consider accepting the principle of an eventual Palestinian state as part of a final Wye Plantation summit document..." See David Makovsky, "U.S. asks: 'consider' Palestinian state," Israel Ha'aretz (Israel, in English, Internet Edition), October 14, 1998.
    • (1998) Israel Ha'aretz
    • Makovsky, D.1
  • 80
    • 85033947748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No talks, no peace
    • August 21
    • Edward P. Djerejian, "No Talks, No Peace," The New York Times, August 21, 1997, p. 32.
    • (1997) The New York Times , pp. 32
    • Djerejian, E.P.1


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