Deadly Transfers, National Hypocrisy, and Global Chaos

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 307-328

  Mandel, Robert ^a,b  

^a LEWIS AND CLARK COLLEGE   (United States)

^b Department of Defense ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033415128     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327x9902500207     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. For elaboration on these general dangers, see Robert Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security: A Conceptual Analysis (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994).
2. Michael T. Klare, "Secret Operatives, Clandestine Trades: The Thriving Black Market for Weapons," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 44 (April 1988): 18-20.
3. "The Covert Arms Trade: The Second-Oldest Profession," Economist 330 (12 February 1994): 21.
4. Ibid.
5. R. T. Naylor, "The Structure and Operation of the Modern Arms Black Market" in Lethal Commerce, eds., Jeffrey Boutwell, Michael T. Klare, and Laura W. Reed (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995).
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 48-49.
8. Edward J. Laurance, "The New Gunrunning," Orbis 33 (Spring 1989): 229-232.
9. Edward J. Laurance, "Political Implications of Illegal Arms Exports from the United States," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Fall 1992): 525.
10. "The Covert Arms Trade," 23.
11. Laurance, "The New Gunrunning," 225.
12. "The Covert Arms Trade," 23.
13. Klare, "Secret Operatives," 16-17; and John Pilger, "Dirty Secrets in Burma," New Statesman & Society 9 (10 May 1996): 28.
14. Klare, "Secret Operatives," 16-17; and John Pilger, "Dirty Secrets in Burma," New Statesman & Society 9 (10 May 1996): 28.
15. "Arming the IRA. The Libyan Connection," Economist 314 (31 March 1990): 19; and "The Covert Arms Trade," 21.
16. "Arming the IRA. The Libyan Connection," Economist 314 (31 March 1990): 19; and "The Covert Arms Trade," 21.
17. Frederic S. Pearson, The Global Spread of Arms (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 60-61.
18. "The Covert Arms Trade," 21; and Aaron Karp, "The Rise of Black and Gray Markets," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 535 (September 1994): 183-84.
19. "The Covert Arms Trade," 21; and Aaron Karp, "The Rise of Black and Gray Markets," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 535 (September 1994): 183-84.
20. "The Covert Arms Trade," 22-23.
21. Robert Mandel, "Exploding Myths about Global Arms Transfers," Journal of Conflict Studies (Fall 1998).
22. Karp, "'The Rise of Black and Gray Markets," 186.
23. Laurance, "Political Implications," 506.
24. Laurance, "The New Gunrunning," 232-35.
25. "Smuggling Chinese: Heroin Substitute," Economist 327 (22 May 1993): 33; and "The New Trade in Humans," Economist 336 (5 August 1995): 45-46.
26. "Smuggling Chinese: Heroin Substitute," Economist 327 (22 May 1993): 33; and "The New Trade in Humans," Economist 336 (5 August 1995): 45-46.
27. Senator John Kerry, The New War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 135-36.
28. Ibid. 136.
29. Michael, Renner, Fighting for Survival (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 103-104.
30. Ethan A. Nadelmann, "Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society," International Organization 44 (Autumn 1990): 491.
31. Myron Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis (New York: Harper Collins, 1995), 7-8.
32. Ibid., 8.
33. Ibid., 5, 8.
34. Jon Vagy, "Sometimes a Crime: Illegal Immigration and Hong Kong," Crime and Delinquency 39 (July 1993): 370.
35. Douglas S. Massey and Kristin E. Espinosa, "What is Driving Mexico-U.S. Migration? A Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Analysis," American Journal of Sociology 102 (January 1997): 989-990.
36. "Smuggling Chinese," 33; and Kerry, The New War, 136-38.
37. "Smuggling Chinese," 33; and Kerry, The New War, 136-38.
38. Kerry, The New War, 143-44.
39. Shada Islam and Adam Schwarz, "Double Deal: Pact on Illegal Migrants Paves Way for EU-Hanoi Talks," Far Eastern Economic Review 158 (9 February 1995): 28.
40. Kiriro Morita and Suskia Sassen, "The New Illegal Migration in Japan, 1980-1992," International Migration Review (Spring 1994): 153-162.
41. Suhaini Aznam, "Sabah Cuckoo's Nest: Uncontrolled Migration May Tip Political Balance" Far Eastern Economic Review 143 (March 16, 1989): 24-26.
42. James Wiley, "Undocumented Aliens and Recognized Refugees: The Right to Work in Costa Rica," International Migration Review (Summer 1995): 436-37.
43. Robert Mandel, "Perceived Security Threat and the Global Refugee Crisis," Armed Forces & Society 24 (Fall 1997): 77-103.
44. Kerry, The New War, 148.
45. Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, 3.
46. Kerry, The New War, 87.
47. Joseph J. Romm, Defining National Security: The Nonmilitary Aspects (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993), 9.
48. Renner, Fighting for Survival, 192.
49. "Colombia's Drug Business: The Wages of Prohibition," Economist 333 (24 December 1994): 22.
50. Kerry, The New War, 88.
51. Scott MacDonald, Dancing on a Volcano: The Latin American Drug Trade (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1988), 7-8.
52. Nadelmann, "Global Prohibition Regimes," 502-503.
53. Kerry, The New War, 106.
54. Romm, Defining National Security, 9-10.
55. "Colombia's Drug Business," 21.
56. MacDonald, Dancing on a Volcano, 27.
57. Ibid., 28-29.
58. Ibid., 124-34.
59. Kerry, The New War, 79.
60. Claire Sterling, Thieves' World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 21.
61. William O. Walker III, "Drug Trafficking in Asia," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34 (Fall 1992): 210; and Hamish McDonald, "Hooked on Smuggling," Far Eastern Economic Review 157 (9 June 1994): 34.
62. William O. Walker III, "Drug Trafficking in Asia," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34 (Fall 1992): 210; and Hamish McDonald, "Hooked on Smuggling," Far Eastern Economic Review 157 (9 June 1994): 34.
63. Romm, Defining National Security, 9.
64. Rafael F. Perl, "United States Andean Drug Policy: Background and Issues for Decisionmakers," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34 (Fall 1992):29.
65. Kerry, The New War, 82-83.
66. Ibid., 84-86.
67. Jang B. Singh and V. C. Lakhan, "Business Ethics and the International Trade in Hazardous Wastes," Journal of Business Ethics 8 (November 1989): 889-890.
68. Sean D. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes and the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes," American Journal of International Law 88 (January 1994): 25, 29.
69. Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 889-890; and Brian R. Copeland, "International Trade in Waste Products in the Presence of Illegal Disposal, "Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 20 (March 1991): 143.
70. Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 889-890; and Brian R. Copeland, "International Trade in Waste Products in the Presence of Illegal Disposal, "Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 20 (March 1991): 143.
71. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes," 30.
72. "Let Them Eat Pollution" Economist 322 (8 February 1992): 66; "Pollution and the Poor," Economist 322 (15 February 1992): 18-19; and Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 890.
73. "Let Them Eat Pollution" Economist 322 (8 February 1992): 66; "Pollution and the Poor," Economist 322 (15 February 1992): 18-19; and Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 890.
74. "Let Them Eat Pollution" Economist 322 (8 February 1992): 66; "Pollution and the Poor," Economist 322 (15 February 1992): 18-19; and Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 890.
75. Copeland, "International Trade," 48.
76. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes," 31; and "Uranium, Plutonium, Pandemonium," Economist 327 (5 June 1993): 98.
77. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes," 31; and "Uranium, Plutonium, Pandemonium," Economist 327 (5 June 1993): 98.
78. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes," 25; and Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 889.
79. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes," 25; and Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 889.
80. Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 889, 895.
81. Kerry, The New War, 116; Graham T. Allison, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Richard A. Falkenrath, and Steven E. Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anxiety (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 7; and "The Plutonium Racket," Economist 332 (20 August 1994): 39-40.
82. Kerry, The New War, 116; Graham T. Allison, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Richard A. Falkenrath, and Steven E. Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anxiety (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 7; and "The Plutonium Racket," Economist 332 (20 August 1994): 39-40.
83. Kerry, The New War, 116; Graham T. Allison, Owen R. Cote, Jr., Richard A. Falkenrath, and Steven E. Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anxiety (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 7; and "The Plutonium Racket," Economist 332 (20 August 1994): 39-40.
84. John P. Sopko, "The Changing Proliferation Threat," Foreign Policy (Winter 1996/ 97): 10.
85. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes," 67.
86. "Toxic Shock," New Statesman & Society 2 (18 August 1989): 11.
87. Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 893, 896.
88. "Muck and Morals," Economist 336 (2 September 1995): 61.
89. Allison, Cote, Falkenrath, and Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy, 11.
90. Kerry, The New War, 116-17.
91. Louise L. Shelley, "Transnational Organized Crime: An Imminent Threat to the Nation-State," Journal of International Affairs 48 (Winter 1995): 468.
92. Mandel, "Exploding Myths;" William D. Hartung, And Weapons for All (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 146; William W. Keller, Arm in Arm (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 11; and Michael T. Klare, American Arms Supermarket (Austin, TX University of Texas Press, 1984), 27.
93. Mandel, "Exploding Myths;" William D. Hartung, And Weapons for All (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 146; William W. Keller, Arm in Arm (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 11; and Michael T. Klare, American Arms Supermarket (Austin, TX University of Texas Press, 1984), 27.
94. Mandel, "Exploding Myths;" William D. Hartung, And Weapons for All (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 146; William W. Keller, Arm in Arm (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 11; and Michael T. Klare, American Arms Supermarket (Austin, TX University of Texas Press, 1984), 27.
95. Mandel, "Exploding Myths;" William D. Hartung, And Weapons for All (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 146; William W. Keller, Arm in Arm (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 11; and Michael T. Klare, American Arms Supermarket (Austin, TX University of Texas Press, 1984), 27.
96. "Chinese Yearning to Work Free," Economist 321 (24 July 1993): 38; "The New Trade in Humans," 45-46; and Vagy, "Sometimes a Crime," 372.
97. "Chinese Yearning to Work Free," Economist 321 (24 July 1993): 38; "The New Trade in Humans," 45-46; and Vagy, "Sometimes a Crime," 372.
98. "Chinese Yearning to Work Free," Economist 321 (24 July 1993): 38; "The New Trade in Humans," 45-46; and Vagy, "Sometimes a Crime," 372.
99. Romm, Defining National Security, 9.
100. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes," 32; Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 897-98; and "Uranium, Plutonium, Pandemonium," 98-100.
101. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes," 32; Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 897-98; and "Uranium, Plutonium, Pandemonium," 98-100.
102. Murphy, "Prospective Liability Regimes," 32; Singh and Lakhan, "Business Ethics," 897-98; and "Uranium, Plutonium, Pandemonium," 98-100.
103. See, for example, Zeev Maoz, Paradoxes of War (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990), 9.
104. William J. Olson, "The New World Disorder. Governability and Development," in Gray Area Phenomena: Confronting the New Disorder, ed. Max G. Manwaring (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), 9.
105. Max G. Manwaring and Courtney E. Prisk, "The Umbrella of Legitimacy," 90, in Gray Area Phenomena: Confronting the New Disorder, ed. Max G. Manwaring (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).
106. Maoz, Paradoxes of War, 327.
107. William McNeill, "Winds of Change," 163-203, in Sea-Changes, ed. Nicholas X. Rixopoulous, (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1990).
108. National Strategy Information Center, The Gray Area Phenomenon (Washington, D.C.: National Strategy Information Center, July, 1992), 8; and Roy Godson and William J. Olson, International Organized Crime: Emerging Threat to U.S. Security (Washington, D.C.: National Strategy Information Center, August 1993), 18-19.
109. National Strategy Information Center, The Gray Area Phenomenon (Washington, D.C.: National Strategy Information Center, July, 1992), 8; and Roy Godson and William J. Olson, International Organized Crime: Emerging Threat to U.S. Security (Washington, D.C.: National Strategy Information Center, August 1993), 18-19.
110. Renner, Fighting for Survival, 22.