Perceived security threat and the global refugee crisis

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 77-103

  Mandel, Robert ^a  

^a LEWIS AND CLARK COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031506031     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9702400104     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Phyllis Oakley, "Refugee and Migration Crises in a Changing World." Remarks of the Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration, U.S. Department of State, to the World Forum of Silicon Valley (San Jose, California, February 22, 1995), 1.
2. United States Mission to the United Nations, Global Humanitarian Emergencies, 1995 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, January 1995), 1.
3. Matthew Connelly and Paul Kennedy, "Must It Be the Rest Against the West?" Atlantic Monthly 274 (December 1994), 69.
4. Gil Loescher, Refugee Movements and International Security (London: International Institute of Strategic Studies Adelphi Paper #268, Summer 1992), 3.
5. Gil Loescher and Laila Monahan, eds., Refugees and International Relations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 4.
6. See, for example, Jonas Widgren, "International Migration and Regional Stability," International Affairs 66 (1990): 749-766; Myron Weiner, "Security, Stability, and International Migration," International Security 17 (Winter 1992/93): 91-126; and Myron Weiner, ed., International Migration and Security (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).
7. See, for example, Jonas Widgren, "International Migration and Regional Stability," International Affairs 66 (1990): 749-766; Myron Weiner, "Security, Stability, and International Migration," International Security 17 (Winter 1992/93): 91-126; and Myron Weiner, ed., International Migration and Security (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).
8. See, for example, Jonas Widgren, "International Migration and Regional Stability," International Affairs 66 (1990): 749-766; Myron Weiner, "Security, Stability, and International Migration," International Security 17 (Winter 1992/93): 91-126; and Myron Weiner, ed., International Migration and Security (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).
9. See, for example, Loescher and Monahan, Refugees and International Relations; Leon Gordenker, Refugees in International Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1987); and Michael S. Teitelbaum, "Immigration, Refugees, and Foreign Policy," International Organization 38 (Summer 1984): 429-450.
10. See, for example, Loescher and Monahan, Refugees and International Relations; Leon Gordenker, Refugees in International Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1987); and Michael S. Teitelbaum, "Immigration, Refugees, and Foreign Policy," International Organization 38 (Summer 1984): 429-450.
11. See, for example, Loescher and Monahan, Refugees and International Relations; Leon Gordenker, Refugees in International Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1987); and Michael S. Teitelbaum, "Immigration, Refugees, and Foreign Policy," International Organization 38 (Summer 1984): 429-450.
12. Myron Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis (New York: Harper Collins, 1995), 4.
13. Gil Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 6, 16.
14. Aristide R. Zolberg, Astri Suhrke, and Sergio Aguayo, Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), v.
15. Robert Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security: A Conceptual Analysis (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), 2-3.
16. Andrew Shacknove, "Who is a Refugee?," Ethics 95 (January 1985): 274.
17. Ibid., 274-276; Loescher, Refugee Movements and International Security 8; and Zolberg, Suhrke, and Aguayo, Escape from Violence, 3.
18. Ibid., 274-276; Loescher, Refugee Movements and International Security 8; and Zolberg, Suhrke, and Aguayo, Escape from Violence, 3.
19. Ibid., 274-276; Loescher, Refugee Movements and International Security 8; and Zolberg, Suhrke, and Aguayo, Escape from Violence, 3.
20. Shacknove, "Who is a Refugee?" p. 278.
21. Raymond Cohen, Threat Perception and International Crisis (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979), 4.
22. Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security, 21; and Robert Mandel, "What Are We Protecting?" Armed Forces & Society 22 (Spring 1996): 335-355.
23. Mandel, The Changing Face of National Security, 21; and Robert Mandel, "What Are We Protecting?" Armed Forces & Society 22 (Spring 1996): 335-355.
24. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976); and Robert Mandel, Perception, Decision Making, and Conflict (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1979).
25. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976); and Robert Mandel, Perception, Decision Making, and Conflict (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1979).
26. Hal Kane, The Hour of Departure: Forces that Create Refugees and Migrants (Washington, D.C.: Worldwatch Institute Paper #125, June 1995), 8-18.
27. Dick Kirschten, "No Refuge," National Journal 26 (September 10, 1994), 2068.
28. Teitelbaum, "Immigration, Refugees, and Foreign Policy," 433; Zolberg, Suhrke, and Aguayo, Escape from Violence, vi; and Mark Gibney, "U.S. Foreign Policy and the Creation of Refugee Flows," in Howard Adelman, ed., Refugee Policy (Toronto: York Lane Press, 1991), 81-82.
29. Teitelbaum, "Immigration, Refugees, and Foreign Policy," 433; Zolberg, Suhrke, and Aguayo, Escape from Violence, vi; and Mark Gibney, "U.S. Foreign Policy and the Creation of Refugee Flows," in Howard Adelman, ed., Refugee Policy (Toronto: York Lane Press, 1991), 81-82.
30. Teitelbaum, "Immigration, Refugees, and Foreign Policy," 433; Zolberg, Suhrke, and Aguayo, Escape from Violence, vi; and Mark Gibney, "U.S. Foreign Policy and the Creation of Refugee Flows," in Howard Adelman, ed., Refugee Policy (Toronto: York Lane Press, 1991), 81-82.
31. Loescher, Refugee Movements and International Security, 10.
32. Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, 139-144
33. Loescher, Beyond Charity, 7-8.
34. Ibid., 35.
35. Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, 149; and Loescher, Refugee Movements and International Security, 55.
36. Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, 149; and Loescher, Refugee Movements and International Security, 55.
37. Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, 135, 141.
38. Loescher, Refugee Movements and International Security, 50.
39. Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, 143, 147.
40. Bob Sutcliffe, "The Tides of Humanity," World Press Review 41 (October 1994): 9; for a more comprehensive look at assumptions about irrationality, see Robert Mandel, Irrationality in International Confrontation (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987).
41. Bob Sutcliffe, "The Tides of Humanity," World Press Review 41 (October 1994): 9; for a more comprehensive look at assumptions about irrationality, see Robert Mandel, Irrationality in International Confrontation (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987).
42. Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis, 67-68.
43. Loescher, Refugee Movements and International Security, 43.
44. David Henderson, "International Migration: Appraising Current Policies," International Affairs 70 (1994): 93-110.
45. Lester R. Brown, Nicholas Lenssen, and Hal Kane, Vital Signs 1995 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995), 102. Of course, identifying the largest sources of refugees depends heavily on one's definition of refugees; two prominent "refugee" groups - the Haitians and the Palestinians - for a variety of reasons do not appear on many listings of international refugee flows.
46. Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1993-1994 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1992-1993 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1991-1992 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1990-1991 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1989-1990 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991); and Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1988-1989 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990).
47. Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1993-1994 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1992-1993 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1991-1992 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1990-1991 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1989-1990 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991); and Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1988-1989 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990).
48. Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1993-1994 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1992-1993 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1991-1992 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1990-1991 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1989-1990 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991); and Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1988-1989 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990).
49. Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1993-1994 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1992-1993 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1991-1992 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1990-1991 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1989-1990 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991); and Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1988-1989 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990).
50. Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1993-1994 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1992-1993 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1991-1992 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1990-1991 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1989-1990 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991); and Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1988-1989 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990).
51. Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1993-1994 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1992-1993 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1991-1992 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1990-1991 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992); Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1989-1990 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991); and Elizabeth Hann Hastings and Philip K. Hastings, eds., Index to International Public Opinion 1988-1989 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1990).
52. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey (Washington, D.C.: United States Committee for Refugees, 1995), 106.
53. Arthur Kent, "Returning to a Devastated Land," World Press Review 35 (June 1988), 20-21.
54. Lyse Doucet, "Dreaming of Home," MacLean's 101 (October 31, 1988): 33.
55. United States Committee for Refugees, Left Out in the Cold: The Perilous Homecoming of Afghan Refugees (Washington, D.C.: United States Committee for Refugees, December 1992), 3-4, 7-8; and Emily MacFarquhar, "Afghanistan: You Can Go Home Again," U.S. News & World Report, 113 (November 30, 1992), 46.
56. United States Committee for Refugees, Left Out in the Cold: The Perilous Homecoming of Afghan Refugees (Washington, D.C.: United States Committee for Refugees, December 1992), 3-4, 7-8; and Emily MacFarquhar, "Afghanistan: You Can Go Home Again," U.S. News & World Report, 113 (November 30, 1992), 46.
57. Lyse Doucet, "Dreaming of Home," 33.
58. "Afghanistan: Biting the Hand that Feeds Them," Economist 315 (May 12, 1990), 35-36.
59. Robert Adams, "Abandoned in Afghanistan," World Press Review 38 (May 1991), 41.
60. United States Committee for Refugees, Left Out in the Cold, 4.
61. "Afghanistan: Many Unhappy Returns," Economist 329 (October 16, 1993), 40.
62. Ibid.
63. "Afghans in Iran: Time to Go Home," Economist 336 (July 1, 1995), 33; and United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 100.
64. "Afghans in Iran: Time to Go Home," Economist 336 (July 1, 1995), 33; and United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 100.
65. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 112.
66. Arthur Kent, "Returning to a Devastated Land," 20; and "Afghanistan: Many Unhappy Returns," 40.
67. Arthur Kent, "Returning to a Devastated Land," 20; and "Afghanistan: Many Unhappy Returns," 40.
68. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 106.
69. "Afghans in Iran," 33-34.
70. Robert Adams, "Abandoned in Afghanistan," 41.
71. Dusko Doder, "Yugoslavia: New War, Old Hatreds," Foreign Policy 91 (Summer 1993): 5.
72. Robin Knight, "Bosnia: Lives of Quiet Desperation," U.S. News & World Report 113 (November 30, 1992): 38; and "Yugoslavia's Refugees: The Tide of Misery," Economist 323 (May 23, 1992): 53.
73. Robin Knight, "Bosnia: Lives of Quiet Desperation," U.S. News & World Report 113 (November 30, 1992): 38; and "Yugoslavia's Refugees: The Tide of Misery," Economist 323 (May 23, 1992): 53.
74. "Out of Bosnia," Economist 324 (August 1, 1992): 11.
75. Louise Lief, "Europe's Trail of Tears," U.S. News & World Report 113 (July 27, 1992): 43.
76. Edith S. Klein, "Aiding and Abetting: Refugee Politics in the Territories of the Former Yugoslavia," Refuge 14 (June-July 1994): 2.
77. "Out of Bosnia," 11; and Lief, "Europe's Trail of Tears," 43.
78. "Out of Bosnia," 11; and Lief, "Europe's Trail of Tears," 43.
79. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 145.
80. Ibid., 29.
81. Ibid., 131-132.
82. United States Committee for Refugees, Croatia's Crucible: Providing Asylum for Refugees from Bosnia and Hercegovina (Washington, D.C.: United States Committee for Refugees, October 1992), 7.
83. "Yugoslavia's Refugees," 53.
84. Ibid., 54.
85. Shada Islam, "Europe's Growing Fortress Mentality," World Press Review 41 (October 1994): 10-11.
86. United States Committee for Refugees, Croatia's Crucible, 2.
87. Robin Knight, "Bosnia: Lives of Quiet Desperation," 39.
88. Klein, "Aiding and Abetting," 2.
89. Andrew Phillips, "Defiance: The Serbs of Bosnia Are Ready to Take on the World," MacLean's, 106 (May 24, 1993): 20.
90. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 70.
91. Valerie Percival and Thomas Homer-Dixon, Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Rwanda (Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1995), 6.
92. Ibid., 7.
93. Ibid., 8.
94. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 70-71.
95. Eric Ransdell, "A Descent into Hell," U.S. News & World Report 117 (August 1, 1994): 42.
96. "Rwandan Refugees: Crime and Nourishment," Economist 335 (April 1, 1995): 35.
97. "Rwandans in Zaire: The Killers Meet Their Match," Economist 333 (December 3, 1994): 53.
98. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 81.
99. "The Flight of a Nation," Economist 332 (July 23, 1994): 37.
100. "Rwandan Refugees," 35; and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, "Burundi and Rwanda," Information Bulletin (June 1995): 2, 7.
101. "Rwandan Refugees," 35; and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, "Burundi and Rwanda," Information Bulletin (June 1995): 2, 7.
102. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 78.
103. Ibid.; and "Rwanda: In Flight," Economist 331 (May 7, 1994): 44.
104. Ibid.; and "Rwanda: In Flight," Economist 331 (May 7, 1994): 44.
105. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, "Burundi and Rwanda," 2, 10.
106. Ibid., 5.
107. Bruce Wallace, "Aftermath of Genocide," MacLean's 108 (February 6, 1995): 32, 34; and "You're Saying We Did It?" Economist 335 (June 3, 1995): 38.
108. Bruce Wallace, "Aftermath of Genocide," MacLean's 108 (February 6, 1995): 32, 34; and "You're Saying We Did It?" Economist 335 (June 3, 1995): 38.
109. "Rwandans in Zaire," 53.
110. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 78.
111. "The Flight of a Nation," 37.
112. United States Committee for Refugees, 1995 World Refugee Survey, 4.
113. Matthew J. Gibney, "Just Borders? Reflecting on the Duties of Liberal-Democratic States to Refugees." Paper presented at the annual national meeting of the International Studies Association (Chicago, Illinois, April 1995), 1-17.