Tropical forest diversity, environmental change and species augmentation: After the intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Journal of Vegetation Science

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 851-860

  Sheil, Douglas ^a  

^a CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCH   (Indonesia)

Author keywords

Community; Complexity; Dynamics; Model; Monitoring; Permanent sample plot; Simulation; Species richness; Succession

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY DYNAMICS; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE HYPOTHESIS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; TROPICAL FOREST;

EID: 0033395205     PISSN: 11009233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3237310     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (119)

1. Ågren, G.I. & Fagerström, T. 1980. Increased or decreased separation of flowering times? The joint effect of competition for space and pollination in plants. Oikos 35: 161-164.
2. Alder, D. 1995. Permanent sample plot data analysis and growth modelling for mixed tropical forest. Tropical Forestry Paper 30, Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford.
3. Allen, T.F.H. & Wileyto, E.P. 1983. A hierarchical model for the complexity of plant communities. J. Theor. Biol. 101: 529-540.
4. Attiwill, P.M. 1994. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservative management. For. Ecol. Manage. 63: 247-300.
5. Bradshaw, A.D. 1965. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Adv. Genet. 13: 115-155.
6. Brandani, A., Hartshorn, G.S. & Orians, G.H. 1988. Internal heterogeneity of gaps and species richness in Costa Rican tropical wet forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 4: 99-119.
7. Brown, N.D. & Jennings, S. 1998. Gap-size niche differentiation by tropical rainforest trees: a testable hypothesis or a broken-down bandwagon? In: Newbery, D.M., Prins, H.H.T. & Brown, N.D. (eds.) Dynamics of tropical communities, pp. 79-94. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
8. Brown, N.D. & Whitmore, T.C. 1992. Do dipterocarp seedlings really partition tropical rain forest gaps? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 335: 369-378.
9. Brünig, E.F. 1973. Species richness and stand diversity in relation to site and succession of forests in Sarawak and Brunei (Borneo). Amazoniana 3: 293-320.
10. Buechner, H.K. & Dawkins, H.C. 1961. Vegetation change induced by elephants and fire in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda. Ecology 42: 752-766.
11. Busing, R.T. 1998. Composition, structure and diversity of cove forest stands in the Great Smoky Mountains: a patch dynamics perspective. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 881-890.
12. Caley, M.J. & Schluter, D. 1997. The relationship between local and regional diversity. Ecology 78: 70-80.
13. Campbell, D.G. 1991. Gap formation in tropical forest canopy by elephants, Oveng, Gabon, Central Africa. Biotropica 23: 195-196.
14. Cannon C.H., Peart, D.P. & Leighton, M. 1998. Tree species diversity in commercially logged Bornean rainforest. Science 281: 1366-1368.
15. Clark, D.B. 1990. The role of disturbance in the regeneration of neotropical moist forests. In: Bawa, K.S. & Hadley, M. (eds.) Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants, pp. 291-315. UNESCO, Paris.
16. Clements, F.E. 1916. Plant succession. Carnegie Institute Washington Publication, 242, Washington, DC.
17. Comins, H.N. & Noble, I.R. 1985. Dispersal, variability, and transient niches: species coexistence in a uniformly variable environment. Am. Nat. 126: 706-723.
18. Condit, R., Hubbell, S.P. & Foster, R.B. 1992. The recruitment of conspecific and heterospecific saplings near adults and the maintenance of tree diversity in a tropical forest. Am. Nat. 140: 261-286.
19. Connell, J.H. 1970. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In: den Boer, P.J. & Gradwell, G.R. (eds.) Dynamics of populations, pp. 298-312. PUDOC, Wageningen.
20. Connell, J.H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199: 1302-1310.
21. Connell, J.H. 1979. Tropical rain forests and coral reefs as open non-equilibrium systems. In: Anderson, R.M., Turner, B.D. & Taylor, L.R. (eds.) Population dynamics, pp. 141-163. Blackwell, Oxford.
22. Connell, J.H. & Lowman, D.L. 1989. Low-diversity tropical rain forests: some possible mechanisms for their existence. Am. Nat. 134: 88-119.
23. Cowles, H.C. 1901. The physiographic ecology of Chicago and vicinity; a study of the origin, development, and classification of plant societies. Bot. Gaz. 31: 73-108, 145-182.
24. Denslow, J.S. 1980. Gap partitioning among tropical rainforest trees. Spec. Issue Tropical Succession. Biotropica 12: 47-55.
25. Duncan, R.P., Buckley, H.L., Urlich, S.C., Stewart, G.H. & Geritzlehner, J. 1998. Small-scale species richness in forest canopy gaps: the role of niche limitation versus the size of the species pool. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 455-460.
26. Dunning, J.B., Danielson, B.J. & Pulliam, H.R. 1992. Ecological processes that affect populations in complex landscapes. Oikos 65: 169-175.
27. Eggeling, W.J. 1947. Observations on the ecology of the Budongo rain forest, Uganda. J. Ecol. 34: 20-87.
28. Fagerström, T. 1988. Lotteries in communities of sessile organisms. Trends Ecol. Evol. 3: 303-306.
29. Fagerström, T. & Ågren, G.I. 1979. Theory for coexistence of species differing in regeneration properties. Oikos 33: 1-10.
30. Favrichon, V. 1998a. Modelling the dynamics and species composition of a tropical mixed-species uneven-aged natural forest - effects of alternative cutting regimes. For. Sci. 44: 113-124.
31. Favrichon, V. 1998b. Apports d'un modèle démographique plurispecifique pour l'étude des relations diversité/dynamique en forêt tropicale guyanaise. Ann. Sci. For. 55: 655-669.
32. Finegan, B. 1984. Forest succession. Nature 312: 109-114.
33. Foley, J.A., Levis, S., Prentice, I.C., Pollard, D. & Thompson, S.L. 1998. Coupling dynamic models of climate and vegetation. Global Change Biol. 4: 561-579.
34. Forman, R.T.T. & Godron, M. 1986. Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York, NY.
35. Fowler, N. 1988. What is a safe site?: Neighbour, litter, germination date, and patch effects. Ecology 69: 947-961.
36. Fox, J.E.D. 1972. The natural vegetation of Sabah and natural regeneration of the dipterocarp forests. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wales, Bangor.
37. Gaines, S.D. & Denny, M.W. 1993. The largest, smallest, highest, lowest, longest, and shortest: extremes in ecology. Ecology 74: 1677-1692.
38. Gaston, K.J. (ed.) 1996. Biodiversity; a biology of numbers and difference. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
39. Gleason, H.A. 1917. The structure and development of the plant association. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 44: 463-481.
40. Gleason, H.A. 1922. The vegetational history of the Middle West. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 12: 39-85.
41. Gleason, H.A. 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 53: 1-20.
42. Glenn-Lewin, D.C. & van der Maarel, E. 1992. Patterns and processes of vegetation dynamics. In: Glenn-Lewin, D.C., Peet, R.K. &. Veblen, T.T. (eds.) Plant succession: theory and prediction, pp. 11-59. Chapman and Hall, London.
43. Grubb, P.J. 1977. The maintenance of species richness in plant communities. The importance of the regeneration niche. Biol. Rev. Camb. Phil. Soc. 52: 107-145.
44. Hart, T.B. 1990. Monospecific dominance in tropical rain forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 5: 6-10.
45. Hubbell, S.P. 1979. Tree dispersion, abundance and diversity in a tropical dry forest. Science 203: 1299-1309.
46. Hubbell, S.P. 1980. Seed predation and the coexistence of tree species in tropical forests. Oikos 35: 214-229.
47. Hubbell, S.P. & Foster, R.B. 1986. Biology, chance, and history and the structure of tropical rain forest tree communities. In: Diamond, J.M. & Case, T.J. (eds.) Community ecology, pp. 314-329. Harper and Row, New York, NY.
48. Huston, M.A. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. Am. Nat. 113: 81-101.
49. Huston, M.A. 1994. Biological diversity: the coexistence of species on changing landscapes. CUP, Cambridge.
50. Hutchings, M.J. & de Kroon, H. 1994. Foraging in plants: the role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition. Adv. Ecol. Res. 25: 159-238.
51. Hutchinson, G.E. 1941. Ecological aspects of succession in natural populations. Am. Nat. 75: 406-418.
52. Janzen, D.H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Nat. 104: 501-528.
53. Janzen, D.H. 1971. Seed predation by animals. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2: 465-492.
54. Kitajima, K. & Augspurger, C.K. 1989. Seed and seedling ecology of a monocarpic tropical tree, Tachigalia versicolor. Ecology 70: 1102-1114.
55. Kohler, P. & Huth, A. 1998. The effects of tree species grouping in tropical rainforest. Ecol. Model. 109: 301-321.
56. Kohyama, T. 1992. Size-structured multi-species model of rain forest trees. Funct. Ecol. 6: 206-212.
57. Kohyama, T. 1993. Size-structured tree populations in gap-dynamic forest - the forest architecture hypothesis for the stable coexistence of species. J. Ecol. 81: 131-143.
58. Kubo, T. & Iwasa, Y. 1996. Phenological pattern of tree regeneration in a model for forest species diversity. Theor. Popul. Biol. 1, 49: 90-117.
59. Laws, R.M., Parker I.S.C. & Johnstone, R.C.B. 1975. Elephants and their habitats: the ecology of elephants in North Bunyoro, Uganda. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
60. Myster, R.W. 1997. Seed predation, disease and germination on landslides in Neotropical lower montane wet forest. J. Veg. Sci. 8: 55-64.
61. Needham, R. 1983. Against the tranquility of axioms. University of California Press, Berkely, CA.
62. Newbery, D.M., Alexander, I.J., Thomas, D.W. & Gartlan, J.S. 1988. Ectomycorrhizal rain-forest legumes and soil phosphorus in Korup National Park, Cameroon. New Phytol. 109: 433-450.
63. Palmer, M.W. 1994. Variation in species richness: towards a unification of hypotheses. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 29: 511-530.
64. Peet, R.K. 1978. Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: patterns of species diversity. Vegetatio 37: 65-78.
65. Peet, R.K. 1992. Community structure and ecosystem function. In: Glenn-Lewin, D.C., Peet, R.K. & Veblen, T.T. (eds.) Plant succession: theory and prediction, pp. 103-151. Chapman and Hall, London.
66. Peters, R.H. 1991. A critique for ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
67. 2. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12: 404.
68. Phillips, O.L., Hall, P., Gentry, A.H., Sawyer, S.A. & Vasquez, R. 1994. Dynamics and species richness of tropical rain forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 2805-2809.
69. Phillips, O.L., Hall, P., Gentry, A.H., Sawyer, S.A. & Vasquez, R. 1997. Species richness, tropical forest dynamics, and sampling: response to Sheil. Oikos 79: 183-190.
70. Pickett, S.T.A. 1980. Non-equilibrium coexistence of plants. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 107: 238-248.
71. Pickett, S.T.A. & Mc Donnell, M.J. 1989. Changing perspectives in community dynamics: a theory of successional forces. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4: 241-245.
72. Pickett, S.T.A. & White, P.S. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press Inc., Orlando, FL.
73. Prentice, I.C. 1992. Climate change and long-term vegetation dynamics. In: Glenn-Lewin, D.C., Peet, R.K. & Veblen, T.T. (eds.) Plant succession: theory and prediction, pp. 293-339. Chapman and Hall, London.
74. Pulliam, H.R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. Am. Nat. 132: 652-661.
75. Ricklefs, R.E. & Schluter, D.S. (eds.) 1993. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
76. Riswan, S., Kenworthy, J.B. & Kartawinata, K. 1985. The estimation of temporal processes in tropical rain forest: a study of primary mixed dipterocarp forest in Indonesia. J. Trop. Ecol. 1: 171-182.
77. Ross, H.H. 1972. The origin of species diversity in ecological communities. Taxon 21: 253-259.
78. Rydgren, K., Hestmark, G. & Økland, R.H. 1998. Revegetation following experimental disturbance in a boreal old-growth Picea abies forest. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 763-776.
79. Rykiel, E.J. 1985. Towards a definition of ecological disturbance. Aust. J. Ecol. 10: 361-365.
80. Schulz, J.P. 1960. Ecological studies on rain forest in northern Surinam. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgeversmij., Amsterdam.
81. Sheil, D. 1995a. A critique of permanent plot methods and analysis with examples from Budongo Forest Uganda. Forest Ecol. Manage. 77: 11-34.
82. Sheil, D. 1995b. Evaluating turnover in tropical forests. Science 268: 894.
83. Sheil, D. 1996a. Species richness, forest dynamics and sampling: questioning cause and effect. Oikos 76: 587-590.
84. Sheil, D. 1996b. The ecology of long term change in a Ugandan rain forest. Doctoral Thesis, University of Oxford.
85. Sheil, D. 1997. Further notes on species richness, forest dynamics and sampling - a reply to Phillips et al. Oikos 79: 188-190.
86. Sheil, D. 1998. A half century of permanent plot observation in Budongo Forest, Uganda: histories, highlights and hypotheses. In: Dallmeier, F. & Comiskey, J.A. (eds.) Forest biodiversity research, monitoring and modelling: Conceptual background and Old World case studies, pp. 399-428. M. A. B. UNESCO, Paris.
87. Sheil, D. 1999. Developing tests of successional hypotheses with size-structured populations, and an assessment using long-term data from a Ugandan rain forest. Plant Ecol. 140: 117-127.
88. Sheil, D., Sayer, J.A. & O'Brien, T. 1999. Tree diversity and conservation in logged rainforest. Science 284: 1587.
89. Shmida, A. & Ellner, S. 1984. Coexistence of plant species with similar niches. Vegetatio 58: 29-55.
90. Shmida, A. & Wilson, M.W. 1985. Biological determinants of species diversity. J. Biogeogr. 12: 1-20.
91. Solbrig, O.T., van Emden, H.M. & van Oordt, P.G.W.J. (eds.) 1992. Biodiversity and global change. CABI, Wallingford.
92. Sousa, W.P. 1984. The role of disturbance in natural communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 353-359.
93. Strauss-Debenedetti, S. & Bazzaz, F.A. 1991. Plasticity and acclimation to light in tropical Moraceae of different successional positions. Oecologia (Berl.) 87: 377-382.
94. Styles, B.T. 1974. Meliaceae in Uganda. East Afr. Agric. For. J. 39: 407-423.
95. Sykes, M.T., van der Maarel, E., Peet, R.K. & Willems, J.H. 1994. High species mobility in species-rich plant communities: an intercontinental comparison. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 29: 439-448.
96. ter Steege, H. 1993. Patterns in tropical rain forest in Guyana. Tropenbos Series 3, Wageningen.
97. Urban, D.L. & Shugart, H.H. 1992. Individual-based models of forest succession. In: Glenn-Lewin, D.C., Peet, R.K. & Veblen, T.T. (eds.) Plant succession: theory and prediction, pp. 249-292. Chapman & Hall, London.
98. van der Maarel, E. & Sykes, M.T. 1993. Small-scale plant species turnover in a limestone grassland: the carousel model and some comments on the niche concept. J. Veg. Sci. 4: 179-188.
99. van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1972. The mountain flora of Java. Brill, Leiden.
100. Vanclay, J.K. 1989. A growth model for North Queensland rainforests. For. Ecol. Manage. 27: 245-271.
101. Vanclay, J.K. 1994. Modelling forest growth and yield: applications to mixed tropical forests. CAB International, Oxford.
102. Vanclay, J.K. & Skovsgaard, J.P. 1997. Evaluating forest growth models. Ecol. Model. 98: 1-12.
103. Vitousek, P.M. & White, P.S. 1981. Process studies in succession. In: West, D.C., Shugart, H.H. & Botkin, D.B. (eds.) Forest succession: concepts and applications, pp. 267-276. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
104. Walker, B. & Stefan, W. 1996. Global change and terrestrial ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
105. Warner, R.R. & Chesson, P.L. 1985. Coexistence mediated by recruitment fluctuations: a field guide to the storage effect. Am. Nat. 125: 787-796.
106. Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. J. Ecol. 35: 1-22.
107. Weaver, J.E. & Clements, F.E. 1938. Plant ecology. McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
108. Weiner, J. 1995. On the practise of ecology. J. Ecol. 83: 153-158.
109. Weishampel, J.F. & Urban, D.L. 1996. Coupling a spatially-explicit forest gap model with a 3-D solar routine to simulate latitudinal effects. Ecol. Model. 86: 101-111.
110. Whitmore, T.C. 1998. An introduction to tropical rain forests, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
111. Whitmore, T.C. & Brown, N.D. 1996. Dipterocarp seedling growth in rain forest canopy gaps during six and a half years. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 351: 1195-1203.
112. Whitmore, T.C. & Burslem, D.F.R.P. 1998. Major disturbances in tropical rainforests. In: Newbery, D.M., Prins, H.H.T., Brown, N.D. (eds.) Dynamics of tropical communities, pp. 549-565. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
113. Whittaker, R.H. 1977. Evolution of species diversity in land communities. Evol. Biol. 10: 1-67.
114. Wilson, J.B., Sykes, M.T. & Peet, R.K. 1995. Time and space in the community structure of a species-rich limestone grassland. J. Veg. Sci. 6: 729-740.
115. Wilson, J.B. 1990. Mechanisms of species coexistence: twelve explanations for Hutchison's 'paradox of the plankton': evidence from New Zealand plant communities. N.Z. J. Ecol. 13: 17-42.
116. Wisheu, I.C. & Keddy, P. 1996. Three competing models for predicting the size of species pools: a test using eastern North American wetlands. Oikos 76: 253-258.
117. Young, A.C. & Muetzelfeldt, R.I. 1998. The SYMFOR tropical forest modelling framework. Commonwealth Forestry Rev. 77: 11-18, 69-70.
118. Zobel, M. 1992. Plant species coexistence - the role of historical, evolutionary and ecological factors. Oikos 65: 314- 320.
119. Zobel, M. 1997. The relative role of species pools in determining plant species richness: an alternative explanation of species coexistence? Trends Ecol. Evol. 12: 266-269.