The promise and problems of internationalism

Global Governance

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 83-101

  Lynch, Cecelia ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033247941     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-005-01-90000005     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Alejandro Colas, "Putting Cosmopolitanism into Practice: The Case of Socialist Internationalism," Millennium - Journal of International Studies 23, no. 3 (winter 1994): 515.
2. As Norberto Bobbio argues from a parallel vantage point, human rights, democracy, and peace are all elements of the same historical movement, although that movement has developed in different ways at different periods of time. Bobbio, The Age of Rights (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1996).
3. On this theme, see R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
4. Edward Hallett Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper & Row, 1946); Robert W. Cox, "Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
5. Edward Hallett Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper & Row, 1946); Robert W. Cox, "Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
6. There exist and have existed non-Western forms of internationalism, of course, in the form of norms and modes of thought prevalent in empires, religious belief systems, and cosmopolitan sentiment. The twentieth-century forms of internationalism discussed in this article, however, have emanated from Western political thought and social movements.
7. Micheline R. Ishay, Internationalism and Its Betrayal (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
8. See, especially, Robert Divine, Second Chance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America During World War II (New York: Atheneum, 1967).
9. Fred Halliday, "Three Concepts of Internationalism," International Affairs 64, no. 2 (spring 1988): 187.
10. Ibid., p. 189.
11. To understand the historical trajectory of liberal internationalism in relation to the development of international organizations, see Craig N. Murphy, International Organization and Industrial Change: Global Governance Since 1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
12. Halliday, "Three Concepts of Internationalism," pp. 193-196.
13. Ibid., pp. 188-191.
14. Ibid., p. 197.
15. Ishay, Internationalism and Its Betrayal, p. xxi.
16. For Ishay, internationalism at this juncture is analytically separate from both cosmopolitanism and universalism, although it retains some of the pretenses of each. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. John Gerard Ruggie, "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," in Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Practice of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), especially pp. 10-11. For a critique of extant multilateralism and an exposition of its alternative and possible forms, see Robert W. Cox, "An Alternative Approach to Multilateralism for the Twenty-first Century," Global Governance 3, no. 1 (Jan.-Apr. 1997): 103-116.
19. John Gerard Ruggie, "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution," in Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Practice of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), especially pp. 10-11. For a critique of extant multilateralism and an exposition of its alternative and possible forms, see Robert W. Cox, "An Alternative Approach to Multilateralism for the Twenty-first Century," Global Governance 3, no. 1 (Jan.-Apr. 1997): 103-116.
20. On socialist cosmopolitanism, see Colas, "Putting Cosmopolitanism into Practice."
21. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis.
22. See Cecelia Lynch, "E. H. Carr, International Relations Theory, and the Societal Origins of International Legal Norms," Millennium - Journal of International Studies 23, no. 3 (winter 1994).
23. David Kennedy, "The Move to Institutions," Cardozo Law Review 8, no. 5 (April 1987): 878-882.
24. Colas, "Putting Cosmopolitanism into Practice."
25. Women's groups were particularly active in famine relief. See Dorothy Detzer, Appointment on the Hill (New York: Henry Holt, 1948). On social groups' support of self-determination, see Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), pp. 37-57.
26. Women's groups were particularly active in famine relief. See Dorothy Detzer, Appointment on the Hill (New York: Henry Holt, 1948). On social groups' support of self-determination, see Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), pp. 37-57.
27. Charles DeBenedetti, The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980).
28. Adrian Pelt Papers, p. 105, League of Nations Archives, Geneva, Switzerland.
29. Memo by Gabrielle Radziwill, 17 May 1934, Adrian Pelt Papers, League of Nations Archives, Geneva, Switzerland.
30. International Federation of League of Nations Societies papers, p. 48/no. 13 (undated), League of Nations Archives, Geneva, Switzerland. See also Cecelia Lynch, Beyond Appeasement: Interpreting Interwar Peace Movements in World Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998).
31. Charles Chatfield, For Peace and Justice: Pacifism in America, 1914-1941 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1971).
32. Lawrence S. Wittner, Rebels Against War: The American Peace Movement, 1933-1983 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984), pp. 24, 28-29.
33. Warren F. Kuehl, "Internationalism," in Alexander DeConde, ed., Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy (New York: n.p., 1978).
34. Robert D. Accinelli, "Pro-U.N. Internationalists and the Early Cold War: The American Association for the United Nations and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1947-52," Diplomatic History 9 (fall 1985): 349. See also Kuehl, "Internationalism."
35. Robert D. Accinelli, "Pro-U.N. Internationalists and the Early Cold War: The American Association for the United Nations and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1947-52," Diplomatic History 9 (fall 1985): 349. See also Kuehl, "Internationalism."
36. Accinelli, "Pro-U.N. Internationalists and the Early Cold War," p. 362.
37. Ibid., p. 359.
38. This was because "international habits and interests" were being created that allegedly modified nationalistic perceptions and advanced internationalist thinking. Address by Boyd C. Shafer, discussed in Kuehl, "Internationalism."
39. Warren F. Kuehl, "Webs of Common Interests Revisited: Nationalism, Internationalism, and Historians of American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 10, no. 2 (spring 1986): 118-119.
40. Here see both Walker, Inside/Outside, and Cox, "An Alternative Approach to Multilateralism for the Twenty-first Century."
41. Here see both Walker, Inside/Outside, and Cox, "An Alternative Approach to Multilateralism for the Twenty-first Century."
42. Lynch, Beyond Appeasement.
43. See, for example, Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
44. Such as the Clinton administration. See ibid, and Fernando R. Tesòn, "The Kantian Theory of International Law," Columbia Law Review 92 (January 1992): 92-93.
45. Such as the Clinton administration. See ibid, and Fernando R. Tesòn, "The Kantian Theory of International Law," Columbia Law Review 92 (January 1992): 92-93.
46. Networks of these groups are proliferating. They include NGO Voice (Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies) within the Liaison Committee of NGOs to the European Union; ACT (Action by Churches Together); and the International Council of Voluntary Agencies, all based in Geneva; and InterAction, based in Washington, D.C. See also Antonio Donini, "Asserting Humanitarianism in Peace-Maintenance," Global Governance 4, no. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1998): 81-96; Amir Pasic and Thomas G. Weiss, "Yugoslavia's Wars and the Humanitarian Impulse," Ethics and International Affairs 11 (1997): 105-132.
47. Networks of these groups are proliferating. They include NGO Voice (Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies) within the Liaison Committee of NGOs to the European Union; ACT (Action by Churches Together); and the International Council of Voluntary Agencies, all based in Geneva; and InterAction, based in Washington, D.C. See also Antonio Donini, "Asserting Humanitarianism in Peace-Maintenance," Global Governance 4, no. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1998): 81-96; Amir Pasic and Thomas G. Weiss, "Yugoslavia's Wars and the Humanitarian Impulse," Ethics and International Affairs 11 (1997): 105-132.
48. The views expressed in the Davos Forum, which organizes meetings of business and government leaders, economists, and others, are emblematic of this type of globalization.
49. "We the Peoples" Conference, San Francisco, June 1995. These activists come together most frequently at the NGO forums of recent UN conferences (Rio de Janeiro, Vienna, Copenhagen, Beijing, Istanbul); some have created a new organization, the International Forum on Globalization, located in San Francisco. The IFG has held teach-ins on globalization during the past several years in New York; Washington, D.C.; and Berkeley, California. See also Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith, eds., The Case Against the Global Economy, and for a Turn Toward the Local (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996).
50. Stanley Hoffmann, Duties Beyond Borders: On the Limits and Possibilities of Ethical International Politics (Syracuse, N. Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1981).
51. See, among others, Michael Doyle, "Kant, Liberal Legacies, and World Affairs, Part I," Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (summer 1983); Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Democracy and Peace," Journal of Peace Research 29 (November 1992).
52. See, among others, Michael Doyle, "Kant, Liberal Legacies, and World Affairs, Part I," Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (summer 1983); Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Democracy and Peace," Journal of Peace Research 29 (November 1992).
53. See, among others, Michael Doyle, "Kant, Liberal Legacies, and World Affairs, Part I," Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (summer 1983); Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Democracy and Peace," Journal of Peace Research 29 (November 1992).
54. Tesòn, "The Kantian Theory of International Law." This speaks to the messianic interventionism that Michael Doyle refers to in his article, "Kant, Liberal Legacies, and World Affairs, Part I." For a discussion of the twin aspects (peace and war) of liberalism, see John M. Owen IV, Liberal Peace, Liberal War, American Politics and International Security (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997).
55. Tesòn, "The Kantian Theory of International Law." This speaks to the messianic interventionism that Michael Doyle refers to in his article, "Kant, Liberal Legacies, and World Affairs, Part I." For a discussion of the twin aspects (peace and war) of liberalism, see John M. Owen IV, Liberal Peace, Liberal War, American Politics and International Security (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997).
56. Tesòn, "The Kantian Theory of International Law." This speaks to the messianic interventionism that Michael Doyle refers to in his article, "Kant, Liberal Legacies, and World Affairs, Part I." For a discussion of the twin aspects (peace and war) of liberalism, see John M. Owen IV, Liberal Peace, Liberal War, American Politics and International Security (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997).
57. For example, some NGOs train with the U.S. Army, others receive a majority of their funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development, and still others attempt to distance themselves from U.S. military or financial control. These positions and the conflicts within them have been discussed at recent conferences bringing together NGOs, U.S. State Department officials, and UN officials. These include "We the Peoples: Building Peace," New York, UN, September 1994 (sponsored by the UN Department of Public Information, NGO section), and "Managing Chaos," U.S. Institute of Peace, November 1994.
58. Martha Finnemore, "Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention," in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
59. John Gerard Ruggie, "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order," International Organization 36, no. 2 (spring 1982); Ruggie, "At Home Abroad, Abroad at Home: International Liberalisation and Domestic Stability in the New World Economy," Millennium - Journal of International Studies 24, no. 3 (winter 1995). Some market internationalists, however, recognize the problems associated with increasingly unregulated trade and finance. See Ethan B. Kapstein, "Workers and the World Economy," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 3 (May-June 1996): 16-37.
60. John Gerard Ruggie, "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order," International Organization 36, no. 2 (spring 1982); Ruggie, "At Home Abroad, Abroad at Home: International Liberalisation and Domestic Stability in the New World Economy," Millennium - Journal of International Studies 24, no. 3 (winter 1995). Some market internationalists, however, recognize the problems associated with increasingly unregulated trade and finance. See Ethan B. Kapstein, "Workers and the World Economy," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 3 (May-June 1996): 16-37.
61. John Gerard Ruggie, "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order," International Organization 36, no. 2 (spring 1982); Ruggie, "At Home Abroad, Abroad at Home: International Liberalisation and Domestic Stability in the New World Economy," Millennium - Journal of International Studies 24, no. 3 (winter 1995). Some market internationalists, however, recognize the problems associated with increasingly unregulated trade and finance. See Ethan B. Kapstein, "Workers and the World Economy," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 3 (May-June 1996): 16-37.
62. International Forum on Globalization, Statement of Purpose, San Francisco, 1996.
63. Colin Hines, "The New Protectionism: What It Is - Why It Is Coming," 10 November 1995, published by the IFG, 1996; see also Cecelia Lynch, "Social Movements and the Problem of Globalization," Alternatives 23, no. 2 (April-June 1998).
64. Colin Hines, "The New Protectionism: What It Is - Why It Is Coming," 10 November 1995, published by the IFG, 1996; see also Cecelia Lynch, "Social Movements and the Problem of Globalization," Alternatives 23, no. 2 (April-June 1998).
65. Donini, "Asserting Humanitarianism in Peace-Maintenance," p. 88.
66. These are often called failed or collapsed states. I believe such terms should be used with caution, but the problems presented for internationalist action in such cases are very real. For a good discussion, see the articles in the Special Issue on Peace-Maintenance Operations, Jarat Chopra, ed., Global Governance 4, no. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1998).