Introducing peace-maintenance

Global Governance

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-18

  Chopra, Jarat ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0031617164     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00401002     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Jarat Chopra and Thomas G. Weiss, "Sovereignty is no Longer Sacrosanct: Codifying Humanitarian Intervention," Ethics and International Affairs 6 (1992): 95-117.
2. Dan Smith, "Towards Understanding the Causes of War," in Ketil Volden and Dan Smith, eds., Causes of Conflict in the Third World (Oslo: North/South Coalition and International Peace Research Institute, 1997), pp. 9-10.
3. John Mackinlay and Jarat Chopra, "Second Generation Multinational Operations," The Washington Quarterly 15, no. 3 (summer 1992): 113-131.
4. See for instance, Ruth B. Russell, A History of The United Nations Charter: The Role of the United States 1940-1945 (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1958), especially chap. V.
5. Compare Thomas G. Weiss and Jarat Chopra, United Nations Peacekeeping: An ACUNS Teaching Text (Hanover, N.H.: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 1992); Alan James, Peacekeeping in International Politics (London: Macmillan and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1990); United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping, 2nd ed. (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1990).
6. Compare Thomas G. Weiss and Jarat Chopra, United Nations Peacekeeping: An ACUNS Teaching Text (Hanover, N.H.: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 1992); Alan James, Peacekeeping in International Politics (London: Macmillan and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1990); United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping, 2nd ed. (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1990).
7. Compare Thomas G. Weiss and Jarat Chopra, United Nations Peacekeeping: An ACUNS Teaching Text (Hanover, N.H.: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 1992); Alan James, Peacekeeping in International Politics (London: Macmillan and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1990); United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping, 2nd ed. (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1990).
8. These were enunciated in the instructions for the establishment of the Second United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF II): "Report of the Secretary-General on the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 340 (1973)," UN Doc. S/11052/Rev. 1 of 27 October 1973. For a personal account of their drafting, see Brian Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), pp. 241-242.
9. On the perceptions at the time of this critical mass point, see the special issue on "United Nations Peace-Keeping," Jarat Chopra, ed., Survival 32, no. 3 (May-June 1990).
10. See further John Mackinlay and Jarat Chopra, A Draft Concept of Second Generation Multinational Operations, 1993 (Providence, R.I.: Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, 1993).
11. Compare Jarat Chopra, "Achilles' Heel in Somalia: Learning from a Conceptual Failure," Texas International Law Journal 31, no. 3 (summer 1996): 495-525; Chopra, "Fighting for truth at the UN," Crosslines Global Report 4(8), no. 26 (November 1996): 7-9.
12. Compare Jarat Chopra, "Achilles' Heel in Somalia: Learning from a Conceptual Failure," Texas International Law Journal 31, no. 3 (summer 1996): 495-525; Chopra, "Fighting for truth at the UN," Crosslines Global Report 4(8), no. 26 (November 1996): 7-9.
13. "Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations," UN Doc. A/50/60 and S/1995/1 of 3 January 1995, par. 36, par. 77-80.
14. UN Press Release SG/SM/5518 of 5 January 1995, pp. 5-6.
15. Compare Alan James, "Is there a second generation of peacekeeping?" International Peacekeeping 1, no. 4 (September-November 1994): 110-113; the panel on "UN Peacekeeping: An Early Reckoning of the Second Generation," Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, 1995, pp. 275-291; Boutros Boutros-Ghali, "Introduction," in United Nations, The Blue Helmets, 3d ed. (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1996), p. 5; Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia, Dishonoured Legacy: The Lessons of the Somalia Affair, Vol. 1 (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1997), pp. 184-185.
16. Compare Alan James, "Is there a second generation of peacekeeping?" International Peacekeeping 1, no. 4 (September-November 1994): 110-113; the panel on "UN Peacekeeping: An Early Reckoning of the Second Generation," Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, 1995, pp. 275-291; Boutros Boutros-Ghali, "Introduction," in United Nations, The Blue Helmets, 3d ed. (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1996), p. 5; Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia, Dishonoured Legacy: The Lessons of the Somalia Affair, Vol. 1 (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1997), pp. 184-185.
17. Compare Alan James, "Is there a second generation of peacekeeping?" International Peacekeeping 1, no. 4 (September-November 1994): 110-113; the panel on "UN Peacekeeping: An Early Reckoning of the Second Generation," Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, 1995, pp. 275-291; Boutros Boutros-Ghali, "Introduction," in United Nations, The Blue Helmets, 3d ed. (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1996), p. 5; Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia, Dishonoured Legacy: The Lessons of the Somalia Affair, Vol. 1 (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1997), pp. 184-185.
18. Compare Alan James, "Is there a second generation of peacekeeping?" International Peacekeeping 1, no. 4 (September-November 1994): 110-113; the panel on "UN Peacekeeping: An Early Reckoning of the Second Generation," Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, 1995, pp. 275-291; Boutros Boutros-Ghali, "Introduction," in United Nations, The Blue Helmets, 3d ed. (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1996), p. 5; Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia, Dishonoured Legacy: The Lessons of the Somalia Affair, Vol. 1 (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1997), pp. 184-185.
19. Edmund T. Piasecki, "Making and Keeping the Peace," in John Tessitore and Susan Woolfson, eds., A Global Agenda: Issues Before the 48th General Assembly of the United Nations (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1993), pp. 2, 3.
20. Compare Michael W. Doyle, UN Peacekeeping in Cambodia: UNTAC's Civil Mandate (Boulder: Lynne Rienner/International Peace Academy, 1995), pp. 76, 79.
21. Compare the casual usage in discussions at the General Assembly, UN Press Releases GA/SPD/77 of 15 November 1995, p. 4; GA/PK/137 of 1 April 1996, p. 8; and PI/993 WOM/953 of 7 March 1997, p. 2. Also compare the press usage in, for instance, Nirmal Mitra, "India Criticizes Unwelcome U.N. Help," India Abroad, 15 December 1995, p. 12, as opposed to Gilonne d'Origny, "Western Sahara's Difficult Path," The Washington Times, 3 July 1997, p. A17.
22. Compare the casual usage in discussions at the General Assembly, UN Press Releases GA/SPD/77 of 15 November 1995, p. 4; GA/PK/137 of 1 April 1996, p. 8; and PI/993 WOM/953 of 7 March 1997, p. 2. Also compare the press usage in, for instance, Nirmal Mitra, "India Criticizes Unwelcome U.N. Help," India Abroad, 15 December 1995, p. 12, as opposed to Gilonne d'Origny, "Western Sahara's Difficult Path," The Washington Times, 3 July 1997, p. A17.
23. James A. Baker, III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1995), p. xv.
24. On the articulation of the specific ingredients for this in a particular case, see Jarat Chopra, "A Chance for Peace in Western Sahara," Survival 39, no. 3 (au-tumn 1997): 51-65.
25. See further the debate on the feasibility and morality of peace-maintenance in Duane Bratt, "Rebuilding Fractured Societies," Security Dialogue 28, no. 2 (June 1997): 173-176, and Jarat Chopra, "The Peace-Maintenance Response," Security Dialogue 28, no. 2 (June 1997): 177-189.
26. See further the debate on the feasibility and morality of peace-maintenance in Duane Bratt, "Rebuilding Fractured Societies," Security Dialogue 28, no. 2 (June 1997): 173-176, and Jarat Chopra, "The Peace-Maintenance Response," Security Dialogue 28, no. 2 (June 1997): 177-189.
27. Compare Ramsay Clark, The Fire This Time: U.S. War Crimes In the Gulf (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1992); Kaiyan Homi Kaikobad, "Self-Defence, Enforcement Action and the Gulf Wars, 1980-88 and 1990-91," British Year Book of International Law 1992, (1993), pp. 333-335.
28. Compare Ramsay Clark, The Fire This Time: U.S. War Crimes In the Gulf (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1992); Kaiyan Homi Kaikobad, "Self-Defence, Enforcement Action and the Gulf Wars, 1980-88 and 1990-91," British Year Book of International Law 1992, (1993), pp. 333-335.
29. On the principles of this kind of activity, see further Chester Crocker, High Noon In Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1992), chap. 19, 20.
30. Compare Jarat Chopra and Thomas G. Weiss, "Prospects for Containing Conflict in the Former Second World," Security Studies 4, no. 3 (spring 1995): 552-583.