Asserting humanitarianism in peace-maintenance

Global Governance

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 81-96

  Donini, Antonio ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032221405     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00401006     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. See Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal, Humanitarianism Unbound? Current Dilemmas Facing Multi-Mandate Relief Operations in Political Emergencies (London: African Rights, November 1994). The ethical debate is summarized in Joanna Macrae, "The Origins of Unease," unpublished paper presented at a seminar on "Ethics in Humanitarian Aid," Dublin, 9-10 December 1996.
2. See Rakiya Omaar and Alex de Waal, Humanitarianism Unbound? Current Dilemmas Facing Multi-Mandate Relief Operations in Political Emergencies (London: African Rights, November 1994). The ethical debate is summarized in Joanna Macrae, "The Origins of Unease," unpublished paper presented at a seminar on "Ethics in Humanitarian Aid," Dublin, 9-10 December 1996.
3. See the recommendations contained in the Synthesis Report of the multidonor evaluation of emergency assistance to Rwanda, John Eriksson et al., The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwandan Experience, vol. 5 (Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, March 1996). Among the spate of publications issued in conjunction with the fiftieth anniversary of the UN, see Erskine Childers with Brian Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System (Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 1994), where the authors argue for a consolidation of the UN system relief agencies - including UNHCR, WFP, and UNICEF - into a single entity. Similar proposals have been made by: Gareth Evans in Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond (St. Leonards, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 1993), pp. 178-179; Oxfam in a paper circulated in January 1995 (and now reposted in the electronic Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, Cambridge University, http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk); and in a "nonpaper" distributed by the U.S. delegation at ECOSOC in July 1995. A more radical proposal for the "internationalization" of ICRC or for the creation of a separate, non-UN organization, for the provision of emergency relief was made by James Ingram, former head of WFP, "The Future Architecture for International Humanitarian Assistance," in Thomas G. Weiss and Larry Minear, eds., Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 171-193.
4. See the recommendations contained in the Synthesis Report of the multidonor evaluation of emergency assistance to Rwanda, John Eriksson et al., The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwandan Experience, vol. 5 (Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, March 1996). Among the spate of publications issued in conjunction with the fiftieth anniversary of the UN, see Erskine Childers with Brian Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System (Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 1994), where the authors argue for a consolidation of the UN system relief agencies - including UNHCR, WFP, and UNICEF - into a single entity. Similar proposals have been made by: Gareth Evans in Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond (St. Leonards, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 1993), pp. 178-179; Oxfam in a paper circulated in January 1995 (and now reposted in the electronic Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, Cambridge University, http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk); and in a "nonpaper" distributed by the U.S. delegation at ECOSOC in July 1995. A more radical proposal for the "internationalization" of ICRC or for the creation of a separate, non-UN organization, for the provision of emergency relief was made by James Ingram, former head of WFP, "The Future Architecture for International Humanitarian Assistance," in Thomas G. Weiss and Larry Minear, eds., Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 171-193.
5. See the recommendations contained in the Synthesis Report of the multidonor evaluation of emergency assistance to Rwanda, John Eriksson et al., The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwandan Experience, vol. 5 (Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, March 1996). Among the spate of publications issued in conjunction with the fiftieth anniversary of the UN, see Erskine Childers with Brian Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System (Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 1994), where the authors argue for a consolidation of the UN system relief agencies - including UNHCR, WFP, and UNICEF - into a single entity. Similar proposals have been made by: Gareth Evans in Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond (St. Leonards, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 1993), pp. 178-179; Oxfam in a paper circulated in January 1995 (and now reposted in the electronic Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, Cambridge University, http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk); and in a "nonpaper" distributed by the U.S. delegation at ECOSOC in July 1995. A more radical proposal for the "internationalization" of ICRC or for the creation of a separate, non-UN organization, for the provision of emergency relief was made by James Ingram, former head of WFP, "The Future Architecture for International Humanitarian Assistance," in Thomas G. Weiss and Larry Minear, eds., Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 171-193.
6. See the recommendations contained in the Synthesis Report of the multidonor evaluation of emergency assistance to Rwanda, John Eriksson et al., The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwandan Experience, vol. 5 (Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, March 1996). Among the spate of publications issued in conjunction with the fiftieth anniversary of the UN, see Erskine Childers with Brian Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System (Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 1994), where the authors argue for a consolidation of the UN system relief agencies - including UNHCR, WFP, and UNICEF - into a single entity. Similar proposals have been made by: Gareth Evans in Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond (St. Leonards, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 1993), pp. 178-179; Oxfam in a paper circulated in January 1995 (and now reposted in the electronic Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, Cambridge University, http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk); and in a "nonpaper" distributed by the U.S. delegation at ECOSOC in July 1995. A more radical proposal for the "internationalization" of ICRC or for the creation of a separate, non-UN organization, for the provision of emergency relief was made by James Ingram, former head of WFP, "The Future Architecture for International Humanitarian Assistance," in Thomas G. Weiss and Larry Minear, eds., Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 171-193.
7. See the recommendations contained in the Synthesis Report of the multidonor evaluation of emergency assistance to Rwanda, John Eriksson et al., The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwandan Experience, vol. 5 (Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, March 1996). Among the spate of publications issued in conjunction with the fiftieth anniversary of the UN, see Erskine Childers with Brian Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System (Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 1994), where the authors argue for a consolidation of the UN system relief agencies - including UNHCR, WFP, and UNICEF - into a single entity. Similar proposals have been made by: Gareth Evans in Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990s and Beyond (St. Leonards, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 1993), pp. 178-179; Oxfam in a paper circulated in January 1995 (and now reposted in the electronic Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, Cambridge University, http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk); and in a "nonpaper" distributed by the U.S. delegation at ECOSOC in July 1995. A more radical proposal for the "internationalization" of ICRC or for the creation of a separate, non-UN organization, for the provision of emergency relief was made by James Ingram, former head of WFP, "The Future Architecture for International Humanitarian Assistance," in Thomas G. Weiss and Larry Minear, eds., Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 171-193.
8. Martin van Creveld, On Future War (London: Brassey's, 1991); David Keen and Ken Wilson, "Engaging with Violence: A Reassessment of the Role of Relief in Wartime," in Joanna Macrae and Anthony Zwi, War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies (London: Zed Press, 1994), pp. 209-222.
9. Martin van Creveld, On Future War (London: Brassey's, 1991); David Keen and Ken Wilson, "Engaging with Violence: A Reassessment of the Role of Relief in Wartime," in Joanna Macrae and Anthony Zwi, War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies (London: Zed Press, 1994), pp. 209-222.
10. Compare Larry Minear and Philippe Guillot, Soldiers to the Rescue: Humanitarian Lessons from Rwanda (Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1996).
11. See further, Antonio Donini, The Policies of Mercy: UN Coordination in Afghanistan, Mozambique, and Rwanda (Providence, R.I.: Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, 1996), pp. 77-80; compare Peter Uvin and Isabelle Biagiotti, "Global Governance and the 'New' Political Conditionality," Global Governance 2, no. 3 (September-December 1996): 377-400.
12. See further, Antonio Donini, The Policies of Mercy: UN Coordination in Afghanistan, Mozambique, and Rwanda (Providence, R.I.: Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, 1996), pp. 77-80; compare Peter Uvin and Isabelle Biagiotti, "Global Governance and the 'New' Political Conditionality," Global Governance 2, no. 3 (September-December 1996): 377-400.
13. See further, Mark Duffield, "NGO relief in war zones: towards an analysis of the new aid paradigm," Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1997): 527-542; Antonio Donini, "The bureaucracy and the free spirits: stagnation and innovation in the relationship between the UN and NGOs," Third World Quarterly 16, no. 3 (September 1995): 421-439.
14. See further, Mark Duffield, "NGO relief in war zones: towards an analysis of the new aid paradigm," Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1997): 527-542; Antonio Donini, "The bureaucracy and the free spirits: stagnation and innovation in the relationship between the UN and NGOs," Third World Quarterly 16, no. 3 (September 1995): 421-439.
15. This "New Partnership Initiative" was announced by U.S. vice-president Al Gore in his statement at the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, March 1995. See Barbara Crossette, "Gore Says U.S. Will Shift More Foreign Aid To Private Groups," The New York Times, 13 March 1995, p. A7.
16. UNDHA estimates based on U.S. State Department data, February 1997.
17. Compare Ian Smillie, "NGOs and development assistance: a change in mind-set?" Third World Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1997): 563-577.
18. Compare Peter Uvin, Development, Aid and Conflict: Reflections from the Case of Rwanda (Helsinki: United Nations University (UNU)/World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER), 1996).
19. For more on the "white car syndrome," see the lessons learned report by Antonio Donini, Eric Dudley, and Ron Ockwell, Afghanistan: Coordination in a Fragmented State (New York: United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, December 1996), pp. 41-42.
20. William Reno, "Humanitarian Emergencies and Warlord Politics in Liberia and Sierra Leone," paper presented to the WIDER conference on "The Political Economy of Humanitarian Emergencies", Helsinki, 6-8 October 1996; and "Privatizing War in Sierra Leone," Current History 96, no. 610 (May 1997): 227-230. On Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone, see also Elizabeth Rubin, "An Army of One's Own," Harper's Magazine (February 1997): 44-55. On this practice by the United States, see Ken Silverstein, "Privatizing War: How Affairs of State are Outsourced to Corporations Beyond Public Control," The Nation (28 July-4 August 1997): 11-17.
21. William Reno, "Humanitarian Emergencies and Warlord Politics in Liberia and Sierra Leone," paper presented to the WIDER conference on "The Political Economy of Humanitarian Emergencies", Helsinki, 6-8 October 1996; and "Privatizing War in Sierra Leone," Current History 96, no. 610 (May 1997): 227-230. On Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone, see also Elizabeth Rubin, "An Army of One's Own," Harper's Magazine (February 1997): 44-55. On this practice by the United States, see Ken Silverstein, "Privatizing War: How Affairs of State are Outsourced to Corporations Beyond Public Control," The Nation (28 July-4 August 1997): 11-17.
22. William Reno, "Humanitarian Emergencies and Warlord Politics in Liberia and Sierra Leone," paper presented to the WIDER conference on "The Political Economy of Humanitarian Emergencies", Helsinki, 6-8 October 1996; and "Privatizing War in Sierra Leone," Current History 96, no. 610 (May 1997): 227-230. On Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone, see also Elizabeth Rubin, "An Army of One's Own," Harper's Magazine (February 1997): 44-55. On this practice by the United States, see Ken Silverstein, "Privatizing War: How Affairs of State are Outsourced to Corporations Beyond Public Control," The Nation (28 July-4 August 1997): 11-17.
23. William Reno, "Humanitarian Emergencies and Warlord Politics in Liberia and Sierra Leone," paper presented to the WIDER conference on "The Political Economy of Humanitarian Emergencies", Helsinki, 6-8 October 1996; and "Privatizing War in Sierra Leone," Current History 96, no. 610 (May 1997): 227-230. On Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone, see also Elizabeth Rubin, "An Army of One's Own," Harper's Magazine (February 1997): 44-55. On this practice by the United States, see Ken Silverstein, "Privatizing War: How Affairs of State are Outsourced to Corporations Beyond Public Control," The Nation (28 July-4 August 1997): 11-17.
24. Cited in Reno, "Humanitarian Emergencies."
25. François Jean and Jean-Cristophe Rufin, Economie des guerres civiles (Paris: Hachette, 1996).
26. See Macrae, "The Origins of Unease."
27. Donini et al., Afghanistan, pp. 39-41.
28. For Secretary-General Kofi Annan's reform proposals, see "Renewing the United Nations: Programme for Reform," UN Doc. A/51/1950 of 16 July 1997.
29. The possible elements of a more unitary approach to the UN's involvements in weak or fragmented states is described in Donini et al., Afghanistan, pp. 42-50. The strategic framework for recovery and reconstruction, and the preconditions for operationalizing it, are currently being discussed in various UN fora, in particular in the Consultative Committee on Program and Operational questions (see the consultant's report prepared by Hugh Cholmondeley, "The Role of the United Nations System in Post-Conflict Recovery," Doc. ACC/1996/POQ/CPP 16 Rev of 20 September 1996).
30. Statement by Jan Pronk, minister of development cooperation of the Netherlands at the UNHCR/IPA Conference on "Healing the Wounds: Refugees, Reconstruction and Reconciliation," Princeton University, July 1996.