The making of an imperial icon: The case of Warren Hastings

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 1-16

  Marshall, P J ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0033246964     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086539908583071     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. 'India', in The Reign of Queen Victoria. A Survey of Fifty Years of Progress, ed., Thomas Humphry Ward, 2 vols. (London, 1887), I, 508.
2. John Morley, Recollections, 2 vols. (London, 1917), II, 240.
3. The Story of Nuncomar and the Impeachment of Sir Elijah Impey, 2 vols. (London, 1885).
4. India (London, 1888), 192-5.
5. Hastings and the Rohilla War (Oxford, 1892).
6. Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey: A Biography (Harmondsworth, 1971), 172-3, 222-9.
7. Speech at Derby, 28 July 1904, Lord Curzon's India, ed., Sir T. Raleigh (London, 1906), 53, 56.
8. See the theses in progress of Robert Travers of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and of Neil Sen of University College, London. See Neil Sen, 'Warren Hastings and British Sovereign Authority in Bengal, 1774-80', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 25 (1997), 59-81. I am grateful to Mr Travers for kindly letting me see unpublished papers and draft chapters.
9. P. J. Marshall, 'Introduction', The Oxford History of the British Empire, II, The Eighteenth Century, Marshall ed. (Oxford, 1998), 4-9; H. V. Bowen, 'British Conceptions of Global Empire, 1765-83', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 26 (1998), 1-27.
10. P. J. Marshall, 'Introduction', The Oxford History of the British Empire, II, The Eighteenth Century, Marshall ed. (Oxford, 1998), 4-9; H. V. Bowen, 'British Conceptions of Global Empire, 1765-83', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 26 (1998), 1-27.
11. Commons Journals, 10 May 1773, XXXIV, 308.
12. 'On Refinement in the Arts', Philosophical Works of David Hume, eds., T. H. Green and T. H. Grose, 4 vols. (reprint Allen, 1964), III, 305.
13. (London, 1768), 58.
14. Cited in H. V. Bowen, Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics 1757-73 (Cambridge, 1991), 25.
15. B[ritish] L[ibrary], Add MS 18469, ff. 20-30.
16. G. R. Gleig, Memoirs of the Life of the Right Honourable Warren Hastings, 3 vols. (London, 1841), I, 285
17. Ibid., I, 293.
18. Ibid., I, 332.
19. Minute of 3 July 1775, Minutes of Evidence taken at the Trial of Warren Hastings, Esquire (London 1788-94), 1073.
20. The contrast between British concepts of the 'absolute dominion of the single sovereign state' and the Mughal process of 'alliance-making and breaking' is extensively developed in André Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-century Maratha Svarjya (Cambridge, 1986), especially 382.
21. M. E. Monckton Jones, Warren Hastings in Bengal 1772-4 (Oxford, 1918), 191.
22. Gleig, I, 472.
23. These are examined in Sen, 'Warren Hastings and British Sovereign Authority'.
24. Gleig, I, 368.
25. I owe these points to Robert Travers.
26. See notes for his counsel at the impeachment in which he wrote that the Company by entering into 'solemn treaties' with Indian rulers acknowledged their 'independent and sovereign rights', 'Brief for First Charge, vol. II', James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota, MSS 1786, fHa.
27. Sophia Weitzman, Warren Hastings and Philip Francis (Manchester, 1929), 87-8.
28. Gleig, I, 373-5.
29. Letter to Directors, 30 April 1781, Oriental and India Office Collections, E/4/39, 322.
30. Letter of 14 Jan. 1775, BL, Add MS 29136, f. 17.
31. Boswell's Life of Johnson, ed., George Birkbeck Hill, revised L. F. Powell, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1934), IV, 70.
32. Monckton Jones, 156.
33. Gleig, I, 404.
34. S. C. Sanial, 'The History of the Calcutta Madrassa', Bengal Past and Present, 8 (1914), 105.
35. Wilton Oldham, Historical and Statistical Memoir of the Ghazeepoor District, 2 pts. (Allahabad, 1870-6), II, 12.
36. Letter of Margaret to Joseph Fowke, 11 Jan. 1785, cited in Ian Woodfield, 'The "Hindostannie Air": English Attempts to Understand Indian Music in the Late Eighteenth Century', Journal of the Royal Musical Association, 119 (1994), 194.
37. Cf. the account of the patronage of Muhammad Ali, Walajah, in J. D. Gurney, 'Fresh Light on the Character of the Nawab of Arcof, in Statesmen, Scholars and Merchants. Essays in Eighteenth-century History presented to Dame Lucy Sutherland, eds., Anne Whiteman, J. S. Bromley, P. G. M. Dickson (Oxford, 1973), 240.
38. John R. McLane, Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-century Bengal (Cambridge, 1993), 13.
39. See material on him in P. J. Marshall, 'Indian Officials under the East India Company in Eighteenth-century Bengal', in Marshall, Trade and Conquest: Studies in the Rise of British Dominance in India (Aldershot, 1993).
40. L. S. Sutherland, 'New Evidence on the Nandakuma Trial', English Historical Review, LXXII (1957), 462-3.
41. Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, VI, The Launching of the Hastings Impeachment, 1786-1788, ed., P. J. Marshall (Oxford, 1991), 294.
42. Ibid., VI, 311, 350.
43. Speech of 28 May 1794, Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke, VII, The Hastings Trial 1789-94, ed., P. J. Marshall (Oxford, 2000), 257.
44. Burke, who was no Anglicizer and professed a deep respect for Indian culture, still looked askance at what he knew of Hasting's acts of patronage. 'I do not blame his Gentoo piety, when I find no Christian piety in the man. Let him take refuge in any superstitions he pleases' (Speech of 3 June 1794, ibid., 341).
45. Cited in P. J. Marshall, '"Cornwallis Triumphant": War in India and the British Public in the Late Eighteenth Century', in War, Strategy and International Politics: Essays in Honour of Sir Michael Howard, eds., Lawrence Freedman, Paul Hayes, Robert O'Neill (Oxford, 1992), 72.
46. Speech of 4 April 1794, The Parliamentary History of England from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803, ed., W. Cobbett, 36 vols. (London, 1806-20), XXXI, 159.
47. Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780-1830 (London, 1989), 100.
48. Address of 2 June 1791, Speeches of the Managers and Counsel in the Trial of Warren Hastings, ed., E. A. Bond, 4 vols (London, 1859-61), II, 519, 521.
49. [John Scott], A Letter from Major Scott to Philip Francis, Esq, (London, 1791).
50. The Sun, 21 April 1794.
51. The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, eds., T. W. Copeland, etc., 10 vols. (Cambridge, 1958-70), VIII, 426.
52. Gleig, III, 460.
53. Annals of Thomas Banks. Sculptor, Royal Academician, ed., C. F. Bell (Cambridge, 1938), 110.
54. Mildred Archer, The India Office Collection of Paintings and Sculpture (London, 1986), 95-6.
55. John King to Walker King, 26 Feb. 1821, Sheffield City Libraries, Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments, Bk. 31.
56. Javed Majeed, Ungoverned Imaginings: James Mill's History of British India (Oxford, 1992), 149.
57. The History of British India, 10 vols. (London, 1858), III, 412.
58. Ibid., V, 198-9.
59. Letters of Thomas Babington Macaulay, ed., Thomas Pinney, 6 vols. (London, 1974-81), III, 361-2.