Alpha-1-noradrenergic neurotransmission, corticosterone, and behavioral depression

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 46, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 1287-1300

  Stone, Eric A ^a   Quartermain, David ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

alpha 1 adrenergic receptor; Corticosterone; Depression; Noradrenergic system

Indexed keywords

2 (2 METHOXY 1,4 BENZODIOXAN 2 YL) 2 IMIDAZOLINE; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; ATIPAMEZOLE; BETAXOLOL; CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE; CORTICOSTERONE; PRAZOSIN;

ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORTICOSTEROID BLOOD LEVEL; DEPRESSION; DOSE RESPONSE; DOSE TIME EFFECT RELATION; IMMOBILIZATION STRESS; MALE; MOUSE; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION;

ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; BETAXOLOL; CORTICOSTERONE; DEPRESSION; IMIDAZOLES; MALE; MICE; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; NOREPINEPHRINE; PRAZOSIN; RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, ALPHA-1; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL;

EID: 0033232495     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00234-6     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. 1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in mouse. J Neurochem. 65:1995;2387-2392.
2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. 1994;317-342 American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
3. Andreatini R., Leite J.R. The effect of corticosterone in rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze and to pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions. Prog Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 18:1994;1333-1347.
4. 2-adrenergic receptors in the cerebral cortex of controls and suicide victims. Brain Res. 630:1993;271-282.
5. Armario A., Gil M., Marti J., Pol O., Balasch J. Influence of various acute stressors on the activity of adult male rats in a holeboard and in the forced swim test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 39:1991;373-377.
6. Arner P., Kriegholm E., Engfeldt P. In situ studies of catecholamine-induced lipolysis in human adipose tissue using microdialysis. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 254:1990;284-288.
7. Asnis G.M., Halbreich U., Rabinovich H., Ryan N.D., Sachar E.J., Nelson B., et al. The cortisol response to desipramine in endogenous depressives and normal control subjects Preliminary findings . Psychiatry Res. 14:1985;225-233.
8. Asnis G.M., Sanderson W.C., van Praag H.M. Cortisol response to intramuscular desipramine in patients with major depression and normal control subjects A replication study . Psychiatry Res. 44:1992;237-250.
9. Bakshi V.P., Geyer M.A. Phencyclidine-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition of startle are blocked by prazosin, an alpha-1 noradrenergic antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 283:1997;666-674.
10. Banki C.M., Karmacsi L., Bissette G., Nemeroff C.G. CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin in major depression Response to antidepressant treatment and relapse . Eur J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2:1992;107-113.
11. Baran L., Siwanowicz J., Nowak G., Prezegalinki E. Captopril lacks the antidepressant-like activity in animal models. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 43:1991;265-270.
12. Beani L., Bianchi C., Tanganelli S., Antonelli T., Simonato M., Rando S. Inversion of the alpha-2 and alpha-1 noradrenergic control of the cortical release of acetylcholine and aminobutyric acid in morphine-tolerant guinea pigs. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 247:1988;294-301.
13. Bing G., Filer D., Miller J.C., Stone E.A. Noradrenergic activation of immediate early genes in rat cerebral cortex. Mol Brain Res. 11:1991;43-46.
14. Blanchard R.J., Parmigiani S., Bjornson C., Masuda C., Weiss S.M., Blanchard D.C. Antipredator behavior of Swiss-Webster mice in a visible burrow system. Aggress Behav. 21:1995;123-136.
15. Blanchard D.C., Sakai R.R., McEwen B., Weiss S.M., Blanchard R.J. Subordination stress Behavioral, brain, and neuroendocrine correlates . Behav Brain Res. 58:1993;113-121.
16. Blendy J.A., Perry D.C., Pabreza L.A., Kellar K.J. Electroconvulsive shock increases alpha 1b- but not alpha 1a-adrenoceptor binding sites in rat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem. 57:1991;1548-1555.
17. Borsini F., Bendotti C., Velkov V., Rech R., Samanin R. Immobility test Effects of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic drugs and role of catecholamines in the activity of some antidepressants . J Pharm Pharmacol. 33:1981;33-37.
18. Borsini F., Nowakowska E., Pulvirenti L., Samanin R. Repeated treatment with amitriptyline reduces immobility in the behavioral "despair" test in rats by activating dopaminergic and beta-adrenergic mechanisms. J Pharm Pharmacol. 37:1985;137-138.
19. Borsini F., Nowakowska E., Samanin R. Effect of repeated treatment with despiramine in the behavioral "despair" test in rats Antagonism by "atypical" but not "classical" neuroleptics or antiadrenergic drugs . Life Sci. 34:1984;1171-1176.
20. Bunney W.E., Davis J.M. Norepinephrine in depressive reactions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 13:1965;483-494.
21. Butler P.D., Weiss J.M., Stout J.C., Nemeroff C.B. Corticotropin-releasing factor produces fear-enhancing and behavioral activating effects following infusion in the locus coeruleus. J Neurosci. 10:1990;176-183.
22. Bylund D.B. Subtypes of alpha1- and alpha2-adrenergic receptors. FASEB. 6:1992;832-839.
23. Cameron O.G., Starkman M.N., Schteingart D.E. The effect of elevated systemic cortisol levels on plasma catecholamines in Cushing's syndrome patients with and without depressed mood. J Psychiatry Res. 29:1995;347-360.
24. Chiappetta L., Jarvik M.E. Comparison of learning impairment and activity depression produced by two classes of cholinergic blocking agents. Archiv Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 179:1969;161-166.
25. Cohen R.M., Cohen M.R., McLellan C.A. Foot shock induces time and region specific adrenergic receptor changes in rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 24:1986;1587.
26. Correa-Sales C., Rabin B.C., Maze M. A hypnotic response to dexamedetomidine, an alpha2 agonist, is mediated in the locus coeruleus in rats. Anesthesiology. 76:1992;948-952.
27. Costall B., Domeney A.M., Gerrard P.A., Horovitz Z.P., Kelly M.E., Naylor R.J., et al. Effects of captopril and SQ29,852 on anxiety-related behaviors in rodent and marmoset. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 36:1990;13-20.
28. Crow T.J., Cross A.J., Cooper S.J., Deakin J.F.W., Ferrier I.N., Johnson J.A. Neurotransmitter receptors and monoamine metabolites in the brains of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia and depression, and suicides. Neuropharmacology. 23:1984;1561-1569.
29. Curtis A.L., Lechner S.M., Pavcovich L.A., Valentino R.J. Activation of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system by intracoerulear microinfusion of corticotropin-releasing factor. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 281:1997;163-172.
30. Curzon G. Serotonergic mechanisms of depression. Clin Neuropharmacol. 11:1988;S11-S20.
31. Danysz W., Kostowski W., Kozak W., Hauptmann M. On the role of noradrenergic neurotransmission in the action of desipramine and amitriptyline in animal models of depression. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 38:1986;285-298.
32. Dashwood M.R. Central and peripheral prazosin binding An in vitro autoradiographic study in the rat . Eur J Pharmacol. 86:1983;51-58.
33. 1d-adrenergic receptor mRNA in the rat brain and spinal cord. J Chem Neuroanat. 13:1997;115-139.
34. 1-Adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors are involved in the anoretic effect of corticotropin-releasing factor in goldfish. Life Sci. 62:1998;1801-1808.
35. Desan P.H., Silbert L.H., Maier S.F. Long-term effects of inescapable stress on daily running activity and antagonism by desipramine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 30:1988;21-29.
36. DeSouza E.B. Localization and modulation of brain and pituitary receptors involved in stress responses. Psychopharmacol Bull. 24:1989;360-364.
37. Dinan T.G. Noradrenergic and serotonergic abnormalities in depression Stress-induced dysfunction? J Clin Psychiatry. 57:1996;14-18.
38. 1A adrenergic receptor mRNA in the rat brain visualized by in situ hybridization. J Comp Neurol. 386:1997;358-378.
39. Dowlatshahi P., Yaksh T.L. Differential effects of two intraventricularly injected alpha 2 agonists, ST-91 and dexmedetomidine, on electroencephalogram, feeding, and electromyogram. Anesth Analg. 84:1997;133-138.
40. Duman R.S., Strada S.J., Enna S.J. Effect of imipramine and adrenocorticotropin administration on the rat brain norepinephrine-coupled cyclic nucleotide generating system Alterations in alpha and beta adrenergic component . J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 234:1985;409-414.
41. Dunn A.J., Berridge C.W. Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses. Brain Res Rev. 15:1990;71-100.
42. 2A receptor binding after chronic corticosterone associated with a behavioral indication of depression but not anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 22:1997;477-491.
43. Feuvrier E., Aubert M., Mausset A.L., Alonso G., Gaillet S., Malaval F., et al. Glucocorticoids provoke a shift from α2- to α1-adrenoceptor activities in cultured hypothalamic slices leading to opposite noradrenaline effect on CRF release. J Neurochem. 70:1998;1199-1209.
44. Fuxe K., Harfstrand A., Agnati L.F., Yu Z.Y., Cintra Q., Wikstrom A.C., et al. Immunocytochemical studies on the localization of glucocorticoid receptor immunoractive nerve cells in the lower brain stem and spinal cord of the male rat using a monoclonal antibody against rat liver glucocorticoid receptors. Neurosci Lett. 177:1985;1803-1812.
45. Gaudet E., Blanc J., Elghozi J.L. Role of angiotensin II and catecholamines in blood pressure variability responses to stress in SHR. Am J Physiol. 270:1996;R1265-R1272.
46. Gerstman B.B., Jolson H.M., Bauer M., Cho P., Livingston J.M., Platt R. The incidence of depression in new users of beta-blockers and selected antihypertensives. J Clin Epidemiol. 49:1996;809-815.
47. Grahn R.E., Kalman B.A., Brennan F.X., Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. The elevated plus-maze is not sensitive to the effect of stressor controllability in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 52:1995;565-570.
48. Gross-Isseroff R., Dillon K.A., Fieldust S.J., Biegon A. Autoradiographic analysis of α1-noradrenergic receptors in the human brain postmortem. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 47:1990;1049-1053.
49. Gubits R.M., Smith T.M., Fairhurst J.L., Yu H. Adrenergic receptors mediate changes in c-fos mRNA levels in brain. Mol Brain Res. 6:1982;39-45.
50. Guo T.-Z., Tinklenberg J., Oliker R., Maze M. Central alpha-1-adrenoceptor stimulation functionally antagonizes the hypnotic response to dexmedetomidine, an a2-adrenoceptor agonist. Anesthesiology. 75:1991;252-256.
51. Haapalinna A., MacDonald E., Viitamaa T., Salonen J.S., Sirvio J., Virtanen R. Comparison of the effects of acute and subchronic administration of atipamezole on reaction to novelty and active avoidance learning in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 359:1999;194-203.
52. Heinrichs S.C., Menzaghi F., Pich E.M., Britton K.T., Koob G.F. The role of CRF in behavioral aspects of stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 771:1996;92-104.
53. Hilakivi I., Leppavuori A. Effects of methoxamine, and alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist, and prazosin, an alpha-1 antagonist, on the stages of the sleep-waking cycle in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand. 120:1984;363-372.
54. Hilakivi I., Leppavuori A., Putkonen P.T. Prazosin increases paradoxical sleep. Eur J Pharmacol. 65:1980;417-420.
55. Holsboer F., Barden N. Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation. Endocr Rev. 17:1996;187-205.
56. 3H]prazosin. Eur J Pharmacol. 327:1997;79-86.
57. Izumi J., Washizuka M., Hayashi-Kuwabara Y., Yoshinaga K., Tanaka Y., et al. An attenuated alpha-1 potentiation of beta adrenoceptor-stimulated cyclic AMPformation after repeated saline injections in Fischer 344 strain rats. Life Sci. 59:1996;33-42.
58. Izumi J., Washizuka M., Hayashi-Kuwabara Y., Yoshinaga K., Tanaka Y., et al. Protective effect of citalopram against the attenuation of the alpha-1-potentiation of cAMP formation in Fischer 344 strain rats. Behav Brain Res. 83:1997;209-212.
59. Jhanwar-Uniyal M., Leibowitz S.F. Impact of circulating corticosterone on alpha-1 and alpha-2 noradrenergic receptors in discrete brain areas. Brain Res. 368:1986;404-408.
60. Joels M., DeKloet E.R. Effects of glucocorticoids and norepinephrine on the excitability in the hippocampus. Science. 245:1989;1502-1505.
61. Johanson C.E., Barrett J.E. The discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in pigeons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 267:1993;1-8.
62. Kessler R.C. The effects of stressful life events on depression. Ann Rev Psychol. 48:1997;191-214.
63. Kirkpatrick B., Amador X.F., Yale S.A., Bustillo J.R., Buchanan R.W., Tohen M. The deficit syndrome in the DSM-IV Field Trial. Part II. Depressive episodes and persecutory beliefs. Schizophr Res. 20:1996;79-90.
64. Kitada Y., Miyauchi T., Kanazawa Y., Nakamichi H., Satoh S. Involvement of alpha and beta-1 adrenergic mechanisms in the immobility-reducing action of desipramine in the forced swimming test. Neuropharmacology. 22:1983;1055-1060.
65. Kleinlogel H. Effects of the selective alpha-1-adrenoceptor blocker prazosin on EEG sleep and waking stages in the rat. Neuropsychobiology. 21:1989;100-103.
66. Klockgether T., Schwarz M., Wullner U., Turski L., Sontag K.-H. Myorelaxant effect after intrathecal injection of antispastic drugs in rats. Neurosci Lett. 97:1989;221-226.
67. Koppanyi T., Maling H.M., Saul W., Brodie B.B. Jumping activity induced by sodium 5-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-5-ethyl barbiturate. I. The role of the sympathetic nervous system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 172:1970;170-179.
68. Kostowski W. Possible relationship of the locus coeruleus- hippocampal noradrenergic neurons to depression and mode of action of antidepressant drugs. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 37:1985;727-743.
69. Kudryavtseva N.N., Avgustinovich D.F. Behavioral and physiological markers of experimental depression induced by social conflicts (DISC). Aggres Behav. 24:1998;271-286.
70. Kvetnansky R., Pacak K., Fukuhara K., Viskupic E., Hiremagaler B., Nankova B., et al. Sympathoadrenal system in stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 771:1995;131-158.
71. Lavicky J., Dunn A.J. Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates catecholamine release in hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex in freely-moving rats as assessed by microdialysis. J Neurochem. 60:1993;602-612.
72. Maccari S., Piazza P.V., Rouge-Pont F., Angelucci L., Simon H., Le Moal M. Noradrenergic regulation of type-I and Type-II corticosteroid receptors in amygdala and hypothalamus. Brain Res. 587:1992;313-318.
73. Maier S.F., Silbert L.H., Woodmansee W.W., Desan P.H. Adinazolam both prevents and reverses the long-term reduction of daily activity produced by inescapable shock. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 36:1990;767-773.
74. Maj J., Klimek V., Nowak G. Antidepressant drugs given repeatedly increase binding to alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the rat cortex. Eur J Pharmacol. 119:1985;113-116.
75. Makela J.P., Hilakivi I.T. Effect of adrenoceptor blockade on sleep and wakefulness in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 24:1986;613-616.
76. Manavalan J.S., Quartermain D., Stone E.A. Stress-induced inhibition of nocturnal foraging and ambulation in the mouse A new potential animal model of depression . Abstr Soc Neurosci. 21:1995;698.
77. Marin P., Delumeau J.C., Cordier J., Glowinski J., Premont J. Both astrocytes and neurons contribute to the potentiation mediated by α1-adrenoceptors of the β-adrenergic-stimulated cyclic AMP production in brain. Eur J Neurosci. 2:1991;1110-1117.
78. McCormick D.A. Cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation of thalamocortical processing. Trends Neurosci. 12:1989;215-221.
79. McEwen B.S. Glucocorticoid-biogenic amine interactions in relation to mood and behavior. Biochem Pharmacol. 36:1987;1755-1763.
80. Menkes D.B., Aghajanian G.K., Gallager D.W. Chronic antidepressant treatment enhances agonist affinity of brain alpha-1 adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 87:1983;35-41.
81. Mignot E., Guilleminault C., Bowersox S., Rappaport A., Dement W.C. Effect of α1-adrenoceptor blockade with prazosin in canine narcolepsy. Brain Res. 444:1988;184-188.
82. Mobley P.L., Manier D.H., Sulser F. Norepinephrine-sensitive adenylate cyclase system in rat brain Role of adrenal corticosteroids . J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 226:1983;71-77.
83. Morin D., Sapena R., Zini R., Onteniente B., Tillement J.P. Characterization of β-adrenergic receptors of freshly isolated astrocytes and neurons from rat brain. Life Sci. 60:1996;315-324.
84. Mouradian R.D., Sessler F.M., Waterhouse B.D. Noradrenergic potentiation of excitatory transmitter action in cerebrocortical slices Evidence for mediation by an alpha-1 receptor-linked second messenger pathway . Brain Res. 546:1991;83-95.
85. Munck A., Guyre P.M., Holbrook N.J. Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocr Rev. 5:1984;25-44.
86. Munck A., Naray-Fejes-Toth A. Glucocorticoids and stress Permissive and suppressive actions . Ann N Y Acad Sci. 746:1994;115-130.
87. Nestler E.J., McMahon A., Sabban E.L., Tallman J.F., Duman R.S. Chronic antidepressant administration decreases the expression of tyrosince hydroxylase in the rat locus coeruleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87:1990;7522-7526.
88. Nishikawa T., Tanaka M., Tsuda A., Kohno Y., Nagasaki N. Differential effects of clonidine on α1- and α2-adrenoceptors in footshock induced jumping behavior. Eur J Pharmacol. 88:1983;399-401.
89. Okuyama S., Sakagawa T., Chaki S., Imagawa Y., Ichiki T., Inagami T. Aniexty-like behavior in mice lacking the angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Brain Res. 821:1999;150-159.
90. Ordway G.A. Pathophysiology of the locus coeruleus in suicide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 836:1997;233-252.
91. Patten S.B., Williams J.V., Love E.J. Self-reported depressive symptoms in association with medication exposures among medical inpatients A cross-sectional study . Can J Psychiatry Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 40:1995;264-269.
92. Patten S.B., Williams J.V., Love E.J. Self-reported depressive symptoms following treatment with corticosteroids and sedative-hypnotics. Int J Psychiatry Med. 26:1996;15-24.
93. Pereira O.C., Dega M.R., Souza M.S. Noradrenergic response in vas deferens from rats submitted to acute and repeated stress. Gen Pharmacol. 30:1998;417-421.
94. Perlis M.L., Giles D.E., Buysse D.J., Thase M.E., Tu X., Kupfer D.J. Which depressive symptoms are related to which sleep electroencephalographic variables? Biol Psychiatry. 42:1997;904-913.
95. Petitti N., Etgen A.M. Progesterone promotes rapid desensitization of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor augmentation of cAMP formation in rat hypothalamic slices. Neuroendocrinology. 55:1992;1-8.
96. Pichler L., Kobinger W. Possible function of alpha-1 adrenoceptors in the CNS in anesthetized and conscious animals. Eur J Pharmacol. 107:1985;305-311.
97. Plaznik A., Danysz W., Kostowski W. A stimulatory effect of intraaccumbens injections of noradrenaline on the behavior of rats in the forced swim test. Psychopharmacology. 87:1985;119-123.
98. Plotsky P.M., Owens M.J., Nemeroff C.B. Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psych Clin North Am. 21:1998;293-307.
99. Poncelet M., Martin P., Danti S., Simon P., Soubrie P. Noradrenergic rather than GABAergic processes as the common mediation of the antidepressant profile of GABA agonists and imipramine-like drugs in animals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 28:1987;321-326.
100. Porsolt R.D., Bertin A., Blavet N., Deniel M., Jalfre M. Immobility induced by forced swimming in rats Effects of agents which modify central catecholamine and serotonin activity . Eur J Pharmacol. 57:1979;201-210.
101. Porsolt R.D., Bertin A., Jalfre M. Behavioural despair in mice A primary screening test for antidepressants . Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 229:1977;327-336.
102. Prinssen E.P., Kleven M.S., Koek W. Effects of dopamine antagonists in a two-way active avoidance procedure in rats Interactions with 8-OH-DPAT, ritanserin, and prazosin . Psychopharmacology. 128:1996;191-197.
103. Pulvirenti L., Samanin R. Antagonism by dopamine, but not noradrenaline receptor blockers of the anti-immobility activity of desipramine after different treatment schedules in the rat. Pharmacol Res Comm. 18:1986;73-80.
104. Roberts V.J., Singhal R.L., Roberts D.C.S. Corticosterone prevents the increase in noradrenaline-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat hippocampus following adrenalectomy or metopirone. Eur J Pharmacol. 103:1984;235-240.
105. Sakaue M., Hoffman B.B. Glucocorticoids induce transcription and expression of the alpha 1B adrenergic receptor gene in DDT1 MF2 smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 88:1991;385-389.
106. 2C-receptors modulate the acoustic startle reflex, prepulse inhibition, and aggression in mice. J Neurosci. 18:1998;3035-3042.
107. Schildkraut J.J. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders A review of the supporting evidence . Am J Psychiatry. 122:1965;509-522.
108. Scott P.A., Cierpial M.A., Kilts C.D., Weiss J.M. Susceptibility and resistance of rats to stress-induced decreases in swim-test activity A selective breeding study . Brain Res. 725:1996;217-230.
109. Skipper J.K. Jr, Jung F.D., Coffey L.C. Nurses and shiftwork Effects on physical health and mental depression . J Adv Nursing. 15:1990;835-842.
110. Snoddy A.M., Tessel R.E. Prazosin Effect on psychomotor-stimulant cues and locomotor activity in mice . Eur J Pharmacol. 116:1985;221-228.
111. Spealman R.D. Noradrenergic involvement in the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in squirrel monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 275:1995;53-62.
112. Stahl S.M. Mechanism of action of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Serotonin receptors and pathways mediate therapeutic effects and side effects. J Affect Disord. 51:1998;215-235.
113. Steru L., Chermat R., Thierry B., Simon P. The tail suspension test A new method for screening antidepressants in mice . Psychopharmacology. 85:1985;367-370.
114. Stockmeier C.A., McLeskey S.W., Blendy J.A., Armstrong N.R., Kellar K.J. Electroconvulsive shock but not antidepressant drugs increases a1-adrenoceptor binding sites in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol. 139:1987;259-266.
115. Stone E.A. Reduction by stress of norepinephrine-stimulated accumulation of cyclic AMP in rat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem. 32:1979;1335-1337.
116. Stone E.A., McEwen B.S., Herrera A.S., Carr K.D. Regulation of alpha and beta components of noradrenergic cyclic AMP response in cortical slices. Eur J Pharmacol. 141:1987;347-356.
117. Stone E.A., Platt J.E., Herrera A.S., Kirk K.L. The effect of repeated restraint stress, desmethylimipramine or adrenocorticotropin on the alpha and beta adrenergic components of the cyclic AMP response to norepinephrine in rat brain slices. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 230:1986;702-707.
118. Stone E.A., Platt J.E., Trullas R., Slucky A.V. Reduction of the cAMP response to NE in rat cerebral cortex following repeated restraint stress. Psychopharmacology. 82:1984;403-405.
119. Stone E.A., Quartermain D. Greater behavioral effects of stress in immature as compared to mature male mice. Physiol Behav. 63:1997;143-145.
120. Stone E.A., Zhang Y., Quartermain D. The effect of stress on spontaneous nest leaving behavior in the mouse An improved model of stress-induced behavioral pathology . Stress. 1:1997;145-154.
121. Stone EA, Zhang Y, Rosengarten H, Yeretsian J, Quartermain D (in press): Brain alpha 1-adrenergic neurotransmission is necessary for behavioral activation to environmental change in mice. Neuroscience.
122. Szemeredi K., Zukowska-Grojec Z., Bagdy G., Fekete M.I.K., Kopin I.J. Opposite effects of chronic cortisol treatment on pre- and postsynaptic actions of clonidine in pithed rats. J Auton Pharmacol. 9:1989;35-43.
123. Taylor J.A., Twomey T.M., Schach von Wittenau M. The metabolic fate of prazosin. Xenobiotica. 7:1977;357.
124. 3H]prazosin binding sites in the rat. Brain Res. 310:1984;360-362.
125. Waterhouse B.D., Sessler F.M., Cheng J.T., Woodward D.J., Azizi S.A., Moises H.C. New evidence for a gating action of norepinephrine in central neuronal circuits of mammalian brain. Brain Res Bull. 21:1988;425-432.
126. Wellman P.J., Davies B.T. Suppression of feeding induced by phenylephrine microinjections within the paraventricular hypothalamus in rats. Appetite. 17:1991;121-128.
127. 1a-adrenoceptor antagonist RS-17053 on phenylpropanolamine-induced anorexia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 57:1997;281-284.
128. Wellstein A., Palm D., Belz G.G. Affinity and selectivity of β-adrenoceptor antagonists in vitro. J Card Pharmacol. 8:(suppl 11):1986;S36-S40.
129. 1B adrenoceptors in rat paraventricular nucleus overlap with, but do not mediate, the induction of c-fos expression by osmotic or restraint stress. Neuroscience. 76:1997;901-913.
130. 1D adrenergic receptor mRNA with mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in rat hippocampus. J Neuroendocrinol. 9:1997;113-119.
131. Willner P. The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology. 83:1984;1-16.
132. 1-adrenoceptor subtypes. I. Radioligand bindings studies. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 286:1998;841-847.
133. Zanesco A., De Moraes S. Effect of acute footshock stress on the responsiveness of the isolated rat tail artery to phenylephrine and epinephrine. Braz J Med Biol Res. 25:1992;63-66.
134. Zhang Y., Stone E.A., Quartermain D. Stress-induced decrease in out of nest activity in the mouse A model of stress-induced withdrawn behavior . Abstr Soc Neurosci. 22:1996;461.
135. 3-adrenoceptor-generated cAMP in brown fat cells. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;32847-32856.