The global exposure of forests to air pollutants

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution

Volumn 116, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 5-32

  Fowler, David ^a   Cape, J Neil ^a   Coyle, Mhairi ^a   Flechard, Chris ^a   Kuylenstierna, Johan ^c   Hicks, Kevin ^c   Derwent, Dick ^b   Johnson, Colin ^b   Stevenson, David ^b  

^a CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^b MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Acid deposition; Forests; Nitrogen deposition; Ozone; Pollution climate

Indexed keywords

MOORLAND; PHYTOTOXICITY;

ACIDS; CLIMATE CHANGE; FORESTRY; NITROGEN; OZONE; SULFUR; TOXICITY; TROPICS; VEGETATION;

AIR POLLUTION;

ACID; AMMONIA; CARBON DIOXIDE; NITRIC ACID; NITROGEN; OZONE; SULFUR DIOXIDE;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FOREST ECOSYSTEM;

AEROSOL; AIR POLLUTANT; AMBIENT AIR; ATMOSPHERE; CLOUD; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRY DEPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOREST; GERMANY; GLOBAL CLIMATE; NONHUMAN; PHYTOTOXICITY; SITING; UNITED KINGDOM; VEGETATION;

EID: 0033216710     PISSN: 00496979     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1005249231882     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. Beswick, K.M., Hargreaves, K.J., Gallagher, M.W., Choularton, T.W. and Fowler, D.: 1991, Size resolved measurements of cloud droplet deposition velocity to a forest canopy using an eddy correlation technique. Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 117: 623-645.
2. 2 and temperature, Forestry, Vol. 71, No. 4.
3. Cape, J.N., Leith, I.D., Fowler, D., Murray, M.B., Sheppard, L.J., Eamus, D. and Wilson. R.H.F.: 1991, New Phytol, 118: 119-126.
4. Chamberlain, A.C.: 1960, Aspects of the deposition of radioactive and other gases and particles. Int. J. Air Pollut. 3: 63-88.
5. Chamberlain, A.C.: 1975, The movement of particles in plant communities. In Vegetation and the Atmosphere, Volume I Principles, ed. J.L. Monteith, 155-203. Academic Press, London.
6. Chappelka, A.H. Samuelson, I.J.: 1998, Ambient ozone effects on forest trees of the eastern United States: a review. New Phytol. 139:91-108.
7. x emission controls. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 26: 223-274.
8. Crossley, A., Wilson, D.B. & Milne, R.: 1992, Pollution in the upland environment. Environ. Pollut. 75, 81-88.
9. Crutzen, P., Brost, B., Dentener, F., Feichter, H., Hein, R., Kanakidou, M., Lelieveld, J. & Zimmermann, P.: 1997, Development of a time-dependent global tropospheric air chemistry model "GLOMAC" based on the weather forecast of the "ECMWF". In: Tropospheric Modelling and Emission Estimation, eds. A. Ebel, R Friedrich & H Rodhe, 380-391. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidleberg New York.
10. DeHayes, D.H.: 1992, Winter Injury and Developmental Cold Tolerance of Red Spruce. In: Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States, eds. Eagar, C. and Adams, M.B., Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
11. Dore, A.J., Choularton, T.W., Fowler, D. and Storeton-West, R.: 1990, Field measurements of wet deposition in an extended region of complex topography. Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 116: 1193-1212.
12. 3 on to coniferous forest Environ. Pollut., 75, 3-14.
13. Duyzer, J., Deinum, G. and Baak, J.: 1995, The interpretation of measurements of surface exchange of nitrogen oxides; correction for chemical reactions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London 351: 231-248.
14. Eagar, C. and Adams, M.B. (eds.) 1992, Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States, Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
15. Erisman, J.W. and Draaijers, G.P.J.: 1995, Atmospheric Deposition in relation to Acidification and Eutrophication, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.
16. 3: implications for their possible interaction in the deposition process. Atmos Environ A27: 1937-1949.
17. Erisman, J.W., Bleeker, A. and Jaarsveld, J. A. van: 1998b, Evaluation of ammonia emission abatement on the basis of measurements and model calculations, Environ Pollut 102, S1: 269-274.
18. Erisman, J.W., Mennen, M., ., Fowler, D., Flechard, C.R., Spindler, G., Gruner, G., Duyzer, J.H., Ruigrok, W. and Wyers, G.P.: 199 Sa, Deposition monitoring in Europe. Environ. Monit. Assess. 53, 279-295.
19. Flechard, C.R. and Fowler, D.: 1998, Atmospheric ammonia at a moorland site. II: Long-term surface/atmosphere micrometeorological flux measurements. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. 124: 733-757.
20. Flechard, C.R., Fowler, D., Sutton, M.A. & Cape, J.N.: 1999, A dynamic chemical model of bi-directional ammonia exchange between semi-natural vegetation and the atmosphere. Q.J.R. Meteorl. Soc. 125, 1-33.
21. Foell, W., Green, C., Amann, M., Bhattacharya, S., Carmichael, G., Chadwick, M., Cinderby, S., Haugland, T., Hettlingh, J-P., Hordijk, L., Kuylenstierna, J., Shah, J., Shrestha, R., Streets, D. & Zhao, D.: 1995, Energy use, emissions, and air pollution reduction strategies in Asia. Water Air and Soil Pollut., 85 2277-2282.
22. Fowler, D. and Duyzer, J.H.: 1989, Micrometeorological techniques for the measurement of trace gas exchange. In: Exchange of Trace Gases Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere (eds. Andreae, M.O. and Schimel, D.S.): 189-207. Wiley, New York.
23. Fowler, D. and Unsworth, M.H.: 1979, Turbulent transfer of sulphur dioxide to a wheat crop. Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 105: 767-784.
24. Fowler, D., Cape, J.N. and Unsworth, M.H.: 1989, Deposition of atmospheric pollutants on forests, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 324: 247-265.
25. Fowler, D., Smith, R.I., Coyle, M., Weston, K.J., Davies, T.D., Ashmore, M.R. and Brown, M.: 1995, Quantifying the fine scale (1km × 1km) exposure, dose and effects of ozone. Part 1. Methodology and application for effects on forests. Water Air and Soil Pollution 85: 1479-1484.
26. Fowler, D., Flechard, C.R., Milford, C., Hargreaves, K.J., Storeton-West, R.L., Nemitz, E. and Sutton, M.A.: 1996, Measurements of pollutant concentrations and deposition fluxes to moorland at Auchencorth Moss in southern Scotland, 1995. 47 pp. Commisssion of the European Communities.
27. Fowler, D., Flechard, C., Skiba, U., Coyle, M. and Cape, J.N.: 1998a, The atmospheric budget of oxidized nitrogen and its role in ozone formation and deposition. New Phytol. 139: 11-23.
28. Fowler, D., Flechard, C., Sutton, M.A. and Storeton-West, R.L.: 1998b, Long term measurements of the land-atmosphere exchange of ammonia over moorland. Atmos Environ 32: 453-459.
29. Fowler, D., Pitcairn, C.E.R., Sutton, M.A., Flechard, C., Loubet, B., Coyle, M. and Munro, R.C.: 1998c, The mass budget of atmospheric ammonia in woodland within 1 km of livestock buildings. Environ Pollut 102: 343-348.
30. 210Pb inventories in soil. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 105: 459-470.
31. Fowler, D., Sutton, M.A., Smith, R.I., Pitcairn, C.E.R., Coyle, M., Campbell, G. and Stedman, J.: 1998e, Regional mass budgets of oxidized and reduced nitrogen and their relative contribution to the nitrogen inputs of sensitive ecosystems, Environ Pollut 102, S1: 337-342.
32. Fuhrer, J., Skarby, L. and Ashmore, M.R.: 1997, Critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation in Europe. Environ Pollut 97: 91-106.
33. Gallagher, M.W., Beswick, K.M., Duyzer, J., Westrate, H., Choularton, T.W. and Hummelshoj, P.: 1997, Measurements of aerosol fluxes to Speulder Forest using a micrometeorological technique. Atmos Environ 31: 359-373.
34. Galloway, J.N. and Rodhe, H.: 1991, Regional atmospheric budgets of S and N fluxes; how well can they be quantified? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 97B: 61-80.
35. Goldsmith, P., Delafield, J.H. and Cox, L.C.: 1963, The role of diffusiophoresis in the scavenging of radioactive particles from the atmosphere. Quart. J.R. Met. Soc. 89: 43-61.
36. Goulding, K.W.T., Bailey, N.J., Bradbury, N.J., Hargreaves, P., Howe, M., Murphy, D.V., Poulton, P.R. and Willison, T.W.: 1998, Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes, New Phytol. 139: 49-58.
37. Grünhage, L., Jäger, H.-J., Haenel, H.-D., Löpmeier, F.-J., Hanewald, K.: 1999, The European critical levels for ozone: improving their usage. Environ Pollut. 105: 163-174.
38. Hanson, P.J. and Lindberg, S.E.: 1991, Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen compounds: a review of leaf, canopy and non-foliar measurements. Atmos Environ 25A: 1615-1634.
39. Hargreaves, K.J., Fowler, D., Storeton-West, R.L. and Duyzer, J.H.: 1992, The exchange of nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone between pasture and the atmosphere. Environ Pollut. 75: 53-59.
40. Heij, G.J. & Schneider, T. Eds.: 1991, Acidification Research in The Netherlands. Studes in Environmental Science 46. Elsevier Science.
41. Hornung, M., Sutton, M.A. & Wilson, R.B.: 1995, Mapping and Modelling of Critical Loads for Nitrogen - a Workshop Report, Proceedings of UNECE workshop, Grange-over-Sands, October 1994. Institute of TerrestrialEecology, Edinburgh.
42. IPCC,: 1992, Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press.
43. IPCC,: 1995,Climate Change 1994. Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and An Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios. Cambridge University Press.
44. Jarvis, P.G., James, G.B. and Landsberg, J.J.: 1975, Coniferous Forest. In: Vegetation and the Atmosphere, ed. Monteith, J.L., Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd.
45. Johnson, A.H.: 1987, Deterioration of red spruce in the Northern Appalachian Mountains. In Effects of atmospheric pollutants on forests, wetlands and agricultural ecosystems (ed, Hutchison, T.C. and Meema, K.M.) NATO ASI series vol. 916): 83-99. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
46. Kärenlampi, L. & Skärby, L. Eds: 1996, Critical levels for Ozone in Europe: Testing and Finalising the Concepts. Proceedings of UNECE Workshop, Kuopio, Finland, 1996, University of Kuopio.
47. Kuylenstierna, J. C.I., Hicks, W.K., Cinderby, S. & Cambridge, H.:, 1999 Critical loads for nitrogen deposition and their exceedance at European scale. Environ. Pollut. 102:591-598.
48. Lekkerkerk, I.J.A.: 1998, Implications of Dutch ammonia policy on the livestock sector. . Atmos Environ 32: 581-588.
49. Matthews, E.: 1983, Global vegetation and land use:new high-resolution data bases for climate studies. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorrol., 22, 474-487.
50. McLanghlin, S.B. and Kohut, R.J.: 1992, The Effects of Atmospheric Deposition and Ozone on Carbon Allocation and Associated Physiological Processes in Red Spruce. In: Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States, eds. Eagar, C. and Adams, M.B., Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
51. Miller, P.R., Parmeter, J.R. Jr., Taylor, O.C. and Cardiff, E.A.: 1963, Ozone injury to the foliage of Ponderosa pine. Phytopath 53: 1072-1076.
52. Mohnen, V.A.: 1992, Atmospheric Deposition and Pollutant Exposure of Eastern U.S. Forests. In: Ecology and Decline of Red Spruce in the Eastern United States, eds. Eagar, C. and Adams, M.B., Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
53. Monteith, J.L. and Unsworth, K.H.: 1990, Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Arnold, London.
54. Neftel, A, Moor, E., Oeschger, H. and Stauffer, B.: 1985, Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 315; 45-47.
55. PORG: 1997. Ozone in the UK. Fourth report of the Photochemical Oxidants Review Group. 234 pp. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, London. (ITE Edinburgh).
56. RGAR: 1997, Acid deposition in the United Kingdom 1992-1994. In The Fourth Report of the United Kingdom review group on acid rain, DETR.
57. Rodhe, H. and Herrera, R.(eds): 1988, Acidification in Tropical Countries, Scope 36, J. Wiley, Chichester, Great Britain.
58. Schulze, E.-D. and Freer-Smith, P.H.: 1991, An evaluation of forest decline based on field observations focussed on Norway spruce, Picea abies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 97B, 155-168.
59. Sheppard, L.J.: 1991, Causal mechanisms by which sulphate, nitrate and acidity influence forest hardiness in red spruce: review and hypothesis, New Phytol. 127, 69-82.
60. Shuttleworth, W.J.: 1989, Micrometeorology of temperate and tropical forest, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 324: 299-334.
61. Skarby, L., Ro-Poulsen, H., Wellburn, F.A.M. and Sheppard, L.J.: 1998, Impacts of ozone on forests: a European perspective, New Phytol. 139, 109-122.
62. 2 Greenhouse Gases, Dordrecht: Kluwer:153-158.
63. Slinn,: 1982, Predictions for particle deposition to vegetative caopies. Atmos. Environ. 16, 1785-1794.
64. Spiecker, H., Mielikainen, K., Kohl, M and Skovsgaard, J.P. (eds.): 1996, Growth Trends in European Forests, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
65. Spindler, G. & Gruner, A.: 1996, Towards development of a deposition monitoring network for air pollution of Europe; The Melpitz site in Germany - Results of measurements made in 1995, IFT, Leipzig, Germany.
66. Stevenson, D.S., Johnson, C.E., Coffins, W.J., Derwent, R.G., Shine, K.P. and Edwards, J.M.: 1998, Evolution of tropospheric ozone radiative forcing. Geophysical Research Letters 25: 3819-3822.
67. Sutton, M.A., Fowler, D. and Moncrieff, J.B.: 1993a, The exchange of atmospheric ammonia with vegetated surfaces. I Unfertilized vegetation. Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 119: 1023-1045.
68. Sutton, M.A., Fowler, D., Moncrieff, J.B. and Storeton-West, R.L.: 1993b, The exchange of atmospheric ammonia with vegetated surfaces. II: Fertilized vegetation. Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 119: 1047-1070.
69. Sutton, M.A., Pitcairn, C.E.R. and Fowler, D.: 1993c, The exchange of ammonia between the atmosphere and plant communities. Advances in Ecological Research, 24: 301-393.
70. Sutton, M.A., Schorring, J.K. and Wyers, G.P.: 1995, Plant-atmosphere exchange of ammonia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A. 351: 261-278.
71. Thom, A.S.: 1975, Momentum, mass and heat exchange of plant communities. In Vegetation and atmosphere (ed. Monteith, J.L.): 57-109. London: Academic Press.
72. 2 and nitrogen fertilisation in temperate grasslands. Plant Cell and Environment, 14: 1007-1011.
73. x -hydrocarbon chemistry, 2. Model evaluation and global ozone budget. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 D9, 10757-10767.
74. Woodward, F.I., & Sheehy, J.E.: 1983, Principles and measurements in Environmental Biology. London; Butterworths.