Susceptibility of red and gray foxes to infection by Ehrlichia chaffeensis

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 696-702

  Davidson, William R ^a   Lockhart, J Mitchell ^a,b   Stallknecht, David E ^a   Howerth, Elizabeth W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b VALDOSTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ehrlichia chaffeensis; Experimental infection; Gray fox; Red fox; Urocyon cinereoargenteus; Vulpes vulpes

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; CANIDAE; EHRLICHIA; EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; UROCYON CINEREOARGENTEUS; VERTEBRATA; VULPES VULPES; WHITE TIP DIE-BACK PHYTOPLASMA;

BACTERIAL DNA; BACTERIUM ANTIBODY; PRIMER DNA;

AGAR GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CELL CULTURE; CHEMISTRY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; EHRLICHIOSIS; FEMALE; FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE; FOX; IMMUNOLOGY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; LYMPH NODE; MALE; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SPLEEN;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, BACTERIAL; CELLS, CULTURED; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; DNA PRIMERS; DNA, BACTERIAL; EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; EHRLICHIOSIS; ELECTROPHORESIS, AGAR GEL; FEMALE; FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT; FOXES; LYMPH NODES; MALE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SPLEEN;

EID: 0033203352     PISSN: 00903558     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-35.4.696     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. AMYX, H. L., AND D. L. HUXSOLL. 1973. Red and gray foxes - potential reservoir hosts for Ehrlichia canis. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 9: 47-50.
2. ANDERSON, B. E., J. E. DAWSON, D. C. JONES, AND K. H. WILSON. 1991. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a new species associated with human ehrlichiosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29: 2838-2842.
3. _, J. W. SUMNER, J. E. DAWSON, T. TZIANABOS, C. R. GREENE, J. G. OLSON, D. B. FISHBEIN, M. OLSEN-RASMUSSEN, B. P. HOLLOWAY, E. H. GEORGE, AND A. F. AZAD. 1992a. Detection of the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30: 775-780.
4. _, C. E. GREENE, D. C. JONES, AND J. E. DAWSON. 1992b. Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 42: 299-302.
5. _, K. G. SIMS, J. G. OLSON, J. E. CHILDS, J. F. PIESMAN, C. M. HAPP, G. O. MAUPIN, AND B. J. B. JOHNSON. 1993. Amblyomma americanum: A potential vector of human ehrlichiosis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 49: 239-244.
6. ANZIANI, O. S., S. A. EWING, AND R. W. BARKER. 1990. Experimental transmission of a granulocytic form of the tribe Ehrlichieae by Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma americanum to dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 929-931.
7. BISHOPP, F. C., AND H. L. TREMBLEY. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. The Journal of Parasitology 31: 1-54.
8. BLOEMER, S. R., E. L. SNODDY, J. C. COONEY, AND K. FAIRBANKS. 1986. Influence of deer exclusion on populations of lone star ticks and American dog ticks (Acari:Ixodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 79: 679-683.
9. _, AND R. H. ZIMMERMAN. 1988. Ixodid ticks on the coyote and gray fox at Land-between-the-lakes, Kentucky-Tennessee, and implications for tick dispersal. Journal of Medical Entomology 25: 5-8.
10. DAVIDSON, W. R., V. F. NETTLES, L. E. HAYES, E. W. HOWERTH, AND C. E. COUVILLION. 1992. Diseases diagnosed in gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) from the southeastern United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28: 28-33.
11. DAWSON, J. E., AND S. A. EWING. 1992. Susceptibility of dogs to infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, causative agent of human ehrlichiosis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 53: 1322-1327.
12. _, B. E. ANDERSON, D. B. FISHBEIN, J. L. SANCHEZ, C. S. GOLDSMITH, K. H. WILSON, AND C. W. DUNTLEY. 1991. Isolation and characterization of an Ehrlichia sp. from a patient diagnosed with human ehrlichiosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29: 2741-2745.
13. _, J. E. CHILDS, K. L. BIGGIE, C. MOORE, D. STALLKNECHT, J. SHADDOCK, J. BOUSEMAN, E. HOFMEISTER, AND J. G. OLSON. 1994a. White-tailed deer as a potential reservoir of Ehrlichia spp. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30: 162-168.
14. _, D. E. STALLKNECHT, E. W. HOWERTH, C. WARNER, K. BIGGIE, W. R. DAVIDSON, J. M. LOCKHART, V. F. NETTLES, J. G. OLSON, AND J. E. CHILDS. 1994b. Susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32: 2725-2728.
15. _, K. L. BIGGIE, C. K. WARNER, K. COOKSON, S. JENKINS, J. F. LEVINE, AND J. G. OLSON. 1996. Polymerase chain reaction evidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, an etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis, in dogs from southeast Virginia. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57: 1175-1179.
16. ENG, T. R., J. R. HARKESS, D. B. FISHBEIN, J. E. DAWSON, C. N. GREENE, M. A. REDUS, AND F. T. SATALOWICH. 1990. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1988. Journal of the American Medical Association 264: 2251-2258.
17. EWING, S. A., J. E. DAWSON, A. A. KOCAN, R. W. BARKER, C. K. WARNER, R. J. PANCIERA, J. C. FOX, K. M. KOCAN, AND E. F. BLOUIN. 1995. Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) among white-tailed deer by Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 32: 368-374.
18. FORRESTER, D. J. 1992. Parasites and diseases of wild mammals in Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida. 459 pp.
19. KOCH, H. G., AND J. E. DUNN. 1980. Ticks collected from small and medium-sized wildlife hosts in Leflore County, Oklahoma. The Southwestern Entomologist 5: 214-221.
20. LITTLE, S. E., J. E. DAWSON, J. M. LOCKHART, D. E. STALLKNECHT, C. K. WARNER, AND W. R. DAVIDSON. 1997. Development and use of specific polymerase chain reaction for the detection of an Ehrlichia-like organism in white-tailed deer. The Journal of Parasitology 33: 246-253.
21. _, W. R. DAVIDSON, P. M. RAKICH, T. L. NIXON, D. I. BOUNOUS, AND V. F. NETTLES. 1998. Responses of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to first and second infestations with Sarcoptes scabei. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34: 600-611.
22. LOCKHART, J. M., W. R. DAVIDSON, J. E. DAWSON, AND D. E. STALLKNECHT. 1995. Temporal association of Amblyomma americanum with the presence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis-reactive antibodies in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31: 119-124.
23. _, _, D. E. STALLKNECHT, AND J. E. DAWSON. 1996. Site-specific geographic association between Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations and Ehrlichia chaffeensis-reactive (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) antibodies in white-tailed deer. Journal of Medical Entomology 33: 153-158.
24. _, _, _, _, AND S. E. LITTLE. 1997a. Natural history of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in the Piedmont physiographic province of Georgia. The Journal of Parasitology 83: 887-894.
25. _, _, _, _, AND E. W. HOWERTH. 1997b. Isolation of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) confirms their role as natural reservoir hosts. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35: 1681-1686.
26. _, _, _, AND _. 1998. Lack of seroreactivity to Ehrlichia chaffeensis among rodent populations. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34: 392-396.
27. MAEDA, K., N. MARKOWITZ, R. C. HAWLEY, M. RISTIC, D. COX, J. E. MCDADE. 1987. Human infection with Ehrlichia canis, a leukocytic rickettsia. New England Journal of Medicine 316: 853-856.
28. MATHEW, J. S., S. A. EWING, R. W. BARKER, J. C. FOX, J. E. DAWSON, C. K. WARNER, G. L. MURPHY, AND K. M. KOCAN. 1996. Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia canis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus after passage in cell culture. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57: 1594-1598.
29. NOWAK, R. M., AND J. L. PARADISO. 1983. Walker's mammals of the world, Volume 2, 4th Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1362 pp.
30. PATRICK, C. D., AND J. A. HAIR. 1978. White-tailed deer utilization of three different habitats and its influence on lone star tick populations. The Journal of Parasitology 64: 1100-1106.
31. RIKIHISA, Y., S. A. EWING, J. C. FOX, A. G. SIREGAR, F. H. PASARIBA, AND M. B. MALOLE. 1992. Analysis of Ehrlichia canis and a canine granulocytic Ehrlichia infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30: 143-148.
32. SAMUEL, D. E., AND B. B. NELSON. 1982. Foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Allies). In Wild mammals of North America, J. A. Chapman and G. A. Feldhamer (eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 475-490.
33. STANDAERT, S. M., J. E. DAWSON, W. SCHAFFNER, J. E. CHILDS, K. L. BIGGIE, J. SINGLETON, JR., R. R. GERHARDT, M. L. KNIGHT, AND R. H. HUTCHESON. 1995. Ehrlichiosis in a golf-oriented retirement community. New England Journal of Medicine 333: 420-425.
34. TELFORD, S. R., AND J. E. DAWSON. 1996. Persistent infection of C3H/HeJ mice by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Veterinary Microbiology 52: 103-112.
35. WALKER, D. H., AND J. S. DUMLER. 1996. Emergence of the ehrlichioses as human health problems. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2: 18-29.