Basic principles and clinical applications of biochemical markers of bone metabolism: Biochemical and technical aspects

Journal of Clinical Densitometry

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 299-321

  Seibel, Markus J ^a   Woitge, Henning W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Alkaline phosphatase; Bone sialoprotein; Collagen crosslinks; Osteocalcin; Procollagen; Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

BONE DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; REVIEW;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BONE RESORPTION; HUMANS;

EID: 0033196796     PISSN: 10946950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/JCD:2:3:299     Document Type: Article

References (181)

1. Stein GS, Lian JB, Stein JL, Langlois MR, Delanghe JR, Kaufman JM, De Buyzere ML, Van Hoecke MJ, Leroux-Roels GG. 1996 Mechansims Regulating Osteoblast Proliferation and Differentiation. In: Principles of Bone Biology. Bilezikian JP, Raisz LG, Rodan G, eds. Academic, San Diego, 69-86.
2. Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP. 1999 Physiology of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis. In: Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, eds. Academic, San Diego, 247-260.
3. Stinson RA, Hamilton BA. 1994 Human liver plasma membranes contain an enzyme activity that removes membrane anchor from alkaline phosphatase and converts it to a plasma-like form. Clin Biochem 27:49-55.
4. Harris H. 1989 The human alkaline phosphatases: what we know and what we don't know. Clin Chim Acta 186:133-150.
5. Crofton PS. 1982 Biochemistry of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 16:161-194.
6. Koyama I, Miura M, Matsuzaki H, Sakagishi Y, Komodu T. 1985 Sugar-chain heterogeneity of human alkaline phosphatases: differences between normal and tumour-associated isoenzymes. Am J Dis Child 139:736-740.
7. Langlois MR, Delanghe JR, Kaufman JM, John M, Schonau E, Jung K and Rauch F. 1994 Posttranslational heterogeneity of bone alkaline phosphatase in metabolic bone disease. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 32:675-680.
8. Green S, Antiss CL, Fishman WH. 1971 Automated differential isoenzyme analysis. II. The fractionation of serum alkaline phosphalase into liver, intestinal, and other components. Enzymologia 41:9-26.
9. Van Hoof VO, Holyaerts MF, Geryl H, Van Mullem M, Lepoutre LG, De Broe ME. 1990 Age and sex distribution of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by agarose electrophoresis. Clin Chem 36:875-878.
10. Hill CS, Wolfert RL. 1989 The preparation of monoclonal antibodies which react preferentially with human bone alkaline phosphatase and not liver alkaline phosphatase. Clin Chem Acta 186:315-320
11. John M, Schönau E, Jung K, Gomez B Jr, Ardakani S, Ju J, Jenkins D, Cerelli MJ, Daniloff GY, Kung VT. 1992 Quantifizierung der alkalischen Knochenphosphatase im Serum mittels Präzipitation und Elektrophorese-Methodenvergleich und Referenzwerte. Klin Lab 38:217-220.
12. Rosalki SB, Foo AY. 1984 Two new methods for separating and quantifying bone and liver alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in plasma. Clin Chem 30:1182-1186.
13. Rosalki SB, Foo AY. 1987 Lectin affinity electrophoresis of alkaline phosphatase for the differentiation of bone hepatobiliary disease. Electrophoresis 10:604-611.
14. Schreiber WE, Whitta L. 1986 Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes resolved by electrophoresis on lectin-containing agarose gel. Clin Chem 32:1570-1573.
15. Chamberlain B, Buttery J, Pannall P. 1992 A simple electrophoretic method for separating elevated liver and bone alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in plasma after neuraminidase treatment. Clin Chim Acta 208:219-224.
16. Mazda T, Gyure WL. 1988 Assay of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by a convenient precipitation and inhibition methodology. Chem Pharm Bull 36:1814-1818.
17. Behr W, Barnert J. 1986 Quantification of bone alkaline phosphatase in serum by precipitation with wheat-germ lectin: a simplified method and its clinical plausibility. Clin Chem 32:1960-1966.
18. Sorenson S. 1988 Wheat-germ agglutinin method for measuring bone and liver isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase assessed in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Clin Chem 34:1636-1640.
19. Crofton PM. 1992 Wheat-germ lectin affinity electrophoresis for alkaline phosphatase isoforms in children: age-dependent reference ranges and changes in liver and bone disease. Clin Chem 38:663-670.
20. Leung K, Fung K, Sher A, Li C, Lee K. 1993. Plasma bone-specific alkaline phosphatase as an indicator of osteoblastic activity. J Bone Joint Surg 75-B:288-292.
21. Gomez B Jr, Ardakani S, Ju J, Brown JP, Delmas PD, Malaval L, Edouard C, Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ. 1995 Monoclonal antibody assay for measuring bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity in serum. Clin Chem 41:1560-1566.
22. Martin M, Van Hoof V, Couttenye M, Prove, A, Blokx P. 1997 Analytical and clinical evaluation of a method to quantify bone alkaline phosphatase, a marker of osteoblastic activity. Anticancer Res 17:3167-3170.
23. Woitge H, Seibel MJ, Ziegler R. 1996 Comparison of total and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in patients with nonskeletal disorders or metabolic bone disease Clin Chem 42:1796-1804.
24. Hyldstrup L, Clemmensen I, Jensen BA, Transbol L. 1988. Non-invasive evaluation of bone formation: measurements of serum alkaline phosphatase, whole body retention of diphosphonatc and serum osteocalcin in metabolic bone disorders and thyroid disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 48:611-619.
25. Van Straalen JP, Sanders E, Prummel MF, Sanders GTB. 1991 Bone alkaline phosphatase as indicator of bone formation. Clin Chim Acta 201:27-34.
26. Alpers DH, Goodwill CL, Young GP. 1984 Quantitation of human intestinal and liver/bone alkaline phosphatase in serum by rocket electroimmunoassay. Analyt Biochem 140:129-137.
27. Farley JR, Chesnut CH III, Baylink DJ. 1981 Improved method for quantitative determination in serum of alkaline phosphatase of skeletal origin. Clin Chem 27:2002-2007.
28. Gorman L, Statland BE. 1977 Clinical usefulness of alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme determinations. Clin Biochem 10:171-174.
29. Lum G, Catrou P, Liuzza G, Kokatnur M. 1983 Clinical assessment of the electrophoretic separation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. Am J Clin Pathol 80:682-685.
30. Gallop PM, Lian JB, Hauschka PV. 1980 Carboxylated calcium-binding proteins and vitamin K. New Engl J Med 302:1460-1466.
31. Hauschka PV, Carr SA. 1982 Calcium-dependent alpha-helical structure in osteocalcin. Biochemistry 21:2538-2547.
32. Hauschka PV, Lian JB, Cole DE, Gundberg C. 1989. Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Physiol Rev 69:990-1047.
33. Lian JB, Friedman PA. 1978 The vitamin K-dependent synthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid by bone microsomes. J Biol Chem 253:6623-6626.
34. Gundberg CM, Nishimoto SK. 1999 Vitamin K Dependent Proteins of Bone and Cartilage. In: Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, eds. Academic, P, San Diego, 43-58.
35. Price PA. 1987 Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins. In: Calcium Regulation and Bone Metabolism: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Cohn DV, ed. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 419-425
36. Ducy P, Desbois C, Boycem B, Bouillon R, Vanderschueren D, Van Herck E, Nielsen HK, Bex M, Heyns W, Van Baelen H. 1996 Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice. Nature 382:448-452.
37. Brown JP, Delmas PD, Malaval L, Ducy P, Desbois C, Boyce B, Pinero G, Story B, Dunstan C, Smith E, Bonadio J, Goldstein S, Gundberg C, Bradley A, Karsenty G. 1984 Serum bone Gla-protein: a specific marker for bone formation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 1:1091-1093.
38. Bouillon R, Vanderschueren D, Van Herck E, Koyama N, Ohara K, Yokota H, Kurome T, Katayama M, Hino F, Kato I, Akai T. 1992 Homologous radioimmunoassay of human osteocalcin. Clin Chem 38:2055-2060.
39. Catherwood BD. 1982 Region-specific radioimmunoassay for human gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGP) in blood of normal subjects. Calcif Tissue Int 34:29-33.
40. Delmas PD, Stenner D, Wahner HW, Jaouhari J, Schiele F, Dragacci S, Tarallo P, Siest JP, Henny J, Siest G. 1983 Increase in serum bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein with aging in women. J Clin Invest 71:1316-1321.
41. Gundberg CM, Wilson PS, Gallop PM, Parfitt AM. 1985 Determination of osteocalcin in human serum: results with two kits compared with those by a well-characterized assay. Clin Chem 31:1720-1723.
42. Jüppner H, Schettler T, Giebel G. 1986 Radioimmunoassay for human osteocalcin using an antibody raised against the synthetic human (h37-49) sequence. Calcif Tissue Int 39:310-315.
43. Koyama N, Ohara K, Yokota H, Hosoda K, Eguchi H, Nakamoto T, Kubota T, Honda H, Jindai S, Hasegawa R, Kiyoki M, Yamaji T, Shiraki M. 1991 A one step sandwich enzyme immunoassay for gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin using monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 139:17-23.
44. Melick RA, Farrugia W, Quelch KJ. 1985 Plasma osteocalcin in man. Aust NZ J Med 25:410-416.
45. Patterson-Allen PE, Brantigan CE, Geindeland RE. 1982 A specific radioimmunoassay for osteocalcin with advantageous species crossreactivity. Anal Biochem 120:1-8.
46. Power MJ, Fottrell PF. 1989 Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay for osteocalcin in human serum or plasma, with use of a monoclonal antibody. Clin Chem 35:2087-2092.
47. Taylor AK, Linkhart SG, Mohan S, Baylink DJ. 1988 Development of a new radioimmunoassay for human osteocalcin: evidence for a midmolecule epitope. Metabolism 37:872-877.
48. Jaouhari J, Schiele F, Dragacci S, Delmas PD, Malaval L, Arlot ME, Meunier PJ. 1992 Avidin-biotin enzyme immunoassay of osteocalcin in serum or plasma. Clin Chem 38:1968-1974.
49. Hosoda K, Eguchi H, Nakamoto T, Taylor AK, Linkhart S, Mohan S, Christenson RA, Singer FR, Baylink DJ. 1992 Sandwich immunoassay for intact human osteocalcin. Clin Chem 38:2233-2238.
50. Monaghan DA, Power MJ, Fottrell PF. 1993 Sandwich enzyme immunoassay of osteocalcin in serum with use of an antibody against human osteocalcin. Clin Chem 39:942-947.
51. Parviainen M, Kuronen I, Kokko H, Lakaniemi M, Savolainen K, Mononen I. 1994 Two-site enzyme immunoassay for measuring intact human osteocalcin in serum. J Bone Miner Res. 9:347-354.
52. Kuronen I, Kokko H, Parviainen M. 1993 Production of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against human osteocalcin sequences and development of a two-site ELISA for intact human osteocalcin. J Immunol Methods 163:223-240.
53. Deftos LJ, Wolfert RL, Hill CS, Burton DW. 1992 Two-site assays of bone Gla protein (osteocalcin) demonstrate immunochemical heterogeneity of the intact molecule. Clin Chem 38:2318-2321.
54. Dumon JC, Wantier H, Mathieu JJ, Body JJ. 1996 Technical and clinical validation of a new immunoradiometric assay for human osteocalcin. Eur J Endocrinol 135:231-237.
55. Rosenquist C, Quist P, Bjarnason N, Christiansen C. 1995 Measurement of a more stable region of osteocalcin in serum by ELISA with two monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chem 41:1439-1445.
56. Chen JT, Hosoda K, Hasumi K, Ogata E, Shiraki M. 1996 Serum N-terminal osteocalcin is a good indicator for estimating responders to hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner Res 11:1784-1792.
57. Delmas PD, Malaval L, Arlot M, Gorai I, Hosoda K, Chaki O, Taguchi Y, Nakayama M, Yoh K, Yamaji T, Minaguchi H. 1985 Serum bone-Gla-protein compared to bone histomorphometry in endocrine diseases. Bone 6:339-341.
58. Carpenter T, Mackowiak SJ, Troiano N, Gundberg CM. 1992 Osteocalcin and its message: relationship to bone histology in magnesium-deprived rats. Am J Physical 263: E107-E114
59. Fournier B, Gineyts E, Delmas PD. 1989 Evidence that free gamma carboxyglutamic acid circulates in serum. Clin Chim Acta 182:173-182
60. Riggs BL, Tsai KS, Mann KG. 1986 Effect of acute increase in bone matrix degradation on circulating levels of bone-Gla protein. J Bone Miner Res 1:539-542
61. Garnero P, Grimaux M, Seguin P, Delmas PD. 1994 Characterization of immunoreactive forms of human osteocalcin generated in vivo and in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 9:255-264.
62. Taylor AK, Linkhart S, Mohan S, Napal J, Amado JA, Riancho JA, Olmos JM, Gonzalez-Macias J. 1990 Multiple osteocalcin fragments in human urine and serum as detected by a midmolecule osteocalcin radioimmunoassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:467-472.
63. Baumgrass R, Williamson MK, Price PA. 1997 Identification of peptide fragments generated by digestion of bovine and human osteocalcin with the lysosomal proteinases cathepsin B, D, L, H, and S. J Bone Miner Res 12:447-455.
64. Baumgrass R, Felsenberg D, Price PA. 1995 The crossreactivities of cathepsin generated bone GLA protein-fragments in different immunoassays. J Bone Miner Res 10:S339.
65. Gorai L, Hosoda K, Taguchi Y, Nielsen HK, Brizen K, Kassem M, Svanegaard J, Madsen HH. 1997 A heterogeneity in serum osteocalcin N-terminal fragments in Paget's disease: a comparison with other biochemical indices in pre- and post-menopause. J Bone Miner Res 12 (Suppl. 1):T678.
66. Salo J, Lehenkari P, Mulari M, Metsikk K, Väänänen HK. 1997 Removal of osteoclast bone resorption products by transcytosis. Science 276:270-273.
67. Page AE, Hayman AR, Andersson LMB, Chambers TJ, Warburton MJ. 1993 Degradation of bone matrix proteins by osteoclast cathepsins. Int J Biochem 25:545-550.
68. Delmas PD, Price PA, Mann KG. 1990 Validation of the bone Gla protein (osteocalcin) assay: editorial. J Bone Miner Res 5:3.
69. Delmas PD, Christiansen C, Mann KG, Price PA. 1990 Bone gla protein (osteocalcin) assay standardization report. J Bone Miner Res 5:5-10.
70. Masters PW, Jones RG, Purves DA, Cooper EH, Cooney JM. 1994 Commercial assays for serum osteocalcin give clinically discordant results. Clin Chem 40:358-363.
71. Tracy RP, Andrianorivo A, Riggs BL, Mann KG. 1990 Comparison of monoclonal and polyclonal antibody-based immunoassays for osteocalcin: a study of sources of variation in assay results. J Bone Miner Res 5:451-161.
72. Diego ED, Guerrero R, de la Piedra C. 1994 Six osteocalcin assays compared. Clin Chem 40:2071-2077.
73. Delmas PD, Wilson DM, Mann KG, Riggs BL. 1983 Effect of renal function on plasma levels of bone Gla-protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:1028-1030.
74. Epstein S, Traberg H, Raja R, Poser J. 1985 Serum and dialysate osteocalcin levels in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients and after renal transplantation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:1253-1256.
75. Gundberg CM, Markowitz ME, Mizruchi M, Rosen JF. 1985 Osleocalcin in human serum: a circadian rhythm. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:736-741.
76. Napal J, Amado JA, Riancho JA, Eriksen EF, Charles P, Melsen F, Mosekilde L, Risteli L, Risteli J. 1993 Stress decreases the serum level of osteocalcin. Bone Miner 21:113-118.
77. Nielsen HK, Brizen K, Kassem M, Hassager C, Jensen LT, Johansen JS, Riis BJ, Melkko J, Podenphant J, Risteli L, Christiansen C, Risteli J. 1991 Diurnal rhythm in serum osteocalcin: relation with sleep, growth hormone, and PTH (1-84). Calcif Tissue Int 49:373-377
78. Liu SH, Yang RS, al-Shaikh R, Lane JM. 1995 Collagen in tendon, ligament, and bone healing: a current review. Clin Orthop 318:265-278.
79. Merry AH, Harwood R, Wooley DE, Grant ME, Jackson DS. 1976 Identification and partial characterization of the non-collagenous amino- and carboxy-terminal extension peptides of cartilage procollagen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 71:83-90.
80. Fessler LI, Morris NP, Fessler JH. 1975 Procollagen: biological scission of amino and carboxy extension peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:4905-4909.
81. Olsen BR, Guzman NA, Engel J, Condit C, Aase S. 1977 Purification and characterization of a peptide from the carboxy-terminal region of chick tendon procollagen type I. Biochemistry 16:3030-3036.
82. Smedsrod B, Melkko J, Risteli L, Risteli J. 1990 Circulating C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen is cleared mainly via the mannose receptor in liver endothelial cells. Biochem J 271:345-350.
83. Kivirikko KI, Myllyla R. 1984 Biosynthesis of the Collagens. In: Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry. Piez KA, Reddi AH, eds. Elsevier, New York, 83-119.
84. von der Mark K. 1999 Structure and Biosynthesis of Collagens. In: Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, eds. Academic. San Diego, 3-42
85. Melkko J, Niemi S, Risteli L, Risteli J. 1990 Radioimmunoassay of the carboxyterminal propeptide of human type I procollagen. Clin Chem 36:1328-1332.
86. Taubman MB, Goldberg B, Sherr C. 1974 Radioimmunoassay for human procollagen. Science 186:1115-1117.
87. Pedersen BJ, Bonde M. 1994 Purification of human procollagen type I carboxyl-terminal propeptide cleaved as in vivo from procollagen and used to calibrate a radioimmunoassay of the propeptide. Clin Chem 40:811-816.
88. Eriksen EF, Charles P, Meisen F, Minisola S, Romagnoli E, Scarnecchia L, Rosso R, Pacitti MT, Scarda A, Mazzuoli G. 1993 Scram markers of type I collagen formation and degradation in metabolic bone disease: correlation with bone histomorphometry. J Bone Miner Res 8:127-132.
89. Hassager C, Jensen LT, Johansen JS, Charles P, Mosekilde L, Risteli L, Risteli J, Eriksen EF. 1991 The carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen in serum as a marker of bone formation: the effect of nandrolone dccanoate and female sex hormones. Metabolism 40:205-208.
90. Parfitt AM, Simon LS, Villanueva AR, Krane SM. 1987 Procollagen type I carboxyterminal extension propeptide in serum as a marker of collagen biosynthesis in bone. J Bone Miner Res 5:427-436.
91. Ebeling PR, Peterson JM, Riggs BL. 1992 Utility of type I procollagen propeptide assays for assessing abnormalities in metabolic bone diseases. J Bone Miner Res 7:1243-1250.
92. Minisola S, Romagnoli E, Scarnecchia L, Hassager C, Risteli J, Risteli E, Jensen SB, Christiansen C. 1994 Serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of human type I procollagen in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: studies in basal conditions and after parathyroid surgery. Eur J Endocrinol 130:587-591.
93. Charles P, Mosekilde L, Risteli E, Moro L, Modricky C, Stagni N, Vittur F, de Bernard B. 1994 Assessment of bone remodeling using biochemical indicators of type I collagen synthesis and degradation: relation to calcium kinetics. Bone Miner 24:81-94.
94. Hassager C, Risteli J, Risteli L, et al. 1992 Diurnal variation in serum markers of type I collagen synthesis and degradations in healthy premcnopausa! women. J Bone Miner Res 11:1307-1311
95. Lowry M, Hall DE, Brosnan JT. 1985 Hydroxyproline metabolism by the rat kidney: distribution of renal enzymes of hydroxyproline catabolism and renal conversion of hydroxyproline to glycine and serine. Metabolism 34:955-961.
96. Kivirikko KI. 1970 Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline in health and disease. Int Rev Connect Tissue Res 5:93-163.
97. Deacon AC, Hulme P, Hesp R, Green JR, Tellez M, Reeve J. 1987 Estimation of whole body bone resorption rate: a comparison of urinary total hydroxyproline excretion with two radioisotopic tracer methods in osteoporosis. Clin Chim Acta 166:297-306.
98. Krane SM, Kantrowitz FG, Byrne M, Pinnell SR, Singer FR. 1977 Urinary excretion of hydroxylysine and its glycosides as an index of collagen degradation. J Clin Invest 59:819-827.
99. Smith R. 1980 Collagen and disorders of bone. Clin Sci 59:215-223.
100. Prockop DJ, Kivirikko KI, Tuderman L, Guzman NA. 1979 The biosynthesis of collagen and its disorders. New Engl J Med 301:13-23
101. Robins SP. 1980 Turnover of Collagen and Its Precursors. In: Biology of Collagen. Viidik A, Vuust J, eds. Academic, New York, 135-151
102. Cunningham LW, Ford JD, Segrest JP. 1967 The isolation of identical hydroxylysyl glycosides from hydroxylates of soluble collagen and from human urine. J Biol Chem 242:2570, 2571
103. Moro L, Modricki C, Stagni N, et al. 1984 High performance liquid chromatography analysis of urinary hydroxylysine glycosides as indicators of collagen turnover. Analyst 109:1621-1628.
104. Moro L, Mucelli RS, Gazzarrini C, et al. 1988 Urinary-1-galactosyl-0-hydroxylysine as a marker of collagen turnover in bone. Calcif Tissue Int 42:87-90.
105. Moro L, Noris-Suarez K, Michalsky M, Romanello M, de Bernard B. 1993 The glycosides of hydroxylysine are final products of collagen degradation in humans. Biochim Biophys Acta 1156:288-290.
106. Segrest JP, Cunningham LW. 1970 Variations in human urinary O-hydroxylysyl glycoside levels and their relationship to collagen metabolism. J Clin Invest 49:1497-1509.
107. Bienkowski R. 1984 Intracellular degradation of newly synthesized collagen. Collagen Rel Res 4:399-412.
108. Moro L, Modricky C, Rovis L, DeBernard B. 1988 Determination of galactosyl hydroxylysine in urine as a means for the identification of osteoporotic women. Bone Miner 3:271-276.
109. Bettica P, Moro L, Robins SP, et al. 1992 The comparative performance of urinary bone resorption markers: galactosyl hydroxylysine, pyridinium crosslinks, hydroxyproline. Clin Chem 38:2313-2318.
110. Fujimoto D, Moriguchi T, Ishida T, Hayashi H. 1978 The structure of pyridinoline, a collagen crosslink. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 84:52-57.
111. Ogawa T, Ono T, Tsuda M, Kawanashi Y. 1982 A novel fluor in insoluble collagen: a crosslinking molecule in collagen molecule. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 107:1252-1257.
112. Robins SP. 1999 Fibrillogenesis and Maturation of Collagens. In: Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, eds. Academic, San Diego, in press.
113. Gunja-Smith Z, Boucek RJ. 1981 Collagen crosslink components in human urine. Biochem J 197:759-762.
114. Delmas PD, Schlemmer A, Gineyts E, et al. 1991 Urinary excretion of pyridinoline crosslinks correlates with bone turnover measured on iliac crest biopsy in patients with vertebral osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 6:639-644
115. Eastell R, Colwell A, Hampton L, Reeve J. 1997 Biochemical markers of bone resorption compared with estimates of bone resorption from radiotracer kinetic studies in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 12:59-65.
116. Colwell A, Russell R, Eastell R. 1993 Factors affecting the assay of urinary 3-hydroxy pyridinium crosslinks of collagen as markers of bone resorption. Eur J Clin Invest 23:341-349.
117. Boucek RJ, Noble NL, Gunja-Smith Z, Butler WT. 1981 The Marfan syndrome: a deficiency in chemically stable collagen crosslinking. New Engl J Med 305:988-991.
118. Eyre DR, Dickson IR, Van Ness KP. 1988 Collagen crosslinking in human bone and articular cartilage. Biochem J 252:495-500
119. Eyre DR, Paz MA, Gallop PM. 1984 Cross-linking in collagen and elastin. Annu Rev Biochem 53:717-748
120. Robins SP, Duncan A. 1987 Pyridinium crosslinks of bone collagen and their location in peptides isolated from rat femur. Biochim Biophys Acta 914:233-239
121. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP. 1992 Urinary pyridinium crosslinks of collagen: specific markers of bone resorption in metabolic bone disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 3:263-270.
122. Kraenzlin EM, Seibel MJ. 1999 Measurement of Biochemical Markers of Bone Resorption. In: Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, eds. Academic, San Diego, 411-426.
123. Brixen K, Eriksen EF. 1999 Validation of Local and Systemic Markers of Bone Turnover. In: Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, eds. Academic, San Diego, 427-436.
124. Black D, Duncan A, Robins SP. 1988 Quantitative analysis of the pyridinium crosslinks of collagen in urine using ion-paired reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 169:197-203.
125. Pratt DA, Daniloff Y, Duncan A, Robins SP. 1992 Automated analysis of the pyridinium crosslinks of collagen in tissue and urine using solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 207:168-175.
126. James IT, Perrett D. 1998 Automated on-line solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of total and free pyridinium crosslinks in serum. J Chromatogr 79:159-66.
127. Robins SP, Duncan A, Riggs BL. 1990 Direct Measurement of Free Hydroxy-pyridinium Crosslinks of Collagen in Urine as New Markers of Bone Resorption in Osteoporosis. In: Osteoporosis 1990. Christiansen C, Overgaard K, eds. Osteopress, Copenhagen, 465-468.
128. Abbiati G, Bartucci F, Longoni A, Fincato G, Galimberti S, Rigoldi M, Castiglioni C. 1993 Monitoring of free and total urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in healthy volunteers: sample relationships between 24-h and fasting early morning urine concentrations. Bone Miner 21:9-19.
129. Seyedin SM, Kung VT, Daniloff YN, et al. 1993 Immunoassay for urinary pyridinoline: the new marker of bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 8:635-641.
130. Robins SP, Woitge H, Hesley R, Ju J, Seyedin S, Seibel MJ. 1994 Direct enzyme-linked immunoassay for urinary deoxypyridinoline as a specific marker for measuring bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 9:1643-1649.
131. Gomez B, Ardakani S, Evans B, Merrell L, Jenkins D, Kung V. 1996 Monoclonal antibody assay for free urinary pyridinium cross-links. Clin Chem 42:1168-1175.
132. Delmas PD, Gineyts E, Bertholin A, Garnero P, Marchand F. 1993 Immunoassay of urinary pyridinoline crosslink excretion in normal adults and in Pagets disease. J Bone Miner Res 8:643-648.
133. Seibel MJ, Woitge H, Scheidt-Nave C, et al. 1994 Urinary hydroxypyridinium crosslinks of collagen in population-based screening for overt vertebral osteoporosis: results of a pilot study. J Bone Miner Res 9:1433-1440
134. Seibel MJ, Duncan A, Robins SP. 1989 Urinary hydroxypyridinium crosslinks provide indices of cartilage and bone involvement in arthritic diseases. J Rheumatol 16:964-970
135. Beardsworth LJ, Eyre DR, Dickson IR. 1990 Changes with age in the urinary excretion of lysyl- and hydroxylysylpyridinoline, two new markers of bone collagen turnover. J Bone Miner Res 5:671-676
136. Eastell R, Calvo MS, Burritt ME, et al. 1992 Abnormalities in circadian patterns of bone resorption and renal calcium conservation in type I osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:487-494
137. Schlemmer A, Hassager C, Jensen SB, Christiansen C. 1992 Marked diurnal variation in urinary excretion of pyridinium crosslinks in premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:476-480
138. Risteli J, Elomaa I, Niemi S, Novamo A, Risteli L. 1993 Radioimmunoassay for the pyridinoline cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen: a new serum marker of bone collagen degradation. Clin Chem 39:635-640.
139. Risteli J, Niemi S, Elomaa I, Risteli L. 1991 Bone resorption assay based on a peptide liberated during type I collagen degradation. J Bone Miner Res 6: S251, A670
140. Risteli J, Risteli E. 1999 Products of Bone Collagen Metabolism. In: Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, eds. Academic, San Diego, 275-288.
141. Body JJ. 1999 Metastatic Bone Disease. In: Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP, eds. Academic, San Diego, 591-604.
142. Bonde MQP, Fledelius C, Riis BJ, Christiansen C. 1994 Immunoassay for quantifying type I degradation products in urine evaluated. Clin Chem 40:2022-2025.
143. Fledelius C, Johnsen AH, Cloos PAC, Bonde M, Qvist P. 1997 Characterization of urinary degradation products derived from type I collagen: identification of a beta-isomerized Asp-Gly sequence within the C-terminal telopeptide (alpha 1) region. J Biol Chem 272:9755-9763.
144. Bonde M, Fledelius C, Qvist P, Christiansen C. 1996 Coated-tube radioimmunoassay for C-telopeptides of type I collagen to assess bone resorption. Clin Chem 42:1639-1644.
145. Garnero P, Fledelius C, Gineyts E, et al. 1997 Decreased beta-isomerization of the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen alpha I chain in Pagets disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res 12:1407-1415.
146. Garnero P, Gineyts E, Schaffer AV, et al. 1998 Measurement of urinary excretion of nonisomerized and beta-isomerized forms of type I collagen breakdown products to monitor the effects of the bisphosphonate zoledronate in Pagets disease. Arthritis Rheum 41:354-360.
147. Cloos PAC, Fledelius C. 1998 Two new bone resorption assays measuring racemised protein fragments: measurement of age-modified peptides to assess bone quality. Bone 23(Suppl.):T114.
148. Cloos PAC, Fledelius C, Ovist P, Garnero P. 1998 Biological clocks of bone aging: racemisation and isomerisation, potential tools to assess bone turnover. Bone 23(Suppl. 1):F440.
149. Bonde M, Garnero P, Fledelius C, et al. 1997 Measurement of bone degradation products in serum using antibodies reactive with an isomerized form of an 8 amino acid sequence of the C-telopeptide of type I collagen. J Bone Miner Res 12:1028-1034.
150. Hanson DA, Weis MA, Bollen AM, Maslan SL, Singer FR, Eyre DR. 1992 A specific immunoassay for monitoring human bone resorption: quantitation of type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptides in urine. J Bone Miner Res 7:1251-1258.
151. Robins SP. 1995 Collagen crosslinks in metabolic bone disease. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 266:171-175.
152. Woitge HW, Oberwittler H, Farahmand I, et al. 1999 Novel serum markers of bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 14:729-801.
153. Fisher LW, Whitson SW, Avioli LW, Termine JD. 1983 Matrix sialoprotein of developing bone. J Biol Chem. 258:12,723-12,727.
154. Oldberg Å, Franzen A, Heinegard D. 1985 Isolation and characterisation of two sialoproteins present only in bone. Biochem J 232:715-724.
155. Fisher LW, Hawkins GR, Tuross N, Termine JD. 1987 Purification and partial characterization of small protcoglyeans I and II, bone sialoproteins I and II, and osteonectin from the mineral compartment of developing human bone. J Biol Chem 262:9702-9708.
156. Heinegard D, Oldberg Å. 1989 Structure and biology of cartilage and bone matrix noncollageneous macromolecules. FASEB J 3:2042-2051.
157. Chen J, Shapiro HS, Wrana JL, Reimers S, Heersche JNM, Sodek J. 1991 Localization of bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression to sites of mineral tissue formation in fetal rat tissue by in situ hybridization. Matrix 11:133-143.
158. Shapiro HS, Chen J, Wrana JL, Zhang Q, Blum M, Sodek J. 1993 Characterization of porcine bone sialoprotein: primary structure and cellular expression. Matrix 13:431-444.
159. Fujisawa R, Butler WT, Brunn JC, Zhou HY, Kuboki Y. 1993 Differences in composition of cell-attachment sialoproteins between dentin and bone. J Dent Res 72:1222-1226.
160. Bellahcene A, Castronovo V. 1997 Expression of bone matrix proteins in human breast cancer: potential roles in microcalcification formation and in the genesis of bone metastases. Bull Cancer 84:17-24.
161. Bianco P, Fisher LW, Young MF, Termine JD, Robey PG. 1991 Expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) in developing human tissues. Calcif Tissue Int 49:421-426.
162. Oldberg Å, Franzen A, Heinegard D, Pierschbacher M, Rouslahti E. 1988 Identification of u bone sialoprotein receptor in osteosarcoma cells. J Biol Chem. 263:19,433-19,436.
163. Ross FP, Chappel J, Alvarez JI, et al. 1993 Interactions between the bone matrix proteins osteopontin and bone sialoprotein and the osteoclast integrin avb3 potentiate bone resorption. J Biol Chem 268:9901-9907.
164. Fujisawa R, Nodasaka Y, Kuboki Y. 1995 Further characterization of interaction between bone sialoprotein (BSP) and collagen. Calcif Tissue Int 56:140-144.
165. Hunter GK, Goldberg HA. 1994 Modulation of crystal formation by bone phosphoproteins: role of glutamic acid-rich sequences in the nucleation of hydroxyapatite by bone sialoprotein. Biochem J 302:175-179.
166. Saxne T, Zunino L, Heinegard D. 1995 Increased release of bone sialoprotein into synovial fluid reflects tissue destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 38:82-90.
167. Karmatschek M, Woitge HW, Armbruster FP, Ziegler R, Seibel MJ. 1997 Improved purification of human bone sialoprotein and development of a homologous radioimmunoassay. Clin Chem 43:2076-2082.
168. Li Y, Woitge HW, Kissling C, et al. 1998 Serum immunoreactive bone sialoprotein in children, healthy adults, and patients with renal and hepatic failure. Bone 23(Suppl. 1):T413.
169. Li Y, Woitge HW, Kissling C, et al. 1998 Biological variability of serum immunoreactive bone sialoprotein, Clin Lab 44:553-555.
170. Seibel MJ, Woitge HW, Pecherstorfer M, et al. 1996 Serum immunoreactive bone sialoprotein as a new marker of bone turnover in metabolic and malignant bone disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3289-3294.
171. Lam KW, Lee PF, Li CY, Yam LT. 1980 Immunological and biochemical evidence for identity of tartrate-resistant isoenzymes of acid phosphatases from human serum and tissue. Clin Chem 26:420-422.
172. Minkin C. 1982 Bone acid phosphatase: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as a marker of osteoclast function. Calcif Tissue Int 34:285-290.
173. Halleen JM, Hentunen TA, Holmes SD, et al. 1998 Osteoclast-derived tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5b as a serum marker of bone resorption rate. Bone 23(Suppl.):F432.
174. Kraenzlin ME, Lau KH, Liang L, et al. 1990 Development of an immunoassay for human serum osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:442-451.
175. Cheung C, Panesar N, Haines C, Masarei J, Swaminathan R. 1995 Immunoassay of a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in serum. Clin Chem 41:679-686.
176. Bais R, Edwards JB. 1976 An optimized continuous-monitoring procedure for semiautomated determination of serum acid phosphatase activity. Clin Chem 22:2025-2028.
177. Lam KW, Siemens M, Sun T, Li CY, Yam LT. 1982 Enzyme immunoassay for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Clin Chem 28:467-470.
178. Lau KH, Onishi T, Wergedal JE, et al. 1987 Characterization of an assay for human tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in serum: potential use to assess bone resorption. Clin Chem 33:458-462.
179. Colson F, Berny C, Tebib J. 1990 Assessment of Bone Resorption by Measuring Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TACP) Activity in Serum. In: Osteoporosis 1990. Christiansen C, Overgaard K, eds. Osteopress, Copenhagen, 621, 622.
180. De la Piedra C, Torres R, Rapado A, et al. 1989 Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and bone mineral content in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 45:58-60.
181. Stein GS, Lian JB, Owen TA. 1990 Relationship of cell growth to the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression during osteoblast differentiation. FASEB J 4:3111-3123.