Modern microscopy in biofilm research: Confocal microscopy and other approaches

Current Opinion in Biotechnology

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 263-268

  Palmer Jr , Robert J ^a,c   Sternberg, Claus ^b  

^a Biofilm Imaging Facility   (United States)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM; BIOFILM; CONFOCAL LASER MICROSCOPY; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; GENE EXPRESSION; MICROSCOPY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPECIES; TECHNIQUE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 0033153162     PISSN: 09581669     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0958-1669(99)80046-9     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Palmer R Jr: Microscopy flowcells: Perfusion chambers for real-time study of biofilms. In Biofilms. Edited by Doyle R. Orlando: Academic Press; 1999:in press. [Abelson J, Simon M (Series Editors): Methods in Enzymology Series.]
2. Kolenbrander P, Andersen R, Kazmerzak K, Wu R, Palmer R Jr: Spatial organization of oral bacteria in biofilms. In Biofilms. Edited by Doyle R. Orlando: Academic Press; 1999:in press. [Abelson J, Simon M (Series Editors): Methods in Enzymology Series.]
3. Massol-Deyá A, Whallon J, Mickey R, Tiedje J: Channel structures in aerobic biofilms of fixed-film reactors treating contaminated groundwater. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995, 61:769-777.
4. Christensen B, Sternberg C, Andersen J, Palmer R Jr, Nielsen A, Givskov M, Molin S: Molecular tools for the study of biofilm physiology. In Biofilms. Edited by Doyle R. Orlando Academic Press; 1999:in press. (Abelson J, Simon M [Series Editors]: Methods in Enzymology Series.) Detailed 'instruction manual' on fixation, embedding and use of reporters in biofilms.
5. Sternberg C, Christensen B, Møller S, Andersen J, Molin S: Localisation of cells active in gene expression and gene transfer in intact bacterial biofilms. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Molecular Reporting with Photons. Edited by Hastings J, Kricka L, Stanley P. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1996:371-374.
6. Møller S, Sternberg C, Andersen J, Christensen B, Molin S: In situ gene expression in mixed-culture biofilms: Evidence of metabolic interactions between community members. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64:721-732. Promoter activity and identity in a seven species biofilm: spatial and metabolic interaction of two species during toluene degradation. The spatial organization and chemical nature of biofilm exopolymer was revealed by staining with fluorescently tagged lectins.
7. Lawrence J, Korber D, Hoyle B, Costerton J, Caldwell D: Optical sectioning of microbial biofilms. J Bacteriol 1991, 173:6558-6567.
8. Caldwell D, Korber D, Lawrence J: Confocal laser microscopy and digital image analysis in microbial ecology. Adv Microb Ecol 1992, 12:1-67.
9. Palmer R Jr, Caldwell D: A flowcell for the study of plaque removal and regrowth. J Microbiol Methods 1995, 24:171-182.
10. Costerton J, Lewandowsi Z, DeBeer D, Caldwell D, Korber D, James G: Biofilms, the customized microniche. J Bacteriol 1994, 176:2137-2142.
11. Caldwell D, Korber D, Lawrence J: Imaging of bacterial cells by fluorescence exclusion using scanning confocal laser microscopy. J Microbiol Methods 1992, 15:249-261.
12. Wolfaardt G, Lawrence J, Robarts R, Caldwell S, Caldwell D: Multicellular organization in a degradative biofilm community. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994, 60:434-466.
13. Møller S, Korber D, Wolfaardt G, Molin S, Caldwell D: Impact of nutrient composition on a degradative biofilm community. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997, 63:2433-2438.
14. Singleton S, Treolar R, Warren R, Watson G, Hodgson R, Allison C: Methods for microscopic characterization of oral biofilms: Analysis of colonization, microstructure, and molecular transport phenomena. Adv Dent Res 1997, 11:133-149.
15. Davies D, Parsek M, Pearson J, Iglewski B, Costerton J, Greenberg E: The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm. Science 1998, 280:295-298.
16. Manz W, Eisenbrecher M, Neu T, Szewzyk U: Abundance and spatial organization of Gram-negative sulfate-reducing bacteria in activated sludge investigated by in situ probing with specific 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotides. FEMS Microb Ecol 1998, 25:43-61
17. Schramm A, Larsen L, Revsbech N, Ramsing N, Amann R, Schleifer KH: Structure and function of a nitrifying biofilm as determined by in situ hybridization and the use of microelectrodes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996, 62:4641-4647.
18. Dalton H, Poulsen L, Halasz P, Angles M, Goodman A, Marshall K: Substratum-induced morphological changes in a marine bacterium and their relevance to biofilm structure. J Bacteriol 1994, 176:6900-6906.
19. Korber D, Choi A, Wolfaardt G, Ingham S, Caldwell D: Substratum topography influences susceptibility of Salmonella enteritidis biofilms to trisodium phosphate. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997, 63:3352-3358.
20. Jayaraman A, Sun A, Wood T: Characterization of axenic Pseudomonas fragi and Escherichia coli biofilms that inhibit corrosion of SAE 1018 steel. J Appl Microbiol 1998, 84:485-492.
21. Gregory M, Hadley G: The evolution of biofilms in venous access devices implanted in children with Wilm's tumour. Pediatr Surg Int 1998, 13:400-405.
22. Gorman S, Mawhinney W, Adair C, Issouckis M: Confocal laser scanning microscopy of peritoneal catheter surfaces. J Med Microbiol 1993, 38:411-417.
23. Inglis T, Tit-Meng L, Mah-Lee N, Ee-Koon T, Kok-Pheng H: Structural features of tracheal tube biofilm formed during prolonged mechanical ventilation. Chest 1995, 108:1049-1052.
24. Gorman S, Adair C, Mawhinney W: Incidence and nature of peritoneal catheter biofilm determined by electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Epidemiol Infect 1994, 112:551-559.
25. Seo K, Frank J: Attachment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to lettuce leaf surface and bacterial viability in response to chlorine treatment as demonstrated by confocal scanning laser microscopy. J Food Prot 1999, 62:3-9.
26. Robinson P, Walker J, Keevil C, Cole J: Reporter genes and fluorescent probes for studying the colonisation of biofilms in a drinking water supply line by enteric bacteria. FEMS Micro Lett 1995, 129:183-188.
27. Davies D, Geesey G: Regulation of the alginate biosynthetic gene algC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during biofilm development in continuous culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995, 61:860-867.
28. Palmer R Jr, Phiefer C, Burlage R, Sayler G, White D: Single-cell bioluminescence and GFP in biofilm research. In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Molecular Reporting with Photons. Edited by Hastings JW, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1996:445-450.
29. Palmer R Jr, White D: Spatially resolved, quantitative determination of luciferase activity by photon-counting microscopy. In Biofilms. Edited by Doyle R. Orlando: Academic Press; 1999:in press. [Abelson J, Simon M (Series Editors): Methods in Enzymology Series.]
30. Phiefer C, Palmer R Jr, White D: Comparison of relative photon flux from single cells of the bioluminescent marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio harveyi using photon-counting microscopy. Luminescence 1999: in press.
31. Palmer R Jr, Applegate B, Burlage R, Sayler G, White D: Heterogeneity of gene expression and activity in bacterial biofilms. In Bioluminescence and Chemical Luminescence: Perspectives for the 21st Century. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: 1998 September 4-8; Bologna. Edited by Roda A, Pazzagli M, Kricka LJ, Stanley PE. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1999:609-612. The authors demonstrate correlative microscopy using living biofilms. This shows the value of having multiple lines of evidence for assessing bacterial activity and that gene expression within a pure-culture microcolony can be heterogeneous.
32. Huang C-T, Xu K, McFeters G, Stewart P: Spatial patterns of alkaline pnosphatase expression within bacterial colonies and biofilms in response to phosphate starvation. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64:1526-1531. Excellent use of cryo-embedding methods and of enzymatic reporters to dissect biofilm physiology in three dimensions.
33. Poulsen L, Ballard G, Stahl D: Use of rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization for measuring the activity of single cells in young and established biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993, 59:1359-1360.
34. Christensen B, Sternberg C, Andersen J, Eberl L, Møller S, Givskov M, Molin S: Establishment of new genetic traits in a microbial biofilm community. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998, 64:2247-2255.
35. Lee N, Nielsen P, Andreasen K, Juretschko S, Nielsen J, Schleifer K-H, Wagner M: Combination of fluorescent in situ hybridization and microautoradiography, a new tool for structure-function analyses in microbial ecology. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:1289-1297.
36. Wood P, Caldwell D, Evan E, Jones M, Korber D, Wolfhaardt G, Wilson M, Gilbert P: Surface-catalysed disinfection of thick Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 1998, 84:1092-1098.
37. Wolfaardt G, Lawrence J, Robarts R, Caldwell D: In situ characterization of biofilm exopolymers involved in the accumulation of chlorinated organics. Microb Ecol 1998, 35:213-223. Visualization of exopolymer and elucidation of its role in biofilm physiology.
38. Larson I, Little B, Nealson K, Ray R, Stone A, Tian J: Magnetite reduction by Shewanella putrifaciens MR-4. Am Mineralogist 1998, 83:1564-1572.
39. Umeda A, Saito M, Amako K: Surface characteristics of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in an atomic force microscope image. Microbiol Immunol 1998, 42:159-164.
40. Braga P, Ricci D: Atomic force microscopy: Application to investigation of Escherichia coli morphology before and after exposure to cefodizime. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998, 42:18-22.
41. Kuznetsov Y, Malkin A, McPherson A: Atomic force microscopy studies of living cells: Visualization of motility, division, aggregation, transformation, and apoptosis. J Struct Biol 1997, 120:180-191.
42. Schaus S, Henderson E: Cell viability and probe-cell membrane interactions of XR1 glial cells imaged by atomic force microscopy. Biophys J 1997, 73:1205-1214.
43. Razatos A, Ong Y-L, Sharma M, Georgiou G: Molecular determinants of bacterial adhesion monitored by atomic force microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:11059-11064. Correlation of lipopolysaccharide chemistry to adhesion strength in aqueous solution using force microscopy and bacteria-coated tips. Clever methodology used to generate real-world biological data with SPM.
44. Colarusso P, Whitley A, Levin I, Lewis E: Raman microscopy and imaging of inorganic and biological materials with liquid crystal tunable filters. In Biomedical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy. Proceedings of SPIE, Vol 3608. Edited by Morris MD. Bellingham: SPIE Press; 1999:in press. Bacterial cells imaged by Raman microscopy; demonstrates potential for non-destructive investigation of biofilm chemistry at single-cell resolution.