The menopause

Lancet

Volumn 353, Issue 9152, 1999, Pages 571-580

  Greendale, Gail A ^a   Lee, Nancy P ^b   Arriola, Edgar R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGENTS USED INTRAVAGINALLY; ASTROGLIDE; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; DYDROGESTERONE; ESTRADIOL; ESTRADIOL VALERATE; ESTRATEST; ESTRIOL; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN DERIVATIVE; GESTAGEN; GYNE MOISTRIN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; METHYLTESTOSTERONE; MOIST AGAIN; NOR; NORETHISTERONE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; PIPERAZINE ESTRONE SULFATE; PROGESTERONE; TEROULUT; TESTOSTERONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACNE; ALOPECIA; AMENORRHEA; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEPRESSION; DRUG FORMULATION; ENDOMETRIUM HYPERPLASIA; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEMALE; FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; HEADACHE; HIRSUTISM; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INTRAVAGINAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MENOPAUSE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; OSTEOPOROSIS; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; TABLET; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; TRANSDERMAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; URINE INCONTINENCE; VAGINA ATROPHY; VIRILIZATION; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 0033022695     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05352-5     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Metcalf MG, Donald RA. Fluctuating ovarian function in a perimenopausal woman. N Z Med J 1979; 89: 45-47.
2. McKinlay SM, Brambilla PJ, Posner JG. The normal menopause transition. Maturitas 1992; 14: 103-15.
3. Thompson B, Hart SA, Durno D. Menopausal age and symptomatology in a general practice. J Biosoc Sci 1973; 5: 71-82.
4. Beyene Y. Cultural significance and physiological manifestations of menopause: a biocultural analysis. Cult Med Psychiatry 1986; 10: 47-71.
5. Cignarelli M, Cicinelli E, Corso M, et al. Biophysical and endocrine-metabolic changes during menopausal hot flashes: increase in plasma free fatty acid and norepinephrine levels. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1989; 27: 34-37.
6. Milsom I, Ekelund P, Molander U, Arvidsson L, Areskoug B. The influence of age, parity, oral contraception, hysterectomy and menopause on the prevalence of urinary incontinence in women. J Urol 1993; 149: 1459-62.
7. Rekers H, Drogendijk AC, Valkenburg HA, Riphagen F. The menopause, urinary incontinence and other symptoms of the genito-urinary tract. Maturitas 1992; 15: 101-11.
8. Hinton P, Tweddell AL, Mayne C. Oral and intravaginal estrogens alone and in combination with alpha adrenergic stimulation in genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 1990; 1: 80-86.
9. Walter S, Wolf H, Barlebo H. Urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with estrogens. Urol Int 1978; 33: 135-43.
10. Fantl JA, Bump RC, Robinson D, McClish DK, Wyman JF. Efficacy of estrogen supplementation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 745-49.
11. Fantl JA, Cardozo L, McClish DK. Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 12-18.
12. Raz R, Stamm WE. A controlled trial of intravaginal estriol in postmenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 753-60.
13. Stone SC, Mickal A, Tye PJ. Postmenopausal symptomatology, maturation index, and plasma estrogen levels. Obstet Gynecol 1975; 45: 625-27.
14. Nachtigall LE. Replens versus local estrogen in menopausal women. Fertil Steril 1994; 61: 178-80.
15. Greendale GA, Hogan P, Shumaker S. Sexual functioning in postmenopausal women: the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions trial. J Womens Health 1996; 5: 445-58.
16. Diokno AC, Brown MB, Herzog AR. Sexual function in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 197-200.
17. Lindgren R, Berg G, Hammar M, Zuccon E. Hormonal replacement therapy and sexuality in a population of Swedish postmenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993; 72: 292-97.
18. Osborn M, Hawton K, Gath D. Sexual dysfunction among middle aged women in the community. BMJ 1988; 296: 259-62.
19. Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM. Sex steroids and affect in the surgical menopause: a double-blind cross-over study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1985; 10: 325-35.
20. Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM, Brender W. Androgen enhances sexual motivation in females: a prospective, crossover study of sex steroid administration in the surgical postmenopausal. Psychosom Med 1985; 47: 339-51.
21. Casson PR, Carson SA. Androgen replacement therapy in women: myths and realities. Int J Fertil 1996; 41: 412-22.
22. Myers LS, Dixen J, Morrissette D, Carmichael M, Davidsen JM. Effects of estrogen, androgen and progestin on sexual psychophysiology and behaviour in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 1124-31.
23. Pearlstein T, Rosen K, Stone AB. Mood disorders and menopause. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1997; 26: 279-94.
24. Kaufert PA, Gilbert P, Tate R. The Manitoba Project: a re-examination of the link between menopause and depression. Maturitas 1992; 14: 143-55.
25. Avis NE, Brambilla D, McKinlay SM, Vass K. A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression. Results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study. Ann Epidemiol 1994; 4: 214-20.
26. Hunter MS. Psychological and somatic experience of the menopause: a prospective study. Psychosom Med 1990; 52: 357-67.
27. Hay AG, Bancroft J, Johnstone EC. Affective symptoms in women attending a menopause clinic. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 513-16.
28. Schneider LS, Small GW, Hamilton SH, Bystritsky A, Nemeroff CB, Meyers BS. Estrogen replacement and response to fluoxetine in a multicenter geriatric depression trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 5: 97-106.
29. Matthews KA, Meilahn E, Kuller LH, Kelsey SF, Caggiula AW, Wing RR. Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 641-46.
30. Jensen J. Effects of sex steroids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Baillieres Clin Obst Gynaecol 1991; 5: 867-87.
31. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/pro gestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1995; 273: 199-208.
32. Portaluppi F, Pansini F, Manfredini R, Mollica G. Relative influence of menopausal status, age, and body mass index on blood pressure. Hypertension 1997; 29: 976-79.
33. Kornhauser C, Malacara JM, Garay ME, Perez-Luque EL. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors in menopausal women with moderate hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11: 405-11.
34. Manson JE. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and atherosclerotic disease. Am Heart J 1994; 128: 1337-43.
35. Grodstein F, Sampfer M. The epidemiology of coronary heart disease and estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1995; 38: 199-210.
36. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 453-61.
37. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and estrogen/pro gestin replacement study (HERS) research group. JAMA 1998; 280: 605-13.
38. Hansen MA, Overgard K, Riis BJ, Christiansen C. Role of peak bone mass and bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis. BMJ 1991; 303: 961-64.
39. Nachtigall LE, Nachtigall RH, Nachtigall RD, Beckman EM. Estrogen replacement therapy I: a 10-year prospective study in the relationship to osteoporosis. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53: 277-81.
40. Lindsay R, Hart DM, Forrest C, Baird C. Prevention of spinal osteoporosis in oophorectomised women. Lancet 1980; i: 1151-54.
41. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1016-37.
42. Naessen T, Persson I, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Bergkvist L. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk for first hip fracture. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 95-103.
43. Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Ensrud K, Ettinger B, Black D, Cummings SR. Estrogen replacement therapy and fractures in older women. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 9-16.
44. Schneider DL, Barrett-Connor EL, Morton DJ. Timing of postmenopausal estrogen for optimal bone mineral density. JAMA 1997; 277: 543-47.
45. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/ Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1996; 276: 1389-96.
46. Christiansen C, Riis BJ. 17 Beta-estradiol and continuous norethisterone: a unique treatment for established osteoporosis in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 836-41.
47. Schmidt G, Andersson S-B, Nordle O, Johansson C-J, Gunnarsson PO. Release of 17-beta-oestradiol from a vaginal ring in postmenopausal women: pharmacokinetic evaluation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1994; 38: 253-60.
48. Naessen T, Bergund L, Ulmsten U. Bone loss in elderly women prevented by ultralow doses of perenteral 17 beta-estradiol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 115-19.
49. Nabulsi AA, Folsom AR, White A, et al. Association of hormone-replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1069-75.
50. Suhonen S, Holmstrom t, Lahteenmaki P. Three-year follow-up of the use of a leonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in hormone replacement therapy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 145-50.
51. Raudaskoski TH, Lahti EI, Kauppila AJ, Meeri M, Apaja-Sarkkinen A, Laatikainen TJ. Transdermal estrogen with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device for climacteric complaints: clinical and endometrial responses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 114-19.
52. Ross D, Cooper AJ, Pryse-Davies J, Bergeron C, Collins WP, Whitehead MI. Randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of the endometrial effects of a vaginal progesterone gel in es trogen-treated postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 937-41.
53. Grady D, Ernster VL. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer: are current regimens safe? J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1088-89.
54. Woodruff JD, Pickar JH. Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal women taking conjugated estrogens (Premarin) with medroxyprogester one acetate of conjugated estrogens alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1213-23.
55. Ferenczy A, Gelfand MM. Endometrial histology and bleeding patterns in postmenopausal women taking sequential, combined estradiol and dydrogesterone. Maturitas 1997; 26: 219-26.
56. Van der Mooren MJ, Hanselaar AGJM, Borm GF, Rolland R. Changes in the withdrawal bleeding pattern and endometrial histology during 17β-estradiol - dydrogesterone therapy in postmenopausal women: a 2-year prospective study. Maturitas 1995; 20: 175-80.
57. Bolaji II, Grimes H, Mortimer G, Tallon DF, Fottrell PF, O'Dwyer EM. Low-dose progesterone therapy in oestrogenised postmenopausal women: effects on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and liver function parameters. Euro J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993; 48: 61-68.
58. Gillet JY, Andre G, Faguer B, Erny R, Buvat-Herbaut M, Domin MA. Induction of amenorrhea during hormone replacement therapy: optimal micronized progesterone dose: a multicenter study. Maturitas 1994; 19: 103-15.
59. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1996; 275: 370-75.
60. Notelovitz M, Varner RE, Rebar RW, et al. Minimal endometrial proliferation over a two-year period in postmenopausal women taking 0.3 mg of unopposed esterified estrogens. Menopause 1997; 4: 80-88.
61. Cushing KL, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, McKnight B, Beresford SA. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of low-dose, unopposed estrogens. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 35-39.
62. Langer RD, Pierce JJ, O'Hanlan KA, et al. Transvaginal ultrasonography compared with endometrial biopsy for the detection of endometrial disease. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1792-98.
63. Watts NB, Morris N, Timmons MC, Addison WA, Wiita B, Downey LJ. Comparison of oral oestrogens and estrogens plus androgen on bone mineral density, menopausal symptoms, and lipid-lipoprotein profiles in surgical menopause. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 529-37.
64. Hickok LR, Toomey C, Speroff L. A comparison of esterified estrogens with and without methyltestosterone: effects on endometrial histology and serum lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 919-24.
65. ACOG Committee Opinion: Committee on Gynecologic Practice. Estrogen replacement therapy and endometrial cancer. J Gynecol Obstet 1993; 43: 89.
66. Varas-Lorenzo C, Garia-Rodriguez LA, Cattaruzzi C, Tronon MG., Agostinis L, Perez-Gutthann S. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of hospitalization for venous thromboembolism: a population-based study in Southern Europe. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 14: 387-90.
67. Brinton LA. Hormone replacement therapy and risk for breast cancer. EndocrinolMetab Clin North Am 1997; 26: 361-78.
68. Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. The use of ostrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1589-93.
69. Col NF, Eckman MH, Karas RH, Pauker SG, Goldberg RJ, Ross EM. Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1997; 277: 1140-47.
70. Sanchez-Guerrero J, Liang MH, Karlson EW, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and the risk for developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 430-33.