Tree responses to rising CO2 in field experiments: Implications for the future forest

Plant, Cell and Environment

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 683-714

  Norby, Richard J ^a,c   Wullschleger, S D ^a   Gunderson, C A ^a   Johnson, D W ^b   Ceulemans, R ^c  

^a OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Atmospheric carbon dioxide; Forests; Global change; Open top chambers; Trees

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; GROWTH RESPONSE;

EID: 0032996282     PISSN: 01407791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00391.x     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. 2] in relation to the global carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 1, 243-274.
2. 2 on canopy development and red - far-red ratios in 2-storied stands of Ricinus communis. Oecologia 94, 510-515.
3. 2. In Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems (eds G.M.J. Mohren, K. Kramer & S. Sabate), pp. 15-25. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
4. 2 concentration in field-grown loblolly pine. Plant, Cell and Environment 19, 367-371.
5. 2 levels. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21, 167-196.
6. 2-induced growth enhancements of cooccurring tree species decline at different rates. Oecologia 96, 478-482.
7. 2 fixation in pines, alder, and locust - evidence from the sandbox ecosystem study. Ecology 74, 583-598.
8. 2. Tree Physiology 16, 125-130.
9. 2 and temperature on physiological responses in trees. In Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems (eds G.M.J. Mohren, K. Kramer & S. Sabate), pp. 3-14. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
10. 2 on growth, biomass production and nitrogen allocation of two Populus clones. Journal of Biogeography 22, 261-268.
11. 2 on woody plants. New Phytologist 127, 425-446.
12. 2. Tree Physiology 16, 61-68.
13. 2 in poplar grown in glasshouse cabinets or in open top chambers depends on duration of exposure. Journal of Experimental Botany 48, 1681-1689.
14. 2 and climate change. Journal of Experimental Botany 43, 1131-1139.
15. 2 on growth and carbon/nutrient balance in the deciduous woody shrub Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume (Lauraceae). Oecologia 96, 339-346.
16. Cole D.W. & Rapp M. (1981) Elemental cycling in forest ecosystems. In Dynamic Properties of Forest Ecosystems. (ed. D. E. Reichle), pp. 341-409. Cambridge University Press, London.
17. 2 and plant nitrogen-use: is reduced tissue nitrogen concentration size-dependent? Oecologia 93, 195-200.
18. 2: effect of litter quality. Plant and Soil 163, 121-130.
19. 2 reduces the nitrogen concentration of plant tissues. Global Change Biology 4, 43-54.
20. 2 and tree root growth: contrasting responses in Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris. New Phytologist 138, 241-250.
21. Cure J.D. & Acock B. (1986) Crop responses to carbon dioxide doubling: a literature survey. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 38, 127-145.
22. Curtis P.S. (1996) A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and nitrogen in trees grown under elevated carbon dioxide. Plant, Cell and Environment 19, 127-137.
23. 2 on leaf growth and carbon gain physiology in Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier. New Phytologist 129, 253-263.
24. 2 effects on woody plant mass, form, and physiology. Oecologia 113, 299-313.
25. 2 and soil N availability. Plant and Soil 165, 45-51.
26. 2 on fine root length and distribution in an oak - palmetto scrub ecosystem in central Florida. Global Change Biology 2, 143-148.
27. 2 and to naturally occurring drought. New Phytologist 129, 265-273.
28. 2 concentration inhibit mitochondrial respiration in green plants? Plant, Cell and Environment 22, 649-657.
29. 2? Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 48, 609-639.
30. 2 concentration. In Impacts of Global Change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems (eds G.M.J. Mohren, K. Kramer & S. Sabate), pp. 47-51. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
31. 2 enrichment. Environmental Pollution 90, 41-49.
32. 2 concentration on natural and commercial temperate trees and forests. Advances in Ecological Research 19, 1-55.
33. 2 and soil quality in beech - spruce model ecosystems. Acta Oecologia 18, 343-349.
34. El Kohen A., Venet L. & Mousseau M. (1993) Growth and photosynthesis of two deciduous forest tree species exposed to elevated carbon dioxide. Functional Ecology 7, 480-486.
35. 2 enrichment. Oecologia 104, 139-146.
36. 2 concentration on leaf characteristics and photosynthetic capacity of beech (Fagus sylvatica) during the growing season. Tree Physiology 16, 425-432.
37. 2: implications from the plant to global scale. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 1214-1225.
38. Field C.B. & Mooney H.A. (1986) The photosynthesis - nitrogen relationship in wild plants. In On the Economy of Plant Form and Function (ed. T.J. Givnish), pp. 25-55. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
39. 2 on litter quality, litter decomposability and nitrogen turnover rate of two oak species in a Mediterranean forest ecosystem. Global Change Biology 4, 667-677.
40. 2 enrichment. Plant, Cell and Environment 17, 971-978.
41. 2 enrichment on assimilation, stomatal conductance and growth in a long-term study of Mangifera indica in the wet-dry tropics of Australia. Tree Physiology 17, 291-299.
42. Goulden M.L., Munger J.W., Fan S.M., Daube B.C. & Wofsy S.C. (1996) Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to interannual climate variability. Science 271, 1576-1578.
43. 2? Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 124, 39-51.
44. 2 on whole-shoot respiration in ponderosa pine seedlings. Tree Physiology 16, 33-41.
45. Griffin K.L., Winner W.E. & Strain B.R. (1996b) Construction cost of loblolly and ponderosa pine leaves grown with varying carbon and nitrogen availability. Plant, Cell and Environment 19, 729-738.
46. 2 and temperature on cold hardiness and spring bud burst and growth in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Tree Physiology 18, 671-679.
47. 2: no loss of photosynthetic enhancement. Plant, Cell and Environment 16, 797-807.
48. 2: a broader perspective. Photosynthesis Research 39, 369-388.
49. 2 and increased N deposition. Oecologia 113, 104-114.
50. 2: a model for future forest responses? Global Change Biology 3, 463-471.
51. 2. Acta Oecologia 18, 361-365.
52. 2 increases. Journal of Climate 8, 1738-1756.
53. 2 on the utilization of light energy in Nothofagus fusca and Pinus radiata. Journal of Experimental Botany 48, 1289-1297.
54. 2. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 23, 623-630.
55. 2 and its implications for global carbon cycling and maximum greenhouse warming. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 72, 962-965.
56. 2 enrichment in the face of environmental constraints: a review of the past 10 years research. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 69, 153-203.
57. 2 enrichment and foliar methanol application of net photosynthesis of sour orange (Citrus auriantium; Rutaceae) leaves. American Journal of Botany 82, 26-30.
58. 2 levels. No evidence for either phenomenon in three-year study of sour orange trees. Plant Physiology 96, 990-992.
59. 2 enrichment on photosynthesis, respiration, and growth of sour orange trees. Plant Physiology 99, 341-343.
60. 2 concentration. Plant, Cell and Environment 15, 337-341.
61. 2. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7, 537-555.
62. 2 enrichment on biomass accumulation and distribution in Eldarica pine trees. Journal of Experimental Botany 45, 1669-1672.
63. 2 enrichment on the growth and fruit production of sour orange trees. Global Change Biology 3, 89-96.
64. Idso S.B., Kimball B.A., Akin D.E. & Kridler J. (1993b) A general relationship between carbon dioxide-induced reductions in stomatal conductance and concomitant increases in foliage temperature. Environmental and Experimental Botany 33, 443-446.
65. 2 concentration. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 54, 95-101.
66. 2 enrichment on sour orange tree leaves. Environmental and Experimental Botany 33, 293-299.
67. 2 enrichment and light intensity reductions on net photosynthesis of sour orange tree leaves. Environmental and Experimental Botany 33, 367-373.
68. 2. Evidence from Natural Springs (eds A. Raschi, F. Miglietta, R. Tognetti & P.R. van Gardingen.), pp. 242-267. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
69. 2 efflux in young Scots pine seedlings. Global Change Biology 4, 871-878.
70. Jarvis P.G. (1995) Scaling processes and problems. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 1079-1089.
71. Jarvis P.G. (1998) Effects of climate change on ecosystem carbon balance. In The Earth's Changing Land, GCTE-LUCC Open Science Conference on Global Change, Abstracts p. 198. Institut Cartografic de Catalunya, Barcelona.
72. 2 and nitrogen fertilization on vegetation and soil nutrient content in juvenile ponderosa pine. Plant and Soil 190, 29-40.
73. 2 and N on growth and N dynamics in ponderosa pine: results from the first two growing seasons. In Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems (eds G.W. Koch & H.A. Mooney), pp. 23-40. Academic Press, San Diego.
74. 2 in Populus tremuloides. Chemosphere 36, 807-812.
75. 2 and temperature. Tree Physiology 16, 765-772.
76. 2 and temperature elevation on crown nitrogen distribution and daily photosynthetic performance of Scots pine. Forest Ecology and Management 99, 309-326.
77. 2 concentrations on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in Scots pine. Plant, Cell and Environment 20, 995-1006.
78. 2 and climate warming. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 1101-1110.
79. Körner Ch. & Arnone J.A. (1992). Responses to elevated carbon dioxide in artificial tropical ecosystems. Science 257, 1672-1675.
80. 2 on mediterranean grassland and forest trees. Oecologia 99, 343-351.
81. Kramer P.J. (1981) Carbon dioxide concentration, photosynthesis, and dry matter production. Bioscience 31, 29-33.
82. 2 and light availability on the photosynthetic light response of trees of contrasting shade tolerance. Tree Physiology 16, 351-358.
83. 2 and soil N availability. Oecologia 110, 328-336.
84. 2. Trees 10, 55-62.
85. 2 concentration. Journal of Biogeography 22, 323-330.
86. 2 and Temperature (ed. P.G. Jarvis), chapter 5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
87. 2 in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) over 2 growing seasons. Global Change Biology 2, 103-114.
88. 2 environments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8, 64-68.
89. 2-mediated changes in aspen chemistry: effects on gypsy moth performance and susceptibility to virus. Global Change Biology 3, 279-289.
90. 2 concentrations: Has its importance been underestimated? Plant, Cell and Environment 14, 729-739
91. 3 sedge, Scirpus olneyi. Plant Physiology 96, 221-226.
92. 2 concentration. Photosynthetica 31, 209-220.
93. 2 enhancement effects on forest. Australian Journal of Botany 40, 717-735.
94. McGuire A.D., Melillo J.M. & Joyce L.A. (1995) The role of nitrogen in the response of forest net primary production to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26, 473-503.
95. McGuire A.D., Melillo J.M., Kicklighter D.W., Pan Y., Xiao X., Helfrich J., Moore I.I.I.B., Vorosmarty J. & Schloss A.L. (1997) Equilibrium responses of global net primary production and carbon storage to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide: Sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11, 173-189.
96. 2 concentrations. Plant, Cell and Environment 16, 873-878.
97. Mooney H.A., Canadell J., Chapin F.S., Ehleriger J., Körner Ch., McMurtrie R., Parton W.J., Pitelka L. & Schulze E.-D. (1999) Ecosystem physiology responses to global change. In The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change. Implications for Natural and Managed Ecosystems (eds B.H. Walker, W.L. Steffen, J. Canadell and J.S.I. Ingram), pp. 141-189. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
98. 2. Plant, Cell and Environment 8, 467-474.
99. 2: a comparison of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) In Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems (eds G.W. Koch & H.A. Mooney), pp. 71-86. Academic Press, San Diego.
100. 2 and Temperature (ed. P.G. Jarvis), pp. 94-125. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
101. 2, nutrition and climatic warming on bud phenology in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and their impact on the risk of frost damage. Tree Physiology 14, 691-706.
102. Norby R.J. (1994) Issues and perspectives for investigating root responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Plant and Soil 165, 9-20.
103. Norby R.J. (1996) Forest canopy productivity index. Nature 381, 564.
104. Norby R.J. (1998) Nitrogen deposition: a component of global change analyses. New Phytologist 139, 189-200.
105. 2-enriched atmospheres. New Phytologist 111, 491-500.
106. 2-enriched yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings. New Phytologist 117, 515-528.
107. Norby R.J. & Sigal L.L. (1989) Nitrogen fixation in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Oecologia 79, 566-568.
108. 2 enrichment on the growth and mineral nutrition of Quercus alba seedlings in nutrient-poor soil. Plant Physiology 82, 83-89.
109. Norby R.J., Edwards N.T., Riggs J.S., Abner C.H., Wullschleger S.D. & Gunderson C.A. (1997) Temperature-controlled open-top chambers for global change research. Global Change Biology 3, 259-267.
110. 2. Nature 357, 322-324.
111. Norby R.J., Verbrugge M.J., Hartz J.S., Wullschleger S.D., Gunderson C.A., O'Neill E.G. & Edwards N.T. (1998) Increased temperature has both positive and negative influences on tree growth. In The Earth's Changing Land, GCTE-LUCC Open Science Conference on Global Change, Abstracts, p. 24. Institut Cartografic de Catalunya, Barcelona.
112. 2 and the implications for forests. In Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems (eds G.W. Koch & H.A. Mooney), pp. 1-21. Academic Press, San Diego.
113. 2-enriched atmosphere. New Phytologist 131, 91-97.
114. 2 enrichment. In Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems (eds G.W. Koch & H.A. Mooney), pp. 87-103. Academic Press, San Diego.
115. Oechel W.C. & Strain B.R. (1985) Native species responses to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. In Direct Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide on Vegetation (eds B.R. Strain & J.D. Cure), pp. 117-154. DOE/ER-0238. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
116. 2 exchange rates of beech stands in small model ecosystems. Water, Soil and Air Pollution 70, 259-277.
117. Paul E.A. & Clark F.E. (1989) Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press, New York.
118. 2 enrichment on the mineral concentration of Citrus aurantium leaves. New Phytologist 135, 439-444.
119. 2. Photosynthesis Research 39, 389-400.
120. Pollard D. & Thompson S.L. (1995) Use of a land-surface scheme (LSX) in a global climate model - the response to doubling stomatal resistance. Global and Planetary Change 10, 129-161.
121. 2: a search for functional types. In Carbon Dioxide, Populations, and Communities (eds Ch. Körner & F.A. Bazzaz), pp. 375-412. Academic Press, San Diego.
122. 2, soil nitrogen and turnover of fine roots. New Phytologist 129, 579-585.
123. 2 concentration, N availability, and water status affect patterns of ergastic substance deposition in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) foliage. Trees 11, 494-503.
124. Randlett D.L., Zak D.R., Pregitzer K.S. & Curtis P.S. (1996) Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and leaf litter chemistry: influences on microbial respiration and net nitrogen mineralization. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, 1571-1577.
125. 2 and temperature. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 64, 327-344.
126. 2 exposure. Annals of Botany 80, 809-816.
127. 2 concentration in young birch (Betula pendula) trees. Tree Physiology 18, 441-450.
128. Rogers H.H., Heck W.W. & Heagle A.S. (1983) A field technique for the study of plant responses to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 33, 42-44.
129. 2 and defoliation: effects on tree chemistry and insect performance. Global Change Biology 4, 419-430.
130. 2: resource use factors from four ecosystem models. Ecological Applications, in press.
131. 2 on ectomycorrhiza of longleaf pine. New Phytologist 137, 681-689.
132. 2 and nitrogen levels. Plant and Soil 189, 275-287.
133. 2: The gas exchange perspective. Photosynthesis Research 39, 351-368.
134. 2 atmosphere. New Phytologist 139, 395-436.
135. 2] in a natural Quercus ilex L. community: net photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency of PSiI at different levels of water stress. Plant, Cell and Environment 19, 643-654.
136. 2 on climate. Science 271, 1402-1406.
137. Strain B.R. (1985) Physiological and ecological controls on carbon sequestering in terrestrial ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 1, 219-232.
138. 2 enrichment. Vegetatio 104/105, 99-115.
139. 2 concentration. Tree Physiology 2, 243-259.
140. 2 on carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance and leaf and branch growth of Pinus taeda trees. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 565-573.
141. Thomas S.M., Whitehead D., Adams J.A., Reid J.B., Sherlock R.R. & Leckie A.C. (1996) Seasonal root distribution and soil surface carbon fluxes for one-year-old Pinus radiata trees growing at ambient and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. Tree Physiology 16, 1015-1021.
142. 2 and nitrogen on the synchrony of shoot and root growth in ponderosa pine. Tree Physiology 16, 905-914.
143. 2 and nitrogen on fine root dynamics and fungal growth in seedling Pinus ponderosa. Environmental and Experimental Botany 37, 73-83.
144. 2. Tree Physiology, in press.
145. 2 and nutrients on photosynthesis and rubisco in loblolly-pine seedlings. Plant, Cell and Environment 16, 859-865.
146. 2 for 19 months in the field. Tree Physiology 16, 49-59.
147. 2 enrichment increases growth and photosynthesis in Pinus taeda: a 4 year experiment in the field. Plant, Cell and Environment 20, 1123-1134.
148. 2 spring of Rapolano (central Italy). Annales Des Sciences Forestières 53, 475-485.
149. 2 concentration in Pinus radiata Don. is related to age of needles. Plant, Cell and Environment 21, 1019-1028.
150. Turner J. (1977) Effect of nitrogen availability on nitrogen cycling in a Douglas-fir stand. Forest Science 23, 307-316.
151. 2. Global Change Biology 1, 55-61.
152. 2 enrichment and soil N on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of ponderosa pine seedlings. Forest Science 41, 491-500.
153. 2 and soil N fertility effects on growth, mycorrhizal colonization, and xylem water potential of juvenile ponderosa pine in a field soil. Plant and Soil 195, 25-36.
154. 2 and temperature. Canadian Journal of Botany 75, 552-561.
155. 2 treatments on the photosynthesis of Scots pine. Tree Physiology 15, 211-218.
156. 2 concentrations. Global Change Biology 4, 797-807.
157. Waring R.H. & Schlesinger W.H. (1985) Forest Ecosystems. Concepts and Management. Academic Press, Orlando.
158. 2 concentration on photosynthesis, respiration and carbohydrate status of coppice Populus hybrids. Physiologia Plantarum 100, 933-939.
159. 2-grown white oak leaves on spring-feeding lepidopterans. Global Change Biology 4, 235-246.
160. 2-grown loblolly pine needles on the growth, consumption, and pupal weight of red-headed pine sawfly reared within open-topped chambers. Global Change Biology 3, 501-511.
161. 2, light and humidity responses. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 14, 619-632.
162. Woodward F.I., Smith T.M. & Emanuel W.R. (1995) A global land primary productivity and phytogeography model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9, 471-490.
163. 2 enrichment. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, 1717-1721.
164. Wullschleger S.D., Norby R.J. & Gunderson C.A. (1992a) Growth and maintenance respiration in leaves of Liriodendron tulipifera L. exposed to long-term carbon dioxide enrichment in the field. New Phytologist 121, 515-523.
165. 2 enrichment: A compilation of results. In Advances in Carbon Dioxide Effects Research (eds L.H. Allen Jr, M.B. Kirkham, D.M. Olszyk & C.E. Williams), pp. 79-100. ASA Special Publication no. 61, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
166. 2 enrichment. Physiologia Plantarum 93, 47-54.
167. Wullschleger S.D., Norby R.J. & Hendrix D.L. (1992b) Carbon exchange rates, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate status of two forest tree species exposed to carbon dioxide enrichment. Tree Physiology 10, 21-31.
168. 2 enrichment. Annals of Botany 80, 289-297.
169. 2 fertilization effect in forests: Estimates of the biotic growth factor based on 58 controlled-exposure studies. In Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will Warming Feed the Warming? (eds G.M. Woodwell & F.T. Mackenzie), pp. 85-107. Oxford University Press, New York.
170. 2 and feedback between carbon and nitrogen cycles. Plant and Soil 151, 105-117.