Kinetic aspects of drug disposition in the lungs

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology

Volumn 26, Issue 5-6, 1999, Pages 381-391

  Upton, R N ^a   Doolette, D J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Distribution; Lungs; Metabolism; Pharmacokinetics

Indexed keywords

DRUG;

DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SOLUBILITY; FIRST PASS EFFECT; HEART OUTPUT; HUMAN; LIPOPHILICITY; LIVER BLOOD FLOW; LUNG DIFFUSION; REVIEW;

HUMANS; KINETICS; LUNG; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHARMACOKINETICS;

EID: 0032981953     PISSN: 03051870     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03048.x     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. 1. Junod A. Uptake, release and metabolism of drugs in the lungs. Pharmacol. Ther. 1976; 2: 511-21.
2. 2. Bend JR, Serabjit-Singh CJ, Philpot RM. The pulmonary uptake, accumulation and metabolism of xenobiotics. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1985; 25: 97-125.
3. 3. Ryan US, Grantham C. Metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic substances by pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Pharmacol. Ther. 1989; 42: 235-50.
4. 4. Davis NR, Mapleson WW. Structure and quantification of a physiological model of the distribution of injected agents and inhaled anaesthetics. Br. J. Anaesth. 1981; 53: 399-405.
5. 5. Nunn JF. Applied Respiratory Physiology, 3rd edn. Butterworths, London. 1987.
6. 6. Grantham CJ, Jackowski JT, Wanner A, Ryan US. Metabolic and pharmacokinetic activity of the isolated sheep bronchial circulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 1989; 67: 1041-7.
7. 7. Hills BA. The Biology of Surfactant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1988.
8. 8. Jobe AH, Rider ED. Catabolism and recycling of surfactant. In: Robertson B, Van Golde LMG, Batenburg JJ (eds). Pulmonary Surfactant: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1992; 313-38.
9. 9. Graefe K-H, Friedgen B, Wolfel R, Schomig E. Removal of circulating catecholamines by extraneuronal amine transport systems. Adv. Pharmacol. 1998; 42: 360-3.
10. 10. Krishna DR, Klotz U. Extrahepatic metabolism of drugs in humans. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1994; 26: 144-60.
11. 11. Pacifici GM, Franchi M, Bencini C, Repetti F, Di Lascio N, Muraro GB. Tissue distribution of drug-metabolizing enzymes in humans. Xenobiotica 1988; 18: 849-56.
12. 12. Litterst CL, Mimnaugh EG, Reagan RL, Gram TE. Comparison of in vitro drug metabolism by lung, liver, and kidney of several common laboratory species. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1975; 3: 259-65.
13. 13. De Waziers I, Cugnene PH, Yang CS, Leroux J-P, Beaune PH. Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, epoxide hydolase and glutathione transferases in rat and human hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1990; 253: 387-94.
14. 14. Kikkawa Y. Diverse role of pulmonary cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase. Lab. Invest. 1992; 67: 535-7.
15. 15. Zeldin DC, Foley J, Ma J et al. CYP2J subfamily P450s in the lung: Expression, localization, and potential functional significance. Mol. Pharmacol. 1996; 50: 1111-17.
16. 16. Bakhle YS. First-pass metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substrates by the lung. In: George CF, Shand DG, Renwick AG (eds). Presystemic Drug Elimination. Butterworths, London. 1982; 147-72.
17. 17. Ludden TM, Schanker LS, Lanman RC. Binding of organic compunds to rat liver and lung. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1976; 4: 8-16.
18. 18. Hollt V, Teschemacher H. Hydrophobic interactions responsible for unspecific binding of morphine-like drugs. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1975; 288: 163-77.
19. 19. Miller MA, Drakontides AB, Leavell LC. Kimber-Gray-Stackpole's Anatomy and Physiology, 17th edn. Macmillan Publishing, New York. 1977.
20. 20. Philpot RM, Anderson MW, Eling TE. Uptake, accumulation and metabolism of chemicals by the lung. In: Bakhle YS, Vane JR (eds). Metabolic Function of the Lung. Marcel Dekker, New York. 1977; 123-71.
21. 21. Fowler JS, Gallagher BM, MacGregor RR, Wolf AP. Carbon-11 labeled aliphatic amines in lung uptake and metabolism studies: Potential for dynamic measurements in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1976; 198: 133-45.
22. 22. Eling TE, Pickett RD, Orton TC, Anderson MW. A study of the dynamics of imipramine accumulation in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1975; 3: 389-99.
23. 23. Wilson AG, Law FC, Eling TE, Anderson MW. Uptake, metabolism and efflux of methadone in 'single pass' isolated perfused rabbit lungs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1976; 199: 360-7.
24. 24. Gillespie MN, Felder TB, Blanford SL, Reinsel CN, Kostenbauder HB. Pulmonary disposition and pharmacodynamics of verapamil. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1984; 6: 802-7.
25. 25. Camus P, Coudert B, D'Athis P, Dumas M, Escousse A, Jeannin L. Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in the isolated rat lung. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1990; 254: 336-43.
26. 26. Joshi UM, Kodavanti PR, Coudert B, Dwyer TM, Mehendale HM. Types of interaction of amphiphilic drugs with phospholipid vesicles. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1988; 246: 150-7.
27. 27. Joshi UM, Rao P, Kodavanti S, Lockard VG, Mehendale HM. Fluorescence studies on binding of amphiphilic drugs to isolated lamellar bodies: Relevance to phospholipidosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1989; 1004: 309-20.
28. 28. Halliwell WH. Cationic amphiphilic drug-induced phospholipidosis. Toxicol. Pathol. 1997; 25: 53-60.
29. 29. Yoshida H, Okumura K, Hori R. Subcellular distribution of basic drugs accumulated in the isolated perfused lung. Pharmacol. Res. 1987; 4: 50-3.
30. 30. Miniati M, Paci A, Cocci F, Ciarimboli G, Monti S, Pistolesi M. Mitochondria act as a reservoir for the basic amine HIPDM in the lung. Eur. Respir. J. 1996; 9: 2306-12.
31. 31. Roth RA, Gillis CN. Effect of ventilation and pH on removal of mescaline and biogenic amines by rabbit lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 1978; 44: 553-8.
32. 32. Post C, Eriksdotter-Behm K. Dependence of lung uptake of lidocaine in vivo on blood pH. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1982; 51: 136-40.
33. 33. MacIntyre AC, Cutler DJ. The potential role of lysosomes in tissue distribution of weak bases. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 1988; 9: 513-26.
34. 34. Upton RN, Runciman WB, Mather LE, Carapetis RJ, McLean CF. The uptake and elution of lignocaine and procainamide in the hindquarters of the sheep described using mass balance principles. J. Pharmacokin. Biopharm. 1988; 16: 31-40.
35. 35. Rowland M, Benet LZ, Graham GG. Clearance concepts in pharmacokinetics. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1973; 1: 123-36.
36. 36. Pang KS, Rowland M. Hepatic clearance of drugs. I. Theoretical considerations of a 'well-stirred' model and a 'parallel tube' model. Influence of hepatic blood flow, plasma and blood cell binding, and the hepatocellular enzymatic activity on hepatic drug clearance. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1977; 5: 625-53.
37. 37. Roth RA, Wiersma DA. Role of the lung in total body clearance of circulating drugs. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1979; 4: 355-67.
38. 38. Foth H. Role of the lung in accumulation and metabolism of xenobiotic compounds: Implications for chemically induced toxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1995; 25: 165-205.
39. 39. Dahl AR, Lewis JL. Respiratory tract uptake of inhalants and metabolism of xenobiotics. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1993; 33: 383-407.
40. 40. Mather LE, Selby DG, Runciman WB, McLean CF. Propofol: Assay and regional mass balance in the sheep. Xenobiotica 1989; 11: 1337-47.
41. 41. Runciman WB, Mather LE, Ilsley AH, Carapetis RJ, Upton RN. A sheep preparation for studying interactions between blood flow and drug disposition: VI. Effects of general and spinal anaesthesia on blood flow and chlormethiazole disposition. Br. J. Anaesth. 1986; 58: 1308-16.
42. 42. Mather LE, Runciman WB, Carapetis RJ, Ilsley AH, Upton RN. Hepatic and renal clearances of lidocaine in conscious and anesthetized sheep. Anesth. Analg. 1986; 65: 943-9.
43. 43. Mather LE, Runciman WB, Ilsley AH, Carapetis RJ, Upton RN. A sheep preparation for studying interactions between blood flow and drug disposition. V. Effects of general and spinal anaesthesia on blood flow and pethidine disposition. Br. J. Anaesth. 1986; 58: 888-96.
44. 44. Runciman WB, Mather LE, Carapetis RJ, Ilsley AH, McLean CF. The effects of general anaesthesia on tocainide clearance in the sheep. Xenobiotica 1987; 17: 807-13.
45. 45. Runciman WB, Mather LE, Ilsley AH, Carapetis RJ, Upton RN. A sheep preparation for studying interactions between blood flow and drug disposition. IV. Effects of general and spinal anaesthesia on blood flow and cefoxitin disposition. Br. J. Anaesth. 1985; 57: 1239-47.
46. 46. Kramer WG, Gross DR, Medlock C. Contribution of the lung to total body clearance of meperidine in the dog. J. Pharm. Sci. 1985; 74: 569-71.
47. 47. Woods HF, Meredith A, Shortland JR. Methods for the study of lung metabolism. In: Bahkle YS, Vane JR (eds). Metabolic Functions of the Lung. Marcel Dekker, New York. 1977; 61-83.
48. 48. Law FCP, Eling TE, Bend JR, Fouts JR. Metabolism of xenobiotics by the isolated perfused lung: Comparison with in vitro incubations. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1974; 2: 433-42.
49. 49. Lipinsky HG. Model calculations of oxygen supply to tissue slice preparations. Phys. Med. Biol. 1989; 34: 1103-11.
50. 50. Rosenbloom PM, Bass AB. A lung perfusion preparation for the study of drug metabolism. J. Appl. Physiol. 1970; 29: 138-44.
51. 51. Mehendale HM, Angevine LS, Ohmiya Y. The isolated prefused lung: A critical evaluation. Toxicology 1981; 21: 1-36.
52. 52. Boer F. Pulmonary uptake of opioids. A study of the pharmacokinetic functions of the lungs. PhD Thesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands. 1994.
53. 53. Jorfeldt L, Lewis DH, Lofstrom JB, Post C. Lung uptake of lidocaine in healthy volunteers. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 1979; 23: 567-74.
54. 14C-propranolol by the lung. Thorax 1979; 34: 810-13.
55. 55. Boer F, Hoeft A, Scholz M, Bovill JG, Burm AGL, Hak A. Pulmonary disposition of alfentanil and sufentanil studied with system dynamics analysis. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1996; 24: 197-218.
56. 56. Howell RE, Lanken PN, Hansen-Flaschen JH, Haselton FR, Albelda SM, Fishman AP. Pulmonary extraction of propranolol in normal and oxygen-toxic sheep. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1989; 250: 93-9.
57. 57. Roerig DL, Kotrly KJ, Vucins EJ, Ahlf SB, Dawson CA, Kampine JP. First pass uptake of fentanyl, meperidine, and morphine in the human lung. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 466-72.
58. 58. Roerig DL, Kotrly KJ, Dawson CA, Ahlf SB, Gualtieri JF, Kampine JP. First-pass uptake of verapamil, diazepam, and thiopental in the human lung. Anesth. Analg. 1989; 69: 461-6.
59. 59. Jorfeldt L, Lewis DH, Lofstrom JB, Post C. Lung uptake of lidocaine in man as influenced by anaesthesia, mepivacaine infusion or lung insufficiency. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 1983; 27: 5-9.
60. 60. Bertler A, Lewis DH, Lofstrom JB, Post C. In vivo lung uptake of lidocaine in pigs. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand. 1978; 22: 530-6.
61. 61. Pang JA, Williams TR, Blackburn JP, Butland RJA, Geddes DM. First-pass lung uptake of propranolol enhanced in anaesthetised dogs. Br. J. Anaesth. 1981; 53: 601-4.
62. 62. Krejcie TC, Jacquez JA, Avram MJ, Niemann CU, Shanks CA, Henthorn TK. Use of parallel Erlang density functions to analyze first-pass pulmonary uptake of multiple indicators in dogs. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1996; 24: 569-88.
63. 63. Krejcie TC, Avram MJ, Gentry WB, Niemann CU, Janowski MP, Henthorn TK. A recirculatory model of the pulmonary uptake and pharmacokinetics of lidocaine based on analysis of arterial and mixed venous data from dogs. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1997; 25: 169-90.
64. 64. Upton RN. Towards target organ drug concentrations: Application of mass balance principles. Anaesth. Pharmacol. Rev. 1994; 2: 231-42.
65. 65. van Rossum JM, de Bie JE, van Lingen G, Teeuwen HWA. Pharmacokinetics from a dynamical point of view. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm. 1989; 17: 365-97.
66. 66. Upton RN. A model of the first pass passage of drugs from their intravenous injection site to the heart: Parameter estimates for lignocaine. Br. J. Anaesth. 1996; 77: 764-72.
67. 67. Huang YF, Upton RN, Zheng D, McLean C, Gray EC, Grant C. The enantiomer specific kinetics and dynamics of verapamil after rapid intravenous administration to sheep: Physiological analysis and modeling. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998; 284: 1048-57.
68. 68. Wedlund PJ, Chang SL, Levy RH. Steady-state determination of the contribution of lung metabolism to the total body clearance of drugs: Application to carbamazepine. J. Pharm. Sci. 1983; 72: 860-2.
69. 69. Dickinson PA, Taylor G. Pulmonary first-pass and steady-state metabolism of phenols. Pharmacol. Res. 1996; 13: 744-8.
70. 70. Persson MP, Hartvig P, Wiklund L, Paalzow L. Pulmonary disposition of pethidine in postoperative patients. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1988; 25: 235-41.
71. 71. Upton RN, Huang YF. The influence of cardiac output, injection time and injection volume on the initial mixing of drugs with venous blood after i.v. bolus administration to sheep. Br. J. Anaesth. 1993; 70: 333-8.
72. 72. Audi SH, Krenz GS, Linehan JH, Rickaby DA, Dawson CA. Pulmonary capillary transport function from flow limited indicators. J. Appl. Physiol. 1994; 77: 332-51.
73. 73. Gerlowski LE, Jain RK. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: Principles and applications. J. Pharm. Sci. 1983; 72: 1103-27.
74. 74. Jarvis DA. Physiological pharmacokinetic models: A review of their principles and development. Anaesth. Pharmacol. Rev. 1994; 2: 214-30.
75. 75. Collins JM, Dedrick RL. Contribution of lungs to total body clearance: Linear and nonlinear effects. J. Pharm. Sci. 1982; 71: 66-70.
76. 76. Wada DR, Ward DS. The hybrid model: A new pharmacokinetic model for computer-controlled infusion pumps. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1994; 41: 134-42.
77. 77. Krejcie TC, Henthorn TK, Shanks CA, Avram MJ. A recirculatory pharmacokinetic model describing the circulatory mixing, tissue distribution and elimination of antipyrine in the dog. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994; 269: 609-16.
78. 78. Rawlins MD. Extrahepatic drug metabolism. In: Wilkinson GR, Rawlins MD (eds). Drug Metabolism and Distribution: Considerations in Clinical Pharmacology. MTP Press Ltd, Lancaster. 1985; 21-33.
79. 79. Krishna DR, Klotz U. Extrahepatic metabolism of drugs in humans. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1994; 26: 144-60.
80. 80. Gibaldi M, Perrier D. Pharmacokinetics. Marcel Dekker, New York. 1982.