Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: 'Per aspera ad astra'?

Leukemia Research

Volumn 23, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 603-613

  Latagliata, Roberto ^a   Petti, Maria Concetta ^a   Mandelli, Franco ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Acute myeloid leukemia; Aggressive strategies; Chemotherapy; Complete response; Elderly people

Indexed keywords

ASPARAGINASE; AZACITIDINE; CD34 ANTIGEN; CD7 ANTIGEN; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GLYCOPROTEIN P; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; GROWTH FACTOR; HLA DR ANTIGEN; IDARUBICIN; INTERCALATING AGENT; MITOXANTRONE; RETINOIC ACID; TIOGUANINE;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ADULT; AGED; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; CARDIOTOXICITY; CHEMOTHERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART FUNCTION; HEMATOPOIESIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; KARYOTYPE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MAINTENANCE THERAPY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MORTALITY; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; NEUTROPENIA; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REMISSION; REVIEW;

EID: 0032980633     PISSN: 01452126     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2126(99)00085-5     Document Type: Short Survey

References (84)

1. Brincker H. Estimate of overall treatment results in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia based on age-specific rates of incidence and of complete remission. Cancer Treat Rep 1985;69:5-11.
2. Taylor PRA, Reid MM, Stark AN, Bown N, Hamilton PJ, Proctor SJ. De novo acute myeloid leukemia in patients over 55-years-old: a population-based study of incidence, treatment and outcome. Leukemia 1995;9:231-7.
3. Bennett JM, Andersen JW, Cassileth PA. Long-term survival in acute myeloid leukemia: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) experience. Leuk Res 1991;15:223-7.
4. Zittoun RA, Mandelli F, Willemze R, De Witte T, Labar B, Resegotti L, et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Leukemia Cooperative Groups. Autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation compared with intensive chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. N Eng J Med 1995;332:217-23.
5. Mitus JA, Miller KB, Schenkein DP, Ryan HF, Parson SK, Wheeler C, Antin JH. Improved survival for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:560-8.
6. Champlin RE, Gajewski JL, Golde DW. Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in the elderly. Sem Oncol 1989;16:51-69.
7. Tucker J, Thomas AE, Gregory WM, Ganesan TS, Malik TA, Amess JAL, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in elderly adults. Hematol Oncol 1989;8:13-24.
8. Copplestone JA, Smith AG, Osmond C, Oscier DG, Hamblin TJ. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: a clinical dilemma. Hematol Oncol 1989;7:53-9.
9. Sebban C, Archimbaud E, Coiffier B, Guyotat D, Treille-Ritouet D, Maupas J, Fiere D. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients. A retrospective study. Cancer 1988;61:227-31.
10. Baudard M, Marie JP, Cadiou M, Viguie F, Zittoun R. Acute myelogenous leukaemia in the elderly: retrospective study of 235 consecutive patients. Br J Haematol 1994;86:82-91.
11. Paccaud F, SidotiPinto C, Marazzi A, Mili J. Age at death and rectangularisation of the survival curve: trends in Switzerland, 1969-1994. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1998;52:412-5.
12. Tamburrini LR, Di Monte M, Geromella R, Ponte E, Cherubini M. The aging heart and its pathology. An epidemiological study of 229 cases based on a clinical and radiological classification. Minerva Med 1989;80:1275-82.
13. Anderson S, Brenner BM. Effects of aging on the renal glomerolus. Am J Med 1986;80:435-42.
14. Le Maoult J, Szabo P, Weksler ME. Effect of age on humoral immunity, selection of the B-cell repertoire and B-cell development. Immunol Rev 1997;160:115-26.
15. Balducci L, Parker M, Sexton W, Tantranond P. Pharmacology of antineoplastic agents in the elderly patients. Semin Oncol 1989;16:76-84.
16. Champion KM, Gilbert JG, Asimakopoulos FA, Hinshelwood S, Green AR. Clonal haemopoiesis in normal elderly women: implications for the myeloproliferative disorders and myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 1997;97:920-6.
17. Yates J, Glidewell O, Wiernik P, Cooper MR, Steinberg D, Dosik H, et al. Cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin or adriamycin for therapy of acute myelocytic leukemia: a CALGB study. Blood 1982;60:454-62.
18. Beguin Y, Bury J, Fillet G, Lennes G. Treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in young and elderly patients. Cancer 1985;56:2587-92.
19. Rees JKH, Gray RG, Wheatley K. Dose intensification in acute myeloid leukemia: greater effectiveness at lower cost. Principal report of the Medical Research Council's AML9 study. Br J Haematol 1996;94:89-98.
20. Venditti A, Del Poeta G, Buccisano F, Tamburini A, Cox-Froncillo MC, Bruno A, et al. Biological features of acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly. Blood 1998;92:697-8.
21. Giannoulis N, Ogier C, Hast R, Lindblom B, Sjogren AM, Reizenstein P. Difference between young and old patients in characteristics of leukemic cells: older patients have cells growing excessively in vitro, with low antigenicity despite high HLA-DR antigens. Am J Hematol 1984;16:113-21.
22. Hamblin T. The treatment of acute myeloid leukemia preceded by the myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res 1992;16:101-9.
23. Nagai K, Kohno T, Chen XY, et al. Diagnostic criteria for hypocellular acute leukemia: a clinical entity distinct from overt acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res 1996;20:563-74.
24. Fialkow PJ, Singer JF, Raskind WH, et al. Clonal development, stem-cell differentiation and clinical remission in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. N Eng J Med 1987;317:468-73.
25. Rowley JD, Alimena G, Garson OM, Hagemeijer A, Mitelman F, Prigogina EL. A collaborative study on the relationship of the morphological type of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with patient age and karyotype. Blood 1982;59:1013-22.
26. Keating MJ, Cork A, Broach Y, Smith T, Walters RS, McCredie KB, Trujillo J, Freireich EJ. Toward a clinically relevant cytogenetic classification of acute myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res 1987;11:119-33.
27. Swansbury GJ, Lawler SD, Alimena G, et al. Long-term survival in acute myelogenous leukemia: a second follow-up of the Fourth International Workshop on Chromosomes in Leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1994;73:1-7.
28. Leith CP, Kopecky KJ, Godwin J, McConnell T, Slovak ML, Chen IM, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: assessment of multidrug resistance (MDR1) and cytogenetics distinguishes biologic subgroups with remarkably distinct responses to standard chemotherapy. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 1997;89:3323-9.
29. Rees JKH, Gray RG, Swirsky D, Hayhoe FGJ. Principal results of the Medical Research Council's 8th Acute Myeloid Leukemia trial. Lancet 1986;1236-1241.
30. Latagliata R, Sgadari C, Pisani F, Falconi M, Spadea A, Vegna ML, Petti MC. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in the elderly: results of a retrospective study. Haematologica 1989;74:167-71.
31. Ferrara F, Mirto S. Serum LDH value as a predictor of clinical outcome in acute myelogenous leukaemia of the elderly. Br J Haematol 1996;92:627-31.
32. Orlandi E, Lazzarino M, Morra E, Castagnola C, Alessandrino EP, Bernasconi P, et al. Impact of advanced age on the management of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a study of 103 patients. Acta Haematol 1990;84:144-8.
33. Stasi R, Venditti A, Del Poeta G, Aronica G, Dentamaro T, Cecconi M, et al. Intensive treatment of patients age 60 years and older with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer 1996;77:2476-88.
34. Lowenberg B, Zittoun R, Kerkhofs H, Jehn U, Abels J, Debusscher L, et al. On the value of intensive remission-induction chemotherapy in elderly patients of 65+ years with acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized phase III study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Group. J Clin Oncol 1989;7:1268-74.
35. Reiffers J, Raynal F, Broustet A. Acute myeloblastic leukemia in elderly patients. Treatment and prognostic factors. Cancer 1980;45:2816-20.
36. Rai KR, Holland JF, Glidewell OJ, Weinberg V, Brunner K, Obrecht JP, et al. Treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia: a study by cancer and leukemia group B. Blood 1981;58:1203-12.
37. Arlin Z, Case Jr DC, Moore J, Wiernik P, Feldman E, Saletan S, et al. Randomized multicenter trial of cytosine arabinoside with mitoxantrone or daunorubicin in previously untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Leukemia 1990;4:177-83.
38. Kahn SB, Begg CB, Mazza JJ, Bennett JM, Bonner H, Glick JH. Full dose versus attenuated dose daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, and 6-thioguanine in the treatment of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia in the elderly. J Clin Oncol 1984;2:865-70.
39. 2 improves response and survival in elderly patients with AML. Blood 1997;90(1):583a.
40. Liu Yin JA, Johnson PRE, Davies JM, Flanagan NG, Gorst DW, Lewis MJ. Mitozantrone and cytosine arabinoside as first-line therapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Br J Haematol 1991;79:415-20.
41. MacCallum PK, Rohatiner AZS, Davis CL, Whelan JS, Oza AM, Lim J, et al. Mitoxantrone and cytosine arabinoside as treatment for acute myeloblastic leukemia in older patients. Ann Hematol 1995;71:35-9.
42. Mandelli F, Petti MC, Ardia A, Di Pietro N, Di Raimondo F, Ganzina F, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing idarubicin and cytarabine to daunorubicin and cytarabine in the treatment of acute non-lymphoid leukemia. Eur J Cancer 1991;27:750-5.
43. Wiernik PH, Banks PLC, Case Jr DC, Arlin ZA, Periman PO, Todd MB, Ricth PS, Enck RE, Weitberg AB. Cytarabine plus idarubicin or daunorubicin as induction and consolidation therapy for previously untreated adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1992;79:313-9.
44. Reiffers J, Huguet F, Stoppa AM, Molina L, Marit G, Attal M, et al. A prospective randomized trial of idarubicin versus daunorubicin in combination chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia of the age group 55-75. Leukemia 1996;10:389-95.
45. Lowenberg B, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, Haak H, Stryckmans P, de Cataldo R, et al. Mitoxantrone versus daunorubicin in induction-consolidation chemotherapy. The value of low-dose cytarabine for maintenance of remission, and an assessment of prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: final report of the Leukemia Cooperative Group of the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Hovon group randomized phase III study AML-9. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:872-81.
46. Foon KA, Zighelboim J, Yale C, Gale RP. Intensive chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1981;58:467-70.
47. Johnson PRE, Ryder WDJ, Liu Yin JA. Validation of a model to predict survival in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1995;90:954-6.
48. Preisler H, Davis RB, Kirshner J, Dupre E, Richards Fill, Hoagland HC, Kopel S, Levy RN, Carey R, Schulman P, Gottlieb AJ, McIntyre OR. Comparison of three remission induction regimens and two postinduction strategies for the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a cancer and leukemia group B study. Blood 1987;69:1441-9.
49. Shepherd JD, Reece DE, Barnett MJ, Klingemann HG, Nantel SH, Sutherland HJ, Phillips GL. Induction therapy for acute myelogenous leukemia in patients over 60 years with intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside, mitoxantrone and etoposide. Leuk Lymph 1993;9:211-5.
50. Archimbaud E, et al. Idarubicin versus mitoxantrone, in association with VP-16 and Ara-C for induction/consolidation therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Final analysis of a randomized trial. Proc ASCO 1997;16:3a.
51. Bishop JF, Matthews JP, Young GA, Szer J, Gillett A, Joshua D, Bradstock K, Enno A, Wolf MM, Fox R, et al. A randomized study of high-dose cytarabine in induction in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1996;87:1710-7.
52. Preisler HD, Raza A, Barcos M, Azarnia N, Larson R, Walker I, et al. High-dose cytosine arabinoside as the initial treatment of poor-risk patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a Leukemia Intergroup study. J Clin Oncol 1987;5:75-82.
53. Lazarus HM, Vogler WR, Burns CP, Winton EF. High-dose cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin as primary therapy in elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 1989;63:1055-9.
54. Petti MC, Mandelli F, Avvisati G, Covelli A, Amadori S, Liso V, et al. High-dose ARA-C (HiDAC) plus asparaginase in elderly patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: a pilot multicentric study by the Italian cooperative group GIMEMA. Eur J Haematol 1989;42:24-31.
55. Feldman E, Seiter K, Damon L, Linker C, Rugo H, Ries C, Case Jr DC, Beer M, Ahmed T. A randomized trial of high-versus standard-dose mitoxantrone with cytarabine in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1997;11:485-9.
56. Rowe JM, Andersen JW, Mazza JJ, Bennett JM, Paietta E, Hayes FA, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled phase III study of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adult patients (> 55-70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1490). Blood 1995;86:457-62.
57. Stone RM, Berg DT, George SL, Dodge RK, Paciucci PA, Schulman P, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after initial chemotherapy for elderly patients with primary acute myelogenous leukemia. N Eng J Med 1995;332:1671-7.
58. Lowenberg B, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, Ossenkoppele G, Verhoef GEG, Vellenga E, et al. Use of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during and after remission induction chemotherapy in patients aged 61 years and older with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): final report of AML-11, a phase III randomized study of the Leukemia Cooperative Group of European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC-LCG) and the Dutch Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group (HOVON). Blood 1997;90:2952-61.
59. Witz F, Sadoun A, Perrin MC, Berthou C, Briere J, Cahn JY, et al. A placebo-controlled study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor administered during and after induction treatment for de novo acute myelogenous leukemia in elderly patients. Blood 1998;91:2722-30.
60. Dombret H, Chastang C, Fenaux P, Reiffers J, Bordessoule D, Bouabdallah R, et al. A controlled study of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in elderly patients after treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia. N Eng J Med 1995;332:1678-83.
61. Godwin JE, Kopecky KJ, Head DR, Willman CL, Leith CP, Hynes HE, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in elderly patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study (9301). Blood 1998;91:3607-15.
62. Mayer RJ, Davis RB, Schiffer CA, Berg DT, Powell BL, Schulman P, et al. Intensive postremission chemotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. N Eng J Med 1994;331:896-903.
63. Champlin R, Jacobs A, Gale RP, et al. Prolonged survival in acute myelogenous leukemia without maintenance chemotherapy. Lancet 1984;1:894-6.
64. Sauter C, Berchtold W, Fopp M, et al. Acute myelogenous leukemia: maintenance chemotherapy after early consolidation treatments does not prolong survival. Lancet 1984;1:379-82.
65. Johnson PRE, Liu Yin JA. Prognostic factors in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia Lymph 1994;16:51-6.
66. Johnson PRE, Hunt LP, Liu Yin JA. Prognostic factors in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: development of a model to predict survival. Br J Haematol 1991;85:300-6.
67. Baccarani M, Tura S. Differentiation of myeloid leukaemic cells: new possibilities for therapy. Br J Haematol 1979;42:485-90.
68. Castaigne S, Daniel MT, Tilly H, Herait P, Degos L. Does treatment with Ara C in low dosage cause differentiation of leukemic cells? Blood 1983;62:85-6.
69. Tilly H, Castaigne S, Bordessoule D, Sigaux F, Daniel MT, Monconduit M, Degos L. Low-dose cytosine arabinoside treatment for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in elderly patients. Cancer 1985;55:1633-6.
70. Rossi Ferrini P, Bernabei PA, Leoni F. Low dose cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia in the elderly. N Trends Ther Leuk Lymph 1986;1:79-85.
71. Powell BL, Capizzi RL, Muss HB, Bearden JD, Lyerly ES, Rosenbaum DL, et al. Low-dose Ara-C therapy for acute myelogenous leukemia in elderly patients. Leukemia 1989;3:23-8.
72. Detourmignies L, Wattel E, Lai JL, Bauters F, Fenaux P. Is there still a role for low-dose cytosine arabinoside in de novo acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly? A report on 77 cases. Ann Hematol 1993;66:235-40.
73. Tilly H, Castaigne S, Bordessoule D, Casassus P, Le Prise PY, Tertian G, Desablens B, Henry-Amar M, Degos L. Low-dose cytarabine versus intensive chemotherapy in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in the elderly. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:272-9.
74. Robert J, Rigal-Huguet F, Huet S, Pris J, Hurteloup P. Pharmacokinetics of idarubicin after oral administration in elderly leukemia patients. Leukemia 1990;4:227-9.
75. Lowenthal RM, Chesterman CN, Griffiths JD, Manoharan A, Harris MG, Herrmann RP, et al. Oral idarubicin as single-agent treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in poor-risk patients. Cancer Treat Rep 1987;71:1279-81.
76. Harousseau JL, Rigal-Huguet F, Hurteloup P, Guy H, Milpied N, Pris J. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients with oral idarubicin as a single agent. Eur J Haematol 1989;42:182-5.
77. Ruutu T, Almqvist A, Hallman H, Honkanen T, Jarvenpaa E, Jarventie G, et al. Oral induction and consolidation of acute myeloid leukemia with etoposide, 6-thioguanine and idarubicin (ETI) in elderly patients: a randomized comparison with 5-days TAD. Leukemia 1994;8:11-5.
78. Jackson GH, Taylor PRA, Iqbal A, Galloway MI, Turner G, Haynes A, et al. The use of an all oral chemotherapy (idarubicin and etoposide) in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: a report of toxicity and efficacy. Leukemia 1997;11:1193-6.
79. Petti MC, Mandelli F, Zagonel V, De Gregoris C, Merola MC, Latagliata R, et al. Pilot study of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) in the treatment of poor prognosis acute myelogenous leukemia patients: preliminary results. Leukemia 1993;7(1):36-41.
80. Kantarjian HM, O'Brien SM, Estey E, Giralt S, Beran M, Rios MB, et al. Decitabine studies in chronic and acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia 1997;11(1):35-6.
81. Ferrara F, Annunziata M, Copia C, Magrin S, Mele G, Mirto S. Therapeutic options and treatment results for patients over 75 years of age with acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 1998;83:126-31.
82. DeLima M, Ghaddar H, Pierce S, Estey E. Treatment of newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia in patients aged 80 years or above. Br J Haematol 1996;93:89-95.
83. Latagliata R, Avvisati G, Lo Coco F, Petti MC, Diverio D, Spadea A, et al. The role of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment in newly-diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia patients aged >60 years. Ann Oncol 1997;8:1273-5.
84. Petti MC for the GIMEMA Cooperative Group. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in the elderly: results of the AIDA protocol. Br J Haematol 1998;102(1):226a.