Rare-earth elements and stable isotope geochemistry of early Cambrian chert-phosphorite assemblages from the lower Tal Formation of the Krol belt (Lesser Himalaya, India)

Chemical Geology

Volumn 156, Issue 1-4, 1999, Pages 275-297

  Mazumdar, A ^a   Banerjee, D M ^a   Schidlowski, M ^b   Balaram, V ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^c NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

Author keywords

Anoxic event; Early Cambrian; Lesser Himalaya; Rare earth elements; Stable isotopes

Indexed keywords

ANOXIC CONDITIONS; CAMBRIAN; CHERT; PHOSPHORITE; RARE EARTH ELEMENT; STABLE ISOTOPE;

INDIA;

EID: 0032971587     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00187-9     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Aharon, P., Lieu, T.C., 1992. An assesment of the Precambrian-Cambrian transition event on the basis of carbon isotope records. In: Schidlowski, M. et al. (Eds.), Early Organic Evolution - Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources, Springer, Berlin, 212-224.
2. Aharon P., Schidlowski M., Singh I.B. Chronostratigraphic markers in the end-Precambrian carbon isotope record of the Lesser Himalaya. Nature (London). 327:1987;699-701.
3. Altschuler, Z.S., 1980. The geochemistry of trace elements in marine phosphorites: Part 1. Characteristic abundance and enrichment. In: Bentor, Y.K (Ed.), Marine Phosphorites. SEPM Spec. Publ., 29, 19-30.
4. Altschuler Z.S., Berman S., Cuttita F. Rare earths in phosphorites - geochemistry and potential recovery. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper. 575B:1967;1-9.
5. Balaram V. Determination of rare earth elements in Japanese rock standards by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Atomic Spectroscopy. 11:1990;19-23.
6. Balaram V. Determination of rare earth elements in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 68:1991;600-603.
7. Balaram V., Anjaiah K.V., Reddy M.R.P. Comparative study on the trace and rare earth element analysis of Indian polymetallic nodule reference sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Analyst. 120:1995;1401-1406.
8. Banerjee D.M., Schidlowski M., Arneth J.D. Genesis of upper Proterozoic-Cambrian phosphorite deposits of India: isotopic inferences from carbonate fluorapatite, carbonate and organic carbon. Precambrian Res. 33:1986;239-253.
9. Banerjee D.M., Schidlowski M., Siebert F., Brasier M.D. Geochemical changes across the Proterozoic-Cambrian transition in the Durmala phosphorite mine section, Mussoorie Hills, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology. 132:1997;183-194.
10. Baturin, G.N., 1982. Phosphorite on the sea-floor, origin, distribution and composition, Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 340 pp.
11. Baturin G.N. Disseminated phosphorus in oceanic sediments - a review. Marine Geol. 84:1988;95-104.
12. Berner R.A. Sulfate reduction,organic matter decomposition and pyrite formation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London. 315:1985;25-38.
13. Berner, R.A., Ruttenberg, K.C., Ingall, E.D., Rao., J.L., 1993. The nature of phosphorous burial in modern marine sediments. In: Wollast, R., Mackenzie, F.T., Chou, L. (Eds.), Interaction of C, N, P and S biogeochemical cycles and global change. Springer, Berlin, 365-378.
14. Bertrand-Sarfati J., Flicoteaux R., Moussine-Pouchkine A., Ahmed A.A.K. Lower Cambrian apatitic stromatolites and phospharenites related to the glacio-eustatic cratonic rebound (Sahara, Algeria). J. Sed. Res. 67:1997;957-974.
15. Bhatt D.K., Mamgain V.V., Misra R.S. Small shelly fossils of early Cambrian (Tommotian) age from chert- phosphorite member, Tal Formation, Mussoorie Syncline, Lesser Himalaya, India and their chronostratigraphic evaluation. J. Paleont. Soc. India. 30:1985;92-102.
16. Bliskovsky V.Z., Mineyev D.A., Kholodev V.N. Accessory lanthinides in phosphorites. Geochem. Int. 6(6):1969;1055-1069.
17. Brasier, M.D., 1990. Phosphogenic events and skeletal preservation across the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary interval. In: Notholt, A.G., Jarvis, I. (Eds.), Phosphorite Research and Development. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., London, 52, 289-303.
18. Brasier M.D. Nutrient flux and evolutionary explosion across the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary interval. Hist. Biol. 5:1991;85-93.
19. Brasier M.D. Nutrient-enriched waters and early skeletal fossil record. J. Geol. Soc. London. 149:1992;621-629.
20. Brasier, M.D, 1992b. Paleoceanography and changes in the biological cycling of phosphorous across the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. In: Lipps, J.H., Signor, P.W. (Eds.), Origin and the Early Evolution of the Metazoa. Plenum, New York, 483-523.
21. Brasier M.D. Global ocean-atmosphere change across the Precambrian-Cambrian transition. Geol. Mag. 129:1992;161-168.
22. Brasier M.D., Magaritz M., Corfield R., Luo H., Wu X., Ouyang L., Jiang Z., Hamdi V., He T., Fraser A.G. The carbon and oxygen isotope record of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary interval in China and Iran and their correlation. Geol. Mag. 127(4):1990;319-332.
23. Brasier M., Singh P. Microfossils and Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratigraphy at Maldeota, Lesser Himalaya. Geol. Mag. 124:1987;323-345.
24. Brasier M.D., Shields G., Kuleshov V.N., Zhegallo E.A. Integrated chemo- and biostratigraphic calibration of early animal evolution: neoproterozoic-early Cambrian of southwest Mongolia. Geol. Mag. 133:1996;445-485.
25. Bremner J.M. Concretionary phosphate from southwest Africa. Geol. Soc. London Bull. 137:1980;773-786.
26. Broecker W.S. A boundary condition on the evolution of atmospheric oxygen. J. Geophys. Res. 75:1970;3553-3557.
27. Bushinski, G.I., 1969. Old Phosphorites of Asia and their Genesis. Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 266 pp.
28. Burnett, W.C., Roe, K.K., Piper, D.J., 1983. Upwelling and phosphorite formation in the ocean. In: Suess, E., Thiede, J. (Eds.), Coastal Upwelling - its Sedimentary Record, Part A: Responses of the Sedimentary Regime to Present Coastal Upwelling. Plenum, New York, 377-397.
29. Coleman M.L. Geochemistry of diagenetic non-silicate minerals: kinetic considerations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London (A). 315:1985;39-56.
30. Cook P.J. Phosphogenesis around the Proterozoic-Cambrian transition. J. Geol. Soc. London. 149:1992;615-620.
31. Cook P.J., McElhinny M.W. A re-evaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of sedimentary phosphate deposits in the light of plate tectonics. Econ. Geol. 74:1979;315-330.
32. Cook P.J., Shergold J.H. Phosphorous, phosphorite and skeletal evolution at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. Nature. 308:1984;231-236.
33. Cook, P.J., Shergold, J.H., 1986a. Phosphate deposits of the world. Proterozoic and Cambrian Phosphorites, Vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press, 386.
34. Cook, P.J., Shergold, J.H., 1986b. Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites - nature and origin. In: Cook, P.J., Shergold, J.H. (Eds.), Phosphate Deposits of the World, Proterozoic and Cambrian Phosphorites, Vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 369-390.
35. De Baar H.J.W., Bacon M.P., Brewer P.G. Rare earth distribution with a positive Ce- anomaly in the northwestern Atlantic ocean. Nature. 301:1983;324-327.
36. De Baar H.J.W., Bacon M.P., Brewer P.G., Bruland K.W. Rare earth elements in the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 49:1985;1943-1959.
37. De Baar H.J.W., German C.R., Elderfield H., Gaans P.V. Rare earth element distribution in the anoxic waters of Cariaco Trench. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 52:1988;1203-1221.
38. Degens E.T., Stoffers P. Stratified waters as a key to the past. Nature. 263:1976;22-26.
39. Donnelly, T.H., Shergold, J.H., Southgate, P.N., Barnes, C.J., 1990. Events leading to global phosphogenesis around the Proterozoic-Cambrian transition. In: Notholt, A.J.G., Jarvis, I. (Eds.), Phosphorite research and development. Jour. Geol. Soc. London. Spl. Pub., 52, 273-287.
40. Dymond J., Suess E., Lyle M. Barium in deep sea sediments: a geochemical proxy for paleoproductivity. Paleoceanography. 7:1992;163-181.
41. Ehrlich, A.M., 1968. Rare earths in manganese-iron concretions. Unpublished PhD Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 225 pp.
42. Eichmann R., Schidlowski M. Isotopic fractionation between coexisting organic carbon-carbonate pairs in Precambrian sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 39:1975;585-595.
43. Elderfield H., Greaves M.J. Negative cerium anomalies in the rare earth patterns of oceanic ferromanganese nodules. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 55:1981;163-170.
44. Elderfield H., Greaves M.J. The rare earth elements in seawater. Nature. 296:1982;214-219.
45. Föllmi K.B. Condensation and phosphogenesis: example of the Helvetic Mid-Cretaceous (Northern Tethyan margin). Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. London. 52:1990;237-252.
46. Föllmi K.B. The phosphorous cycle, phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits. Earth Sci. Rev. 40:1996;55-124.
47. Föllmi, K.B., Garrison, R.E, 1991. Phosphatic sediments, ordinary or extra-ordinary deposits? The example of the Miocene Monterey Formation (California). In: Muller, D.W., McKenzie, J.A., Weissert, H. (Eds.), Controversies in Modern Geology, Academic Press, London, 55-84.
48. Froelich P.N.et al. Early diagenesis of organic matter in Peru continental margin sediments: phosphorite precipitation. Mar. Geol. 80:1988;309-343.
49. Ganeshram R.S., Pedersen T.F., Calvert S.E., Murray J.W. Large changes in oceanic nutrient inventories from glacial to interglacial periods. Nature. 376:1995;755-758.
50. German C.R., Elderfield H. Rare earth element in the Saanich Inlet, British Columbia: a seasonal anoxic basin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 53:1989;2561-2571.
51. Glenn, C.R., Arthur, M.A., Resig, J.M., Burnett, W.C., Dean, W.E., Jahnke, R.A., 1994. Are modern and ancient phosphorites really so different? Proc. 29th Int. Geol. Congress, Part C, 159-188.
52. Goldberg E.D., Koide M., Schmitt R., Smith R. Rare earth distribution in the marine environment. J. Geophys. Res. 15:1963;433-460.
53. Grandjean-Lecuyer P., Feist R., Albarade F. Rare earth elements in old biogenic apatite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 57:1993;2507-2514.
54. Guichard F., Church T.M., Truil H., Jaffrezic H. Rare earths in barites: distribution and effects on aqueous partitioning. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 43:1979;983-987.
55. Henrichs S.M., Reeburgh W.S. Anaerobic mineralisation of marine sediments and the role of anaerobic processes in the oceanic carbon economy. Geomicrobiology J. 5:1987;191-237.
56. Holser W.T. Catastrophic chemical events in the history of the ocean. Nature. 267:1977;403-407.
57. Holser W.T. Evaluation of the application of rare-earth elements to paleoceanography. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology. 132:1997;309-324.
58. Ilyin A.V. Rare-earth geochemistry of 'old' phosphorites and probability of syngenetic precipitation and accumulation of phosphate. Chem. Geol. 144:1998;243-256.
59. Ilyin A.V., Ratnikova G. Rare earth distribution in the Khubsugul phosphorite, Mongolia. Geochem. Int. 13:1976;53-56.
60. Ingall E.D., Jahnke R. Evidence for enhanced phosphorus regeneration from marine sediments overlain by oxygen depleted waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 58:1994;2571-2575.
61. Ingall E.D., Bustin R.M., Van Capellen P. Influence of water column anoxia on the burial and preservation of carbon and phosphorus in marine shales. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 57:1993;303-316.
62. Jarvis I.et al. Phosphorite geochemistry: state-of-the-art and environmental concerns. Eclogae. Geol. Helv. 87:1994;643-700.
63. Kaufman A.J., Knoll A.H. Neoproterozoic variations in the C-isotope composition of seawater: stratigraphic and biogeochemical implications. Precam. Res. 73:1995;27-49.
64. 13C record, North Iran: evidence for overturning of the ocean before the Cambrian explosion Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 147:1997;1-7.
65. Kirschvink J.L., Magaritz M., Ripperdan R.L., Zhuravlev A.Yu., Rozanov A.Yu. The Precambrian/Cambrian boundary: magnetostratigraphy and carbon isotopes resolve correlation problems between Siberia, Morocco, South China. GSA Today. 1:1991;69-91.
66. Knoll A.H., Hayes J.M., Kaufman A.J., Swett K., Lambert I.B. Secular variation in carbon isotope ratios from Proterozoic succession of Svalbard and East Greenland. Nature. 321:1986;832-838.
67. Knoll A.H., Bambach R.K., Canfield D.E., Grotzinger J.P. Comparitive earth history and late Permian mass extinction. Science. 273:1996;452-457.
68. Kolesov, G.M., Anikyev, V.N., Savenko, V.S., 1975. On the geochemistry of rare earth elements in the water of Black Sea. Geochem. Int., 82-88.
69. Kolodny, Y., 1981. Phosphorites, In: Emiliani, C. (Ed.), The Sea, Wiley, New York, 7, pp. 981-1023.
70. Laenen B., Hertogen J., Vandenbarghe N. The variation of the trace-element content of the fossil biogenic apatite through eustatic sea level cycles. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology. 132:1997;325-342.
71. Lambert I.B., Walter M.R., Wenlong Z., Ongnian L., Guogan M.A. Paleoenvironment and carbon isotope stratigraphy of Upper Proterozoic carbonate of Yangtze Platform. Nature. 325:1987;140-142.
72. Liu Y.G., Miah M.R.V., Schmitt R.A. Cerium: a chemical tracer for paleo oceanic conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 52:1988;1361-1371.
73. Logan G.A., Hayes J.M., Hleshima G.B., Summons R.E. Terminal Proterozoic reorganisation of biogeochemical cycles. Nature. 376:1995;53-56.
74. Lucas J., Prevot L. The synthesis of apatite by bacterial activity: mechanism. Sci. Geol. Mem. (Strasbourg). 77:1985;83-92.
75. Magaritz M., Holser W.T., Kirschvink J.L. Carbon isotope events across the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary on the Siberian Platform. Nature. 320:1986;258-259.
76. Magaritz M., Latham A.J., Kirschvink J.L., Zhuravlev A.Yu., Rozanov A.Yu. Precambrian-Cambrian boundary problem: Carbon isotope correlations for Vendian and Tommotian time between Siberia and Morocco. Geology. 19:1991;247-250.
77. Mazumdar, A., 1996. Pertographic and Geochemical characterisation of the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian succession in a part of the Krol Belt, Lesser Himalaya. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Univ. of Delhi, Delhi, 246 pp.
78. Mazumdar, A., Frank, W. (in prep.). llite crystallinity and Ar-Ar age dating of Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian rocks of Krol Belt, Lesser Himalaya.
79. McArthur, J.M., 1980. Post-depositional alteration of the carbonate-fluorapatite phase of Moroccan phosphate. In: Bentor, Y.K. (Ed.), Marine Phosphorites. SEPM Spec. Publ., 29, 53-60.
80. McArthur J.M., Benmore R.A., Coleman M.L., Soldi C., Yeh H.W., O'Brien G.W. Stable isotopic characteristic of francolite formation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 77:1986;20-34.
81. McArthur J.M., Hamilton P.J., Greensmith J.T., Boyce A.J., Fallick A.E., Birch G., Walsh J.N., Benmore R.A., Coleman M.L. Phosphorite geochemistry: isotopic evidence of francolite alteration on a local scale. Chem. Geol. 65:1987;415-425.
82. McArthur J.M., Walsh J.N. Rare earth geochemistry of phosphorites. Chem. Geol. 47:1984;191-220.
83. McConnel, D., 1973. Apatite: its crystal chemistry, mineralogy, utilization and geologic and biologic occurences, Springer, Berlin, 111 pp.
84. McKirdy, D.M., Imbus, S.W., 1992. Precambrian petroleum: a decade of changing perceptions. In: Schidlowski, M. et al. (Eds.), Early Organic Evolution - Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources, Springer, 177-192.
85. Moffett J.M. Microbially mediated cerium oxidation in sea water. Nature. 345:1990;421-423.
86. Mstislavsky M.M., Zinov'yev V.V. Reasons for the difference in the rare earth concentration in chemical and some organic phosphate deposits. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 185:1969;175-177.
87. Narbonne G.M., Aitken J.D. Neoproterozoic of the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwestern Canada. Precamb. Res. 73:1995;101-121.
88. Narbonne G.M., Kaufman A.J., Knoll A.H. Integrated chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the upper Windermere Supergroup (Neoproterozoic), Mackenzie Mountains, Northwestern Canada. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 106:1994;1281-1291.
89. O'Brien, C.W., Veeh, H.H., 1983. Are phosphorites reliable indicators of upwelling? In: Suess, E., Theide, J. (Eds.), Coastal Upwelling. Its Sediment Records, Part-A, NATO Conference Series IV: Marine Sciences, 399-419.
90. Patwardhan, A.M., 1980. Phosphate-pyrite association and the genesis of stromatolitic and pelletal phosphorites. Proc. 3rd Indian Geol. Cong., Poona., 347-365.
91. Pederson T.F., Calvert S.E. Anoxia vs. productivity: what controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 74:1990;454-466.
92. Price N.B., Calvert S.E. The geochemistry of phosphorites from the Namibian shelf. Chem. Geol. 23:1978;151-170.
93. Ripperdan R.L. Global variation in the carbon isotope composition during the latest Neoproterozoic and earliest Cambrian. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 22:1994;385-417.
94. Radcliff R.P., Mathur P.C., Kautiyal P.L. Tidal environment deposition of the Lower Tal Formation. Geol. Surv. India., Spec. Publ. 17:1984;135-138.
95. Schidlowski M., Eichmann R., Junge C.E. Precambrian sedimentary carbonates: carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry and implications for the terrestrial oxygen budget. Precambrian Res. 2:1975;1-69.
96. Schidlowski, M., Aharon, P., 1992. Carbon cycle and carbon isotope record: Geochemical impact of life over 3.8 Ga of earth history. In: Schidlowski, M. et al. (Eds.), Early Organic Evolution - Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources, Springer, Berlin, 147-175.
97. Schidlowski, M., Banerjee, D.M., Deb, M., 1995. Unpublished final report on project 'Phosphogene Episoden im Prakambrium', DFG-Schi 67/13-1, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn.
98. Schijf J., De Baar H.J.W., Millero F.J. Vertical distribution and speciation of dissolved rare earth elements in the anoxic brines of Bannock Basin, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 59:1995;3285-3299.
99. Shanker R. Maldeota phosphorite prospect Dehradun district. U.P. Geol. Surv. India Misc. Pub. 24:1976;465-575.
100. Shannon R.D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenids. Acta Crystallogr. A. 32:1976;751-767.
101. Shaw H.F., Wasserburg G.J. Sm-Nd in marine carbonates and phosphates: implications for Nd isotopes in sea water and crustal ages. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 49:1985;503-518.
102. Sheldon R.P. Ancient marine phosphorites. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 9:1981;251-284.
103. Sholkovitz E.R., Shaw T.J., Schneider D.L. The geochemistry of seasonally anoxic water column and pore-water of Chesapeake Bay. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 56:1992;3389-3402.
104. Southgate, P.N., 1986. Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites-specialists studies: middle cambrian phosphatic hardgrounds, phoscrete profiles, stromatolites and their implications for phosphogenesis. In: Cook, P.J., Shergold, J.H., (Eds.), Phosphate Deposits of the World, Vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 337-351.
105. Spirn, R.V., 1965. Rare earth distribution in the marine environment. Unpublished PhD Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 165 p.
106. Summons, R.E., Powell, T.G., 1992. Hydrocarbon composition of the late proterozoic oils of the Siberian platform: implications for the depositional environment of source rocks. In: Schidlowski, M. et al. (Eds.), Early Organic Evolution - Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources, Springer, 297-305.
107. Sverjensky D.A. Europium redox equilibria in aqueous solution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 67:1984;70-78.
108. Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M., 1985. The continental crust: its composition and evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 321 pp.
109. Torres M.E., Brumsack H.J., Bohrmann G., Emeis K.C. Barite fronts in continental marine sediments: a new look at barium remobilisation in the zone of sulfate reduction and formation of heavy barites in diagenetic fronts. Chem. Geol. 127:1996;125-139.
110. Tucker M.E. Carbon isotope excursions in Precambrian-Cambrian boundary beds, Morocco. Nature. 319:1986;48-50.
111. Van Capellen P., Ingall E.D. Benthic phosphorous regeneration, net primary production, and oceanic anoxia: a model of the coupled marine biogeochemical cycles of carbon and phosphorous. Paleoceanography. 9:1994;677-692.
112. 12C secular trends in sedimentary carbonate rocks Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 40:1976;1387-1395.
113. Wright J., Schreder H., Holser W.T. Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 51:1987;631-644.