Otx and Emx homeobox genes in brain development

Neuroscientist

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 164-172

  Boncinelli, Edoardo ^a  

^a SAN RAFFAELE HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Brain; Development; Gene expression; Genetic control; Homeobox

Indexed keywords

BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN MALFORMATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HOMEOBOX; HUMAN; MESENCEPHALON; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RHOMBENCEPHALON; SPINAL CORD; VERTEBRATE;

EID: 0032959812     PISSN: 10738584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107385849900500313     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Duboule D, editor. Guidebook to the homeobox genes. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 1994.
2. McGinnis W, Krumlauf R. Homeobox genes and axial patterning. Cell 1992;68:283-302.
3. Boncinelli E, Simeone A, Acampora D, Mavilio F. HOX gene activation by retinoic acid. Trends Genet 1991;7:329-34.
4. Boncinelli E, Mallamaci A, Broccoli V. Body plan genes and human malformation. Adv Genet 1998;38:1-29.
5. Wilkinson DG, Bhatt S, Cook M, Boncinelli E, Krumlauf R. Segmental expression of Hox-2 homoeobox-containing genes in the developing mouse hindbrain. Nature 1989;341:405-9.
6. Hunt P, Gulisano M, Cook M, Sham MH, Faiella A, Wilkinson D, et al. A distinct Hox code for the branchial region of the vertebrate head. Nature 1991;353:861-4.
7. Simeone A, Gulisano M, Acampora D, Stornaiuolo A, Rambaldi M, Boncinelli E. Two vertebrate homeobox genes related to the Drosophila empty spiracles gene are expressed in the embryonic cerebral cortex. EMBO J 1992;11:2541-50.
8. Simeone A, Acampora D, Gulisano M, Stornaiuolo A, Boncinelli E. Nested expression domains of four homeobox genes in developing rostral brain. Nature 1992;358:687-90.
9. Simeone A, Acampora D, Mallamaci A, Stornaiuolo A, D'Apice MR, Nigro V, et al. A vertebrate gene related to orthodenticle contains a homeodomain of the bicoid class and demarcates anterior neuroectoderm in the gastrulating mouse embryo. EMBO J 1993;12:2735-17.
10. Mallamaci A, Di Bias E, Briata P, Boncinelli E, Corte G. OTX2 homeoprotein in the developing central nervous system and migratory cells of the olfactory area. Mech Dev 1996;58:165-78.
11. Bally-Cuif L, Wassef M. Determination events in the nervous system of the vertebrate embryo. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1995;5:450-8.
12. Joyner A. Engrailed, Wnt and Pax genes regulate midbrain-hindbrain development. Trends Genet 1996;12:15-20.
13. Bally-Cuif L, Boncinelli E. Transcription factors and head formation in vertebrates. Bioessays 1997;19:127-35.
14. Pannese M, Polo C, Andreazzoli M, Vignali R, Kablar B, Barsacchi G, et al. The Xenopus homologue of Otx2 is a maternal homeobox gene that demarcates and specifies anterior structures in frog embryos. Development 1995;121:707-20.
15. Bally-Cuif L, Gulisano M, Broccoli V, Boncinelli E. c-otx2 is expressed in two different phases of gastrulation and is sensitive to retinoic acid treatment in chick embryo. Mech Dev 1995;49: 49-63.
16. Li Y, Allende ML, Finkelstein R, Weinberg ES. Expression of two zebrafish Orthodenticle-related genes in the embryonic brain. Mech Dev 1994;48:229-44.
17. Mercier P, Simeone A, Cotelli F, Boncinelli E. Expression pattern of two otx genes suggests a role in specifying anterior body structures in zebrafish. Int J Dev Biol 1995;39:559-73.
18. Ang S-L, Conlon RA, Jin O, Rossant J. Positive and negative signals from mesoderm regulate the expression of mouse Otx2 in ectoderm explants. Development 1994;120:2979-89.
19. Ang S-L, Jin O, Rhinn M, Daigle N, Stevenson L, Rossant J. A targeted mouse Otx2 mutation leads to severe defects in gastrulation and formation of axial mesoderm and to deletion of rostral brain. Development 1996;122:243-52.
20. Acampora D, Mazan S, Lallemand Y, Avantaggiato V, Maury M, Simeone A, et al. Forebrain and midbrain regions are deleted in Otx2-/-mutants due to a defective anterior neuroectoderm specification during gastrulation. Development 1995;121:3279-90.
21. Matsuo I, Kuratani S, Kimura C, Takeda N, Aizawa S. Mouse Otx2 functions in the formation and patterning of rostral head. Genes Dev 1995;9:2646-58.
22. Blitz IL, Cho KWY. Anterior neurectoderm is progressively induced during gastrulation: the role of the Xenopus homeobox gene orthodenticle. Development 1995;121:993-1004.
23. Andreazzoli M, Pannese M, Boncinelli E. Activating and repressing signals in head development: the role of Xotx1 and Xotx2. Development 1997;124:1733-43.
24. Boncinelli E, Gulisano M, Broccoli V. Emx and Otx genes in the developing mouse brain. J Neurobiol 1993;24:1356-66.
25. Boncinelli E. Early CNS development: Distal-less related genes and forebrain development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994;4:29-36.
26. Boncinelli E, Gulisano M, Spada F, Broccoli V. Emx and Otx gene expression in the developing mouse brain. In: Bock G, et al., editors. Development of the cerebral cortex. Ciba Foundation Symposium 193. Chichester (UK): Wiley; 1995. p. 100-16.
27. Frantz GD, Weimann JM, Levine ME, McConnell SK. Otx1 and Otx2 define layers and regions in developing cerebral cortex and cerebellum. J Neurosci 1994;14:5725-40.
28. Gulisano M, Broccoli V, Pardini C, Boncinelli E. Emx1 and Emx2 show different patterns of expression during proliferation and differentiation of the developing cerebral cortex. Eur J Neurosci 1996;8:1037-50.
29. Bayer SA, Altman J. Neocortical development. New York: Raven Press, 1991.
30. Mallamaci A, Iannone R, Briata P, Pintonello L, Mercurio S, Boncinelli E, et al. EMX2 protein in the developing mouse brain and olfactory area. Mech Dev 1998;77:165-72.
31. McConnell SK. Strategies for the generation of neuronal diversity in the developing central nervous system. J Neurosci 1995;15: 6987-98.
32. Briata P, Di Bias E, Gulisano M, Mallamaci A, Iannone R, Boncinelli E, et al. EMX1 homeoprotein is expressed in cell nuclei of the developing cerebral cortex and in axons of the olfactory sensory neurons. Mech Dev 1996;57:169-80.
33. Rakic P. Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science 1988; 183:170-6.
34. Shatz CJ, Chun JJM, Luskin MB. The role of the subplate in the development of the mammalian telencephalon. In: Peters A, Jones EG, editors. Cerebral cortex, vol. 7: development and maturation of cerebral cortex. New York: Plenum Press; 1988. p. 35-8.
35. O'Leary DDM, Schlaggar BL, Tuttle R. Specification of neocortical areas and thalamocortical connections. Annu Rev Neurosci 1994;17:419-39.
36. Patarnello T, Bargelloni L, Boncinelli E, Spada F, Pannese M, Broccoli V. Evolution of Emx genes and brain development in vertebrates. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 1997;264:1763-6.
37. Fernandez AS, Pieau C, Reperant J, Boncinelli E, Wassef M. Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three molecularly distinct domains in the telencephalon of mouse, chick, turtle and frog embryos: implications for the evolution of telencephalic subdivisions in amniotes. Development 1998;125:2099-111.
38. Acampora D, Mazan S, Avantaggiato V, Barone P, Tuorto F, Lallemand Y, et al. Epilepsy and brain abnormalities in mice lacking the Otx1 gene. Nat Genet 1996;14:218-22.
39. Noebles JL. Targeting epilepsy genes. Neuron 1996;16:241-44.
40. Pellegrini M, Mansouri A, Simeone A, Boncinelli E, Gruss P. Dentate gyms formation requires Emx2. Development 1996;122: 3893-8.
41. Brunelli S, Faiella A, Capra V, Nigro V, Simeone A, Cama A, et al. Germline mutations in the homeobox gene EMX2 in patients with severe schizencephaly. Nature Genet 1996;12:94-6.
42. Faiella A, Brunelli S, Granata T, D'Incerti L, Cardini R, Lenti C, et al. A number of schizencephaly patients including two brothers are heterozygous for germline mutations in the homeobox gene EMX2. Eur J Hum Genet 1997;5:186-90.
43. Granata T, Farina L, Faiella A, Cardini R, D'Incerti L, Boncinelli E, et al. Familial schizencephaly associated with EMX2 mutation. Neurology 1997;48:1403-6.
44. Guerrini R, Andermann F, Canapicchi R, Roger J, Zifkin B, Pfanner P, editors. Dysplasias of cerebral cortex and epilepsy. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.
45. Marin-Padilla M. Cajal-Retzius cells and the development of the neocortex. Trends Neurosci 1998;21:64-71.
46. Boncinelli E. Homeobox genes and disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1997;7:331-7.
47. Kastury K, Druck T, Huebner K, Barletta C, Acampora D, Simeone A, et al. Chromosome locations of human EMX and OTX genes. Genomics 1994;22:41-5.
48. Rubenstein JLR, Shimamura K, Martinez S, Puelles L. Regionalization of the prosencephalic neural plate. Annu Rev Neurosci 1998;21:445-77.