Iron and anemia of chronic disease

Kidney International, Supplement

Volumn 55, Issue 69, 1999, Pages

  Weiss, Günter ^a  

^a INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

Author keywords

Erythropoiesis; Hypoferremia; Inflammation; Iron homeostasis

Indexed keywords

ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN; CYTOKINE; FERRITIN; FREE RADICAL; IRON; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; HORMONE; TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR;

ANEMIA; ANIMAL CELL; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ERYTHROPOIESIS; HUMAN; HYPERFERRITINEMIA; IRON METABOLISM; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM; REVIEW; CHRONIC DISEASE; METABOLISM; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL;

ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS; ANEMIA; CHRONIC DISEASE; ERYTHROPOIETIN, RECOMBINANT; FREE RADICALS; HORMONES; HUMANS; IRON; RECEPTORS, TRANSFERRIN; TH1 CELLS; TH2 CELLS;

EID: 0032956112     PISSN: 00986577     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.055suppl.69012.x     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. BROCK JH, HALLIDAY JW, PIPPARD MJ, POWELL LW: Iron Metabolism in Health and Disease. London, W.B. Saunders, 1994
2. ROSEN GM, Pou S, RAMOS CL, COHEN MS, BRITIGAN BE: Free radicals and phagocytic cells. FASEB J 9:200-209, 1995
3. CARTWRIGHT GE: The anemia of chronic disorders. Semin Hematol 3:351-368, 1966
4. KONJIN A, HERSHKO C: The anaemia of inflammation and chronic disease, in Iron in Immunity. Cancer and Inflammation edited by DESOUSA M, BROCK JH, Chichester, Wiley and Sons, 1989, pp 111-143
5. FUCHS D, HAUSEN A, REIBNEGGER G, WERNER ER, WERNER-FELMAYER G, DIERICH MP, WACHTER H: Immune activation and the anaemia associated with chronic inflammatory disorders. Eur J Haematol 46:65-70, 1991
6. MEANS RT, KRANTZ SB: Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease. Blood 80:1639-1647, 1992
7. KUIPER-KRAMER EP, HUISMAN CM, VANRAAN J, VANEUK HG: Analytical and clinical implications of soluble transferrin receptor in serum. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 34:645-649, 1996
8. WEISS G, WACHTER H, FUCHS D: Linkage of cell mediated immunity to iron metabolism. Immunol Today 16:495-500, 1995
9. MOSMANN TR, COFFMAN RL: Th1 and Th2 cells: Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol 7:145-173, 1989
10. SEDER RA, PAUL WE: Acquisition of lymphokine-producing phenotype by CD4+ cells. Ann Rev Immunol 12:635-673, 1994
11. ROMAGNANI S: The Th1/Th2 paradigm. Immunol Today 18:263-266, 1997
12. ALVAREZ-HERNANDEZ X, LICEGA J, McKAY I, BROCK JH: Induction of hypoferremia and modulation of macrophage iron metabolism by tumor necrosis factor. Lab Invest 61:319-322, 1989
13. BROCK JH, ALVAREZ-HERNANDEZ X: Modulation of macrophage iron metabolism by tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-1. FEMS Microbiol Immunol 47:309-310, 1989
14. KONJIN AM, CARMEL N, LEVY R, HERSHKO C: Ferritin synthesis in inflammation. Mechanism of increased ferritin synthesis. Br J Haematol 49:361-368, 1981
15. TORTI SV, KWAK EL, MILLER SC, MILLER LL, RINGOLD GM, MYAMBO KB, YOUNG AP, TORTI FM: The molecular cloning and characterisation of ferritin heavy chain, a tumor necrosis factor inducible gene. J Biol Chem 263:12638-12644, 1988
16. WEI YS, MILLER SC, TSUJI Y, TORTI S, TORTI FM: Interleukin 1 induces ferritin heavy chain in human muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 169:289-296, 1989
17. FAHMY M, YOUNG SP: Modulation of iron metabolism in monocyte cell line U937 by inflammatory cytokines: Changes in transferrin uptake, iron handling and ferritin mRNA. Biochem J 296:175-181, 1993
18. ROGERS JT, BRIDGES KB, DURMOWICS G, GLASS J, AURON PR, MUNRO HN: Translational control during the acute phase response: Ferritin synthesis in response to interleukin 1. J Biol Chem 265:14572-14578, 1990
19. ROGERS JT: Ferritin translation by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6: The role of sequences upstream of the start codons of the heavy and light subunit genes. Blood 87:2525-2537, 1996
20. KOBUNE M, KOHGO Y, KATO J, MIYAZAKI E, NIITSU Y: Interleukin-6 enhances hepatic transferrin uptake and ferritin expression in rats. Hepatology 19:1468-1475, 1994
21. TSUJI Y, MILLER LL,. MILLER SC, TORIT SV, TORTI FM: Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1-α regulate transferrin receptor in human diploid fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 266:7257-7261, 1991
22. BOURGEADE MF, SILBERMANN F, KÜHN L, TESTA U, PESCHLE C, MEMET S, THANG MN, BESANCON F: Post-transcriptional regulation of transferrin receptor mRNA by IFN-γ. Nucleic Acids Res 20:2997-3003, 1992
23. BYRD T, HORWRRZ MA: Regulation of transferrin receptor expression and ferritin content in human mononuclear macrophages: Coordinate upregulation by iron transferrin and downregulation by Interferon gamma. J Clin Invest 91:969-976, 1993
24. HAMILTON T, GRAY P, ADAMS D: Expression of the transferrin receptor on murine peritoneal macrophages is modulated by in vitro treatment with IFN-γ. Cell Immunol 89:478-485, 1984
25. WEISS G, BOGDAN C, HENTZE MW: Pathways for the regulation of macrophage iron metabolism by the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. J Immunol 158:420-425, 1997
26. TAETLE R, HONEYSETT JM: γ-Interferon modulates human monocyte/macrophage transferrin receptor expression. Blood 71:1590-1595, 1988
27. TESTA U, CONTI L, SPOSI NM, VARANO B, TRITARELLI E, MALORNI W, SAMOGGIA P, RAINALIDI G, PESCHLE C, BELADELLI F, GESSANI S: IFN-β selectively downregulates transferrin receptor expression in human peripheral blood macrophages by a posttranslational mechanism. J Immunol 155:427-435, 1995
28. WEISS G, GOOSSEN B, DOPPLER W, FUCHS D, PANTOPOULOS K, WERNER-FELMAYER G, WACHTER H, HENTZE MW: Translational regulation via iron-responsive elements by the nitric oxide/NO-synthase pathway. EMBO J 12:3651-3657, 1993
29. PANTOPOULOS K, HENTZE MW: Nitric oxide signaling to iron-regulatory protein: Direct control of ferritin mRNA translation and transferrin receptor mRNA stability in transfected fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:1267-1271, 1995
30. DRAPIER JC, HIRLING H, WIETZERBIN H, KALDY P, KÜHN LC: Biosynthesis of nitric oxide activates iron regulatory factor in macrophages. EMBO J 12:3643-3650, 1993
31. PANTOPOULOS K, HENTZE MW: Rapid responses to oxidative stress mediated by iron regulatory protein. EMBO J 14:2917-2924, 1995
32. HENTZE MW. KÜHN LC: Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism: mRNA-based regulatory circuits operated by iron, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:8175-8182, 1996
33. KLAUSNER R, ROUAULT TA, HARFORD JB: Regulating the fate of mRNA. The control of cellular iron metabolism. Cell 72:19-22, 1993
34. PANTOPOULOS K, WEISS G, HENTZE MW: Nitric oxide and oxidative stress control mammalian iron metabolism by different pathways. Mol Cell Biol 16:3871-3878, 1996
35. CAIRO G, TACCHINI L, POGLIAGHI G, ANZON E, TOMASI A, BERNELLI-ZAZZERA A: Induction of ferritin synthesis by oxidative stress: Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation by expansion of the free iron pool. J Biol Chem 270:700-703, 1995
36. PHILLIPS JD, KINIKINI DV, Yu Y, Guo B, LEIBOLD EA: Differential regulation of IRP1 and IRP2 by nitric oxide in rat hepatoma cells. Blood 87:2983-2992, 1996
37. WEISS G, WERNER-FELMAYER G, WERNER ER, GRÜNEWALD K, WACHTER H, HENTZE MW: Iron regulates nitric oxide synthase activity by controlling nuclear transcription. J Exp Med 180:969-976, 1994
38. MACMICKING J, XIE Q-W, NATHAN C: Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu Rev Immunol 15:323-350, 1997
39. RAFFERTY SP, DOMACHOWSKE JB, MALECH HL: Inhibition of hemoglobin expression by heterologous production of nitric oxide synthase in the K562 erythroleukemic cell line. Blood 88:1070-1078, 1996
40. FURUKAWA T, KOHNO H, TOKYNAGA R, TAKETANI S: Nitric oxide mediated inactivation of mammalian ferrochelatase in vivo and in vitro: Possible involvement of the iron-sulphur cluster of the enzyme. Biochem J 310:533-538, 1995
41. HOUSTON T, MOORE M, PORTER D, STURROCK R, FITZSIMONS E: Abnormal haem biosynthesis in the chronic anemia of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53:167-170:1994
42. MACIEJEWSKI JP, SELLERI C, SATO T, CHO HJ, KEEFER LK, NATHAN CF, YOUNG NS: Nitric oxide suppression of human hematopoiesis in vitro. J Clin Invest 96:1085-1092, 1995
43. PONKA P: Tissue specific regulation of iron metabolism and heme synthesis: Distinct control mechanisms in erythroid cells. Blood 89:1-25, 1997
44. BOMFORD AB, MUNRO HN: Ferritin gene expression in health and malignancy. Pathobiology 60:10-18, 1992
45. GRAZIADEI I, GAGGL S, KASERBACHER R, BRAUNSTEINER H, VOGEL W: The acute phase protein alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibits growth and proliferation of human early erythroid progenitor cells and of human erythroleukemic cells by interfering with transferrin iron uptake. Blood 83:260-268, 1994
46. WEISS G, GRAZIADEI I, URBANEK M, GRÜNEWALD K, VOGEL W: Divergent effects of α1-antitrypsin on the regulation of iron metabolism in human erythroleukemic (K562) and myelomonocytic (THP-1) cells. Biochem J 319:897-902, 1996
47. KUBOTA K, TAMURA J, KURABAYASHI H, SHIRAKURA T, KOBAYASHI I: Evaluation of increased serum ferritin levels in patients with hyperthyroidism. Clin Invest 72:26-29, 1993
48. LEEDMAN PJ, STEIN AR, CHIN WW, ROGERS JT: Thyroid hormone modulates the interaction between iron regulatory proteins and the ferritin mRNA iron-responsive element. J Biol Chem 271: 12017-12023, 1996
49. DE SOUSA M, REIMAO R, PORTO G, GRADY RW, HILGARTNER MW, GIARDINA P: Iron and lymphocytes: Reciprocal regulatory interactions. Curr Stud Hematol Blood Transfus 58:171-177, 1992
50. BROCK JH: Iron in infection, immunity, inflammation and neoplasia. in Iron Metabolism in Health and Disease, edited by BROCK JH, HALLIDAY JW, PIPPARD MJ, POWELL LW, London, W.B. Saunders, 1994, pp 353-389
51. WEISS G, FUCHS D, HAUSEN A, REIBNEGGER G, WERNER ER, WERNER-FELMAYER G, WACHTER H: Iron modulates interferon-gamma effects in the human myelomonocytic cell line THP-1. Exp Hematol 20:605-610, 1992
52. GORDEUK VR, BALLOU S, LOZANSKI G, BRITTENHAM GM: Decreased concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in supernatants of monocytes from homozygotes for hereditary hemochromatosis. Blood 79:1855-1860, 1992
53. ALFORD CE, KING TE, CAMPELL PA: Role of transferrin, transferrin receptors, and iron in macrophage listericidal activity. J Exp Med 174:459-466, 1991
54. BYRD TF, HORWTIZ MA: Lactoferrin inhibits or promotes Legionella pneumophila intracellular multiplication in nonactivated and interferon-gamma activated human monocytes depending upon its degree of iron saturation: Iron-lactoferrin and nonphysiologic iron chelates reverse monocyte activation against Legionella pneumophila. J Clin Invest 88:1103-1112, 1991
55. BARNEWELL RE, RIKIHIAS Y: Abrogation of gamma interferon-induced inhibition of Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in human monocytes with transferrin iron. Infect Immun 82:4804-4810, 1994
56. KARUPIAH G, HARRIS N: Inhibition of viral replication by nitric oxide and its reversal by ferrous sulfate and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites. J Exp Med 181:2171-2180, 1995
57. MENACCI A, CENCI E, BOELAERT JR, BUCCI P, MOSCI P, FE'D'OSTIANI C, BISTONI F, ROMANI L: Iron overload alters T helper cell responses to Candida albicans in mice. J Infect Dis 175:1467-1476, 1997
58. WEINBERG ED: Iron withholding: A defense against infection and neoplasia. Physiol Rev 64:65-102, 1984
59. WEINBERG ED, WEINBERG GA: The role of iron in infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 8:164-169, 1995
60. FILLET G, BEGUIN Y, BALDELLI L: Model of reticuloendothelial iron metabolism in human: Abnormal behaviour in idiopathic hemochromatosis and in inflammation Blood 74:844-851, 1989
61. KITAGAWA S, YUO A, YAGISAWA M, AZUMA E, YOSHIDA M, FURUKAWA Y, TAKAHASHI M, MASUYAMA J, TAKAKU F: Activation of human monocyte functions by tumor necrosis factor: Rapid priming for enhanced release of superoxide and erythrophagocytosis, but no direct triggering of superoxide release. Exp Hematol 24:559-567, 1996
62. GREENDYKE RM, SHARMA K, GIFFORD FR: Serum levels of erythro-poietin and selected cytokines in patients with anemia of chronic disease. Am J Clin Pathol 101:338-341, 1994
63. MEANS RT: Pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disease: A cytokine mediated anemia. Stem Cells (Dayt) 13:32-37, 1995
64. BOELAERT JR, WEINBERG GA, WEINBERG ED: Altered iron metabolism in HIV infection: Mechanisms, possible consequences and proposals for management. Infect Dis Agents 5:36-46, 1996
65. YAP GS, STEVENSON MM: Inhibition of in vitro erythropoiesis by soluble mediators of Plasmodium chabaudi AS malaria: Lack of a major role of interleukin I, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gamma interferon. Infect Immun 62:357-362, 1994
66. BROXMEYER HE: H-femtin: A regulatory cytokine that down-modulates cell proliferation. J Lab Clin Med 120:367-370, 1992
67. CAZZOLA M, PONCHIO L, DEBENEDETTI F, RAVELLI A. ROSTI V, BEGUIN Y, INVERNIZZI R, BAROSI G, MARTINI A: Defective iron supply for erythropoiesis and adequate endogenous erythropoietin production in anemia associated with systemic onset juvenile chronic arthritis. Blood 87:4824-4830, 1996
68. MUTANE J, PIUG-PARELLADA P, MITJAVILA MT: Iron metabolism and oxidative stress during acute and chronic phases of experimental inflammation: Effect of iron dextran and deferoxamine. J Lab Clin Med 126:435-443, 1995
69. SALVARANI C, BARICCHI R, LASAGNI D, BOIARDI L, PICCININI R, BRUNATI C, MACCHIONI P. PORTIOLO I: Effects of desferrioxamine therapy on chronic disease anemia associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 16:45-48, 1996
70. WEISS G, HOUSTON T, KASTNER S, GRÜNEWALD K, BROCK J: Regulation of cellular iron metabolism by erythropoietin: Activation of iron regulatory protein and up-regulation of transferrin-receptor in erythroid cells. Blood 89:680-687, 1997
71. ADAMSON JW: The relationship of erythropoietin and iron metabolism to red blood cell production in humans. Semin Oncol 21:9-15, 1994
72. POOTRAKUL P, KITCHAROEN K, YANSUKON P, WASI P, FUCHAROEN S, CHAROENLARP P, BRITTENHAM G, PIPPARD MJ. FINCH CA: The effect of erythroid hyperplasia on iron balance. Blood 71:1124-1129, 1988