Cell cholesterol efflux: Integration of old and new observations provides new insights

Journal of Lipid Research

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 781-796

  Rothblat, George H ^a   De La Llera Moya, Margarita ^a   Atger, Veronique ^b   Kellner Weibel, Ginny ^a   Williams, David L ^c   Phillips, Michael C ^a  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b HÔPITAL BROUSSAIS   (France)

^c STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Cyclodextrin; Efflux; High density lipoprotein; Influx; Lipoproteins; Phospholipid; Plasma membrane; Review; Scavenger receptor class B, type I; Supplementary key words tissue culture cells

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; CYCLODEXTRIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PHOSPHOLIPID; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR;

CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; CELL TYPE; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; DIFFUSION; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOLUBILITY;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD36; APOLIPOPROTEINS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE; CELL MEMBRANE; CHOLESTEROL; CYCLODEXTRINS; HUMANS; KINETICS; LIPOPROTEINS, HDL; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; RECEPTORS, IMMUNOLOGIC; RECEPTORS, LIPOPROTEIN; RECEPTORS, SCAVENGER; SCAVENGER RECEPTORS, CLASS B;

EID: 0032945240     PISSN: 00222275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Bailey, J. M. 1965. Lipid metabolism in cultured cells IV: serum alpha globulins and cellular cholesterol exchange. Exp. Cell Res. 37: 175-182.
2. Glomset, J. A. 1968. The plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction. J. Lipid Res. 9: 155-167.
3. Oram, J. F., and S. Yokoyama. 1996. Apolipoprotein-mediated removal of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids. J. Lipid Res. 37: 2473-2491.
4. Liscum, L., and N. K. Dahl. 1992. Intracellular cholesterol transport. J. Lipid Res. 33: 1239-1254.
5. Johnson, W. J., F. H. Mahlberg, G. K. Chacko, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1988. The influence of cellular and lipoprotein cholesterol contents on the flux of cholesterol between fibroblasts and high density lipoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 14099-14106.
6. Johnson, W. J., F. H. Mahlberg, G. H. Rothblat, and M. C. Phillips. 1991. Cholesterol transport between cells and high density lipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1085: 273-298.
7. Phillips, M. C., W. J. Johnson, and G. H. Rothblat. 1987. Mechanisms and consequences of cellular cholesterol exchange and transfer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 906: 223-276.
8. Pitha, J., T. Irie, P. B. Sklar, and J. S. Nye. 1988. Drug solubilizers to aid pharmacologists: amorphous cyclodextrin derivatives. Life Sci. 43: 493-502.
9. Duchene, D. 1990. Minutes of the 5th International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, Paris, France: Editions de Sante, 1990.
10. Christian, A. E., M. P. Haynes, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1997. Use of cyclodextrins for manipulating cellular cholesterol content. J. Lipid Res. 38: 2264-2272.
11. Kilsdonk, E. P. C., P. Yancey, G. Stoudt, F. W. Bangerter, W. J. Johnson, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1995. Cellular cholesterol efflux mediated by cyclodextrins. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 17250-17256.
12. Kritharides, L., M. Kus, A. J. Brown, W. Jessup, and R. T. Dean. 1996. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-mediated efflux of 7-ketocholesterol from macrophage foam cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 27450-27455.
13. Yancey, P. G., W. V. Rodrigueza, E. P. C. Kilsdonk, G. W. Stoudt, W. J. Johnson, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1996. Cellular cholesterol efflux mediated by cyclodextrins: demonstration of kinetic pools and mechanism of efflux. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 16026-16034.
14. Atger, V. M., M. de la Llera-Moya, G. W. Stoudt, W. V. Rodrigueza, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1997. Cyclodextrins as catalysts for the removal of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. J. Clin. Invest. 99: 773-780.
15. Forte, T. M., J. K. Bielicki, R. Goth-Goldstein, J. Selmek, and M. R. McCall. 1995. Recruitment of cell phospholipids and cholesterol by apolipoproteins A-II and A-I: Formation of nascent apolipoprotein-specific HDL that differ in size, phospholipid composition, and reactivity with LCAT. J. Lipid Res. 36: 148-157.
16. Li, Q., and S. Yokoyama. 1995. Independent regulation of cholesterol incorporation into free apolipoprotein-mediated cellular lipid efflux in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 26216-26223.
17. Liang, H-Q., K-A. Rye, and P. J. Barter. 1995. Cycling of apolipoprotein A-I between lipid-associated and lipid-free pools. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1257: 31-37.
18. Asztalos, B. F., C. H. Sloop, L. Wong, and P. S. Roheim. 1993. Comparison of apoA-I-containing subpopulations of dog plasma and prenodal peripheral lymph: evidence for alteration in subpopulations in the interstitial space. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1169: 301-304.
19. Lefevre, M., C. H. Sloop, and P. S. Roheim. 1988. Characterization of dog prenodal peripheral lymph lipoproteins. Evidence for the peripheral formation of lipoprotein-unassociated apoA-I with slow pre-β electrophoretic mobility. J. Lipid Res. 29: 1139-1148.
20. Asztalos, B. F., and P. S. Roheim. 1995. Presence and formation of 'free apolipoprotein A-I-like' particles in human plasma. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15: 1419-1423.
21. Roheim, P. S., L. Dory, M. Lefevre, and C. H. Sloop. 1990. Lipoproteins in interstitial fluid of dogs: implications for a role in reverse cholesterol transport. Eur. Heart J. 11: 225-229.
22. Sloop, C. H., L. Dory, and P. S. Roheim. 1987. Interstitial fluid lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 28: 225-237.
23. Fielding, C. J., and P. E. Fielding. 1995. Molecular physiology of reverse cholesterol transport. J. Lipid Res. 36: 211-228.
24. Davidson, W. S., D. L. Sparks, S. Lund-Katz, and M. C. Phillips. 1994. The molecular basis for the difference in charge between pre-β-and α-migrating high density lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 8959-8965.
25. Zhao, Y., D. L. Sparks, and Y. L. Marcel. 1996. Specific phospholipid association with apolipoprotein A-I stimulates cholesterol efflux from human fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 25145-25151.
26. Bielicki, J. K., W. J. Johnson, J. M. Glick, and G. H. Rothblat. 1991. Efflux of phospholipids from fibroblasts with normal and elevated levels of cholesterol. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1084: 7-14.
27. Hara, H., A. Komaba, and S. Yokoyama. 1992. α-Helical requirements for free apolipoproteins to generate HDL and to induce cellular lipid efflux. Lipids. 27: 302-304.
28. Mendez, A. J., G. M. Anantharamaiah, J. P. Segrest, and J. F. Oram. 1994. Synthetic amphipathic helical peptides that mimic apolipoprotein A-I in clearing cellular cholesterol. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 1698-1705.
29. Yancey, P. G., J. K. Bielicki, W. J. Johnson, S. Lund-Katz, M. N. Palgunachari, G. M. Anantharamaiah, J. P. Segrest, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1995. The efflux of cellular cholesterol and phospholipid to lipid-free apolipoproteins and class A amphipathic peptides. Biochemistry. 34: 7955-7965.
30. Barkia, A., P. Puchois, N. Ghalim, G. Torpier, R. Barbaras, G. Ailhaud, and J-C. Fruchart. 1991. Differential role of apolipoprotein AI-containing particles in cholesterol efflux from adipose cells. Atherosclerosis. 87: 135-146.
31. Hodenberg, E. v., S. Heinen, K. E. Howell, C. Luley, W. Kubler, and H. M. Bond. 1991. Cholesterol efflux from macrophages mediated by high-density lipoprotein subfractions, which differ principally in apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-II ratios. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1086: 173-184.
32. Ohta, T., R. Nakamura, Y. Ikeda, M. Shinohara, A. Miyazaki, S. Horiuchi, and I. Matsuda. 1992. Differential effect of subspecies of lipoprotein containing apolipoprotein A-I on cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded macrophages: functional correlation with lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1165: 119-128.
33. Okawa, S., A. J. Mendez, J. F. Oram, E. L. Bierman, and M. C. Cheung. 1993. Effects of high-density lipoprotein particles containing apo A-I, with or without A-II, on intracellular cholesterol efflux. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1165: 327-334.
34. Lagrost, L., C. Dengremont, A. Athias, C. De Geitere, J-C. Fruchart, C. Lallemant, P. Gambert, and G. Castro. 1995. Modulation of cholesterol efflux from Fu5AH hepatoma cells by the apolipoprotein content of high density lipoprotein particles. Particles containing various proportions of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 13004-13009.
35. Johnson, W. J., E. P. C. Kilsdonk, A. Van Tol, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1991. Cholesterol efflux from cells to immunopurified subfractions of human high density lipoproteins: LP-AI and LP-AI/AII. J. Lipid Res. 32: 1993-2000.
36. Johnson, W. J., M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1997. Lipoproteins and cellular cholesterol homeostasis. In Cholesterol: Its Metabolism and Functions in Biology and Medicine. R. Bittman, editor. Plenum Press, New York. 235-276.
37. Davidson, W. S., K. L. Gillotte, S. Lund-Katz, W. J. Johnson, G. H. Rothblat, and M. C. Phillips. 1995. The effect of high density lipoprotein phospholipid acyl chain composition on the efflux of cellular free cholesterol. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 5882-5890.
38. Davidson, W. S., S. Lund-Katz, W. J. Johnson, G. M. Anantharamaiah, N. Palgunachari, J. P. Sergrest, G. H. Rothblat, and M. C. Phillips. 1994. The influence of apolipoprotein structure on the efflux of cellular free cholesterol to high density lipoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 22975-22982.
39. Davidson, W. S., W. V. Rodrigueza, S. Lund-Katz, W. J. Johnson, G. H. Rothblat, and M. C. Phillips. 1995. Effects of acceptor particle size on the efflux of cellular free cholesterol. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 17106-17113.
40. Gillotte, K. L., W. S. Davidson, S. Lund-Katz, G. H. Rothblat, and M. C. Phillips. 1996. Apolipoprotein A-I structural modification and functionality of reconstituted high density lipoprotein particles in cellular cholesterol efflux. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 23792-23798.
41. Johnson, W. J., M. J. Bamberger, R. A. Latta, P. E. Rapp, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1986. The bidirectional flux of cholesterol between cells and lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 5766-5776.
42. Rothblat, G. H., M. Bamberger, and M. C. Phillips. 1986. Reverse cholesterol transport. Methods Enzymol. 129: 628-644.
43. Jian, B., M. de la Llera-Moya, L. Royer, G. H. Rothblat, O. Francone, and J. B. Swaney. 1997. Modification of the cholesterol efflux properties of human serum by enrichment with phospholipid. J. Lipid Res. 38: 152-162.
44. de la Llera-Moya, M., V. Atger, J. L. Paul, N. Fournier, N. Moatti, P. Giral, K. E. Friday, and G. H. Rothblat. 1994. A cell culture system for screening human serum for ability to promote cellular cholesterol efflux: relationships between serum components and efflux, esterification and transfer. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14: 1056-1065.
45. Friedman, M., and S. O. Byers. 1956. Role of hyperphospholipidemia and neutral fat increase in plasma in the pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Physiol. 186: 13-18.
46. Williams, K. J., V. P. Werth, and J. A. Wolff. 1984. Intravenously administered lecithin liposomes: a synthetic antiatherogenic lipid particle. Perspect. Biol. Med. 27: 417-431.
47. Fournier, N., M. de la Llera-Moya, B. Burkey, J. Swaney, J. Jr., Paterniti, N. Moatti, V. Atger, and G. H. Rothblat. 1996. The role of HDL phospholipids in efflux of cell cholesterol to whole serum: studies with human apoA-I transgenic rats. J. Lipid Res. 37: 1704-1711.
48. Fournier, N., J. L. Paul, V. Atger, M. de la Llera Moya, G. Rothblat, and N. Moatti. 1997. HDL phospholipid content and composition as a major determinant of cholesterol efflux to whole serum. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17: 2685-2691.
49. Chiesa, G., C. Parolini, M. Canavesi, N. Colombo, C. R. Sirtori, R. Fumagalli, G. Franceschini, and F. Bernini. 1998. Human apolipoproteins A-I and A-II in cell cholesterol efflux: studies with transgenic mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18: 1417-1423.
50. Jian, B., M. de la Llera-Moya, Y. Ji, N. Wang, M. C. Phillips, J. B. Swaney, A. R. Tall, and G. H. Rothblat. 1998. Scavenger receptor class B type I as a mediator of cellular cholesterol efflux to lipoproteins and phospholipid acceptors. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 5599-5606.
51. Mahlberg, F. H., and G. H. Rothblat. 1992. Cellular cholesterol efflux: role of cell membrane kinetic pools and interaction with apolipoproteins AI, AII, and Cs. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 4541-4550.
52. Nemecz, G., and F. Schroeder. 1988. Time-resolved fluorescence investigation of membrane cholesterol heterogeneity and exchange. Biochemistry. 27: 7740-7749.
53. Rothblat, G. H., F. H. Mahlberg, W. J. Johnson, and M. C. Phillips. 1992. Apolipoprotein, membrane cholesterol domains, and the regulation of cholesterol efflux. J. Lipid Res. 33: 1091-1098.
54. Fielding, C. J. 1991. Reverse cholesterol transport. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2: 376-378.
55. Rodrigueza, W. V., K. J. Williams, G. H. Rothblat, and M. C. Phillips. 1997. Remodeling and shuttling: mechanisms for the synergistic effects between different acceptor particles in the mobilization of cellular cholesterol. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17: 383-393.
56. Francone, O. L., and C. J. Fielding. 1990. Initial steps in reverse cholesterol transport: the role of short-lived cholesterol acceptors. Eur. Heart J. 11: 218-224.
57. Asztalos, B., W. Zhang, P. S. Roheim, and L. Wong. 1997. Role of free apolipoprotein A-I in cholesterol efflux: formation of pre-α-migrating high density lipoprotein particles. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17: 1630-1636.
58. Zhang, W., B. Asztalos, P. S. Roheim, and L. Wong. 1998. Characterization of phospholipids in pre-α HDL: selective phospholipid efflux with apolipoprotein A-I. J. Lipid Res. 39: 1601-1607.
59. Chung, B. H., F. Franklin, B. H. S. Cho, J. P. Segrest, K. Hart, and B. E. Darnell. 1998. Potencies of lipoproteins in fasting and post-prandial plasma to accept additional cholesterol molecules released from cell membranes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18: 1217-1230.
60. Liang, H-Q., K-A. Rye, and P. J. Barter. 1994. Dissociation of lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I from high density lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 35: 1187-1199.
61. Savion, N., A. Gamliel, J-P. Tauber, and D. Gospodarowicz. 1987. Free apolipoproteins A-I and A-IV present in human plasma displace high-density lipoprotein on cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 164: 435-443.
62. Hara, H., and S. Yokoyama. 1991. Interaction of free apolipoproteins with macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 3080-3086.
63. Komaba, A., Q. Li, H. Hara, and S. Yokoyama. 1992. Resistance of smooth muscle cells to assembly of high density lipoproteins with extracellular free apolipoproteins and to reduction of intracellularly accumulated cholesterol. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 17560-17566.
64. Gillotte, K. L., W. S. Davidson, S. Lund-Katz, G. H. Rothblat, and M. C. Phillips. 1998. Removal of cellular cholesterol by pre-β-HDL involves plasma membrane microsolubilization. J. Lipid Res. 39: 1918-1928.
65. Bielicki, J. K., W. J. Johnson, R. B. Weinberg, J. M. Glick, and G. H. Rothblat. 1992. Efflux of lipid from fibroblasts to apolipoproteins: dependence on elevated levels of cellular unesterified cholesterol. J. Lipid Res. 33: 1699-1710.
66. Smith, J. D., M. Miyata, M. Ginsberg, C. Grigaux, E. Shmookler, and A. S. Plump. 1996. Cyclic AMP induces apolipoprotein E binding activity and promotes cholesterol efflux from a macrophage cell line to apolipoprotein acceptors. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 30647-30655.
67. Sakr, S. W., D. L. Williams, G. W. Stoudt, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1999. Cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. In press.
68. Barbaras, R., P. Puchois, A. Pradines-Figuereso, A. Steinmetz, V. Clavey, N. Ghalim, J-C. Fruchart, and G. Ailhaud. 1990. Binding of apolipoproteins A to adipose cells: role of receptor sites in cholesterol efflux and purification of binding protein (s). In Hypercholesterolemia, hypocholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. C. L. Malmendier, editor. Plenum Press, New York. 85-92.
69. Li, Q., H. Czamecka, and S. Yokoyama. 1995. Involvement of a cellular surface factor(s) in lipid-free apolipoprotein-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1259: 227-234.
70. Mendez, A. J., and J. F. Oram. 1997. Limited proteolysis of high density lipoprotein abolishes its interaction with cell-surface binding sites that promote efflux. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1346: 285-299.
71. Li, Q., A. Komaba, and S. Yokoyama. 1993. Cholesterol is poorly available for free apolipoprotein-mediated cellular lipid efflux from smooth muscle cells. Biochemistry. 32: 4597-4603.
72. Forte, T. M., R. Goth-Goldstein, R. W. Nordhausen, and M. R. McCall. 1993. Apolipoprotein A-I-cell membrane interaction: extracellular assembly of heterogeneous nascent HDL particles. J. Lipid Res. 34: 317-324.
73. Acton, S., A. Rigotti, K. T. Landschulz, S. Xu, H. H. Hobbs, and M. Krieger. 1996. Identification of scavenger receptor SR-BI as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science. 271: 518-520.
74. Rigotti, A., B. Trigatti, J. Babitt, M. Penman, S. Xu, and M. Krieger. 1997. Scavenger receptor BI - a cell surface receptor for high density lipoprotein. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 8: 181-188.
75. Rigotti, A., S. Acton, and M. Krieger. 1995. The class B scavenger receptors SR-BI and CD36 are receptors for anionic phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 16221-16224.
76. Xu, S., M. Laccotripe, X. Huang, A. Rigotti, V. I. Zannis, and M. Krieger. 1997. Apolipoproteins of HDL can directly mediate binding to the scavenger receptor SR-BI, an HDL receptor that mediates selective lipid uptake. J. Lipid Res. 38: 1289-1298.
77. Krieger, M., and J. Herz. 1994. Structures and functions of multiligand lipoprotein receptors: macrophage scavenger receptors and LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63: 601-637.
78. Babitt, J., B. Trigatti, A. Rigotti, E. J. Smart, R. G. W. Anderson, S. Xu, and M. Krieger. 1997. Murine SR-BI, a high density lipoprotein receptor that mediates selective lipid uptake, is N-glycosylated and fatty acylated and colocalizes with plasma membrane caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 13242-13249.
79. Ji, Y., B. Jian, N. Wang, Y. Sun, M. de la Llera-Moya, M. C. Phillips, G. H. Rothblat, J. B. Swaney, and A. R. Tall. 1997. Scavenger receptor B1 promotes high density lipoprotein-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 20982-20985.
80. de la Llera-Moya, M., G. H. Rothblat, M. A. Connelly, G. Kellner-Weibel, S. W. Sakr, M. C. Phillips, and D. L. Williams. 1999. Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) mediates free cholesterol flux independently of HDL tethering to the cell surface. J. Lipid Res. 40: 575-580.
81. Calvo, D., D. Gomez-Coronado, Y. Suarez, M. A. Lasuncion, and M. A. Vega. 1998. Human CD36 is a high affinity receptor for the native lipoproteins HDL, LDL, and VLDL. J. Lipid Res. 39: 777-788.
82. Schroeder, J. K. Woodford, J. Kavecansky, W. G. Wood, and C. Joiner. 1995. Cholesterol domains in biological membranes. Mol. Membrane Biol. 12: 113-119.
83. Schroeder, F., J. R. Jefferson, A. B. Kier, J. Knittel, T. J. Scallen, W. G. Wood, and I. Hapala. 1991. Membrane cholesterol dynamics: Cholesterol domains and kinetic pools. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 196: 235-252.
84. Brown, D., and E. London. 1998. Structure and origin of ordered lipid domains in biological membranes. J. Membr. Biol. 164: 103-114.
85. McIntosh, T. J., S. Advani, R. E. Burton, D. V. Zhelev, D. Needham, and S. A. Simon. 1995. Experimental tests for protrusion and undulation pressures in phospholipid bilayers. Biochemistry. 34: 8520-8532.
86. Castro, G. R., and C. J. Fielding. 1988. Early incorporation of cell-derived cholesterol into pre-B-migrating high-density lipoprotein. Biochemistry. 27: 25-29.
87. Chang, W-J., K. G. Rothberg, B. A. Kamen, and R. G. W. Anderson. 1992. Lowering the cholesterol content of MA104 cells inhibits receptor-mediated transport of folate. J. Cell Biol. 118: 63-69.
88. Fielding, P. E., and C. J. Fielding. 1995. Plasma membrane caveolae mediate the efflux of cellular free cholesterol. Biochemistry. 34: 14288-14292.
89. Hailstones, D., L. S. Sleer, R. G. Parton, and K. K. Stanley. 1998. Regulation of caveolin and caveolae by cholesterol in MDCK cells. J. Lipid Res. 39: 369-379.
90. Webb, N. R., P. M. Connell, G. A. Graf, E. J. Smart, W. J. S. De Villiers, F. C. de Beer, and D. R. van der Westhuyzehn. 1998. SR-BII, an isoform of the scavenger receptor BI containing an alternate cytoplasmic tail, mediates lipid transfer between high density lipoprotein and cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 15241-15248.
91. Ahmed, S. N., D. A. Brown, and E. London. 1997. On the origin of sphingolipid/cholesterol-rich detergent-insoluble cell membranes: physiological concentrations of cholesterol an sphingolipid induce formation of a detergent-insoluble, liquid-ordered lipid phase in model membranes. Biochemistry. 36: 10944-10953.
92. Bamberger, M., S. Lund-Katz, M. C. Phillips, and G. H. Rothblat. 1985. Mechanism of the hepatic lipase induced accumulation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol by cells in culture. Biochemistry. 24: 3693-3701.
93. Slotte, J. P., and E. L. Bierman. 1988. Depletion of plasma-membrane sphingomyelin rapidly alters the distribution of cholesterol between plasma membranes and intracellular cholesterol pools in cultured fibroblasts. Biochem. J. 250: 653-658.