Coronary atherosclerosis and interventions: Pathological sequences and restenosis

Pathology International

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 273-290

  Yutani, Chikao ^a   Imakita, Masami ^a   Ishibashi Ueda, Hatsue ^a   Tsukamoto, Yoshitane ^a   Nishida, Naoki ^a   Ikeda, Yoshihiko ^a  

^a NATIONAL CEREBRAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR CENTER   (Japan)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndrome; Coronary atherosclerosis; Coronary stenting; Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA); Restenosis; Stary's classification; Tissue factor pathway inhibitor; Vascular remodeling

Indexed keywords

TISSUE FACTOR PATHWAY INHIBITOR;

ADVENTITIA; ARTERY INTIMA PROLIFERATION; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CORONARY STENT; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FEMALE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; JAPAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY;

ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY; ANIMALS; ANTICOAGULANTS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CORONARY THROMBOSIS; CORONARY VESSELS; FEMALE; GRAFT OCCLUSION, VASCULAR; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS; MALE; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; RABBITS; RISK FACTORS; STENTS; TUNICA INTIMA;

EID: 0032920792     PISSN: 13205463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00861.x     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. 1 Paterson JC. Capillary rupture with intimal hemorrhage as a causative factor in coronary thrombosis. Arch. Pathol. 1938; 25: 474-487.
2. 2 Friedman M, Van Den Bovenkamp GJ. The pathogenesis of coronary thrombosis. Am. J. Pathol. 1966; 48: 19-44.
3. 3 Montenegro MR, Eggen DA. Topography of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. Lab. Invest. 1968; 18: 586-593.
4. 4 Sinapius D. Morphologie verschliessender Koronarthromben. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 1972; 97: 544-551 (in German).
5. 5 Chapman I. The cause-effect relationship between recent coronary artery occlusion and acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 1974, 87: 267-271.
6. 6 Chandler AB, Chapman I, Erhardt LR et al. Coronary thrombosis in myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 1974; 34: 823-833.
7. 7 Horie T, Sekiguchi M, Hirosawa K. Coronary thrombosis in pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction. Br. Heart J. 1978; 40: 153-161.
8. 8 Baroldi G, Falzi G, Mariani F. Sudden coronary death: A postmortem study in 208 selected cases compared to 97 'control' subjects. Am. Heart J. 1979; 98: 20-31.
9. 9 Baroldi G. Diseases of the coronary arteries. In: Silver MD, ed. Cardiovascular Pathology. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1983; 317-392.
10. 10 Falk E. Plaque rupture with severe pre-existing stenosis precipitating coronary thrombosis: Characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques underlying fatal occlusive thrombi. Br. Heart J. 1983; 50: 127-134.
11. 11 Warnes CA, Roberts WC. Sudden coronary death: Comparison of patients with to those without coronary thrombosis at necropsy. Am. J. Cardiol. 1984; 54: 65-73.
12. 12 Davies MJ, Thomas A. Thrombosis and acute coronary-artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 310: 1137-1140.
13. 13 Yutani C, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Konishi M, Shibata J, Arita M. Histopathological study of acute myocardial infarction and pathoetiology of coronary thrombosis: A comparative study in four districts in Japan. Jpn. Circ. J. 1987; 51: 352-361.
14. 14 Bresnahan DR, Davis JL, Holmes Jr DR, Smith HC. Angiographic occurrence and clinical correlates of intraluminal coronary artery thrombosis: Role of unstable angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1985; 6: 285-289.
15. 15 Levin DC, Fallon JT. Significance of the angiographic morphology of localized coronary stenosis: Histopathologic correlations. Circulation 1982; 66: 316-320.
16. 16 Rentrop KP, Blanke H, Karsch KR, Kreuzer H. Initial experience with transmural recanalization of the recently occluded infarct-related coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction: Comparison with conventionally treated patients. Clin. Cardiol. 1979; 2: 92-105.
17. 17 Scherman CT, Litvack F, Grundfest W et al. Coronary angioscopy in patients with unstable angina pectoris. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 315: 913-919.
18. 18 Hodgson JM, Graham SP, Savakus AD. Clinical percutaneous imaging of coronary anatomy using an over-the-wire ultrasound catheter system. Int. J. Cardiac Imaging 1989; 4: 187-193.
19. 19 Falk E. Why do plaques rupture? Circulation 1992; 86 (Suppl. III): III-30-III-42.
20. 20 Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992; 326: 242-250.
21. 21 Edwards WD. Atherosclerotic plaques: Natural and unnatural history. In: Schoen FJ, Gimbrone MA, eds. Cardiovascular Pathology: Clinicopathologic Correlations and Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1995; 12-46.
22. 22 Moreno PR, Falk E, Palacios IF, Newell JBF, Uster V, Fallon JT. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1994; 90: 775-778.
23. 23 Abela GS, Picon PD, Friedl SE et al. Triggering of plaque disruption and arterial thrombosis in an atherosclerotic rabbit model. Circulation 1995; 91: 776-784.
24. 24 Hao H, Yutani C, Imakita M. Histopathological analysis on plaque disruption of coronary arteries in acute myocardial infarction. J. Cardiol. 1993; 23 (Suppl. XXXV): 105.
25. 25 Farb A, Burke AP, Tang AL et al. Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. Circulation 1996; 93: 1354-1363.
26. 26 Crawford T. Pathology of Ischemic Heart Disease. Butterworths, London, 1997.
27. 27 Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995; 92: 657-671.
28. 28 Svindland A, Torvik A. Atherosclerotic carotid disease in asymptomatic individuals: A histological study of 53 cases. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1988; 78: 506-517.
29. 29 Lee RT, Grodzinsky AJ, Frank EH, Kamm RD, Schoen FJ. Structure dependent dynamic mechanical behavior of fibrous caps from human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 1991; 83: 1764-1770.
30. 30 Lendon CL, Davies MJ, Born GVR, Richardson PD. Atherosclerotic plaque caps are locally weakened when macrophages density is increased. Atherosclerosis 1991; 87: 87-90.
31. 31 Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, Liang Y-H, Smialek J, Virmani R. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 336: 1276-1282.
32. 32 Califf RM, ed. Acute myocardial infarction and other acute ischemic syndromes In: Braunwald E, ed. Atlas of Heart Diseases. Current Medicine, Philadelphia, 1996; 1-19.
33. 33 Alexander RW, Schlant RC, Fuster V, eds. Hurst's The Heart, 9th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998.
34. 34 Ambrose JA, Winters SL, Stern A et al. Angiographic morphology and the pathogenesis of unstable angina pectoris. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1985; 5: 609-616.
35. 35 Gruntiz AR, Senning A, Siegnthaler WE. Non-operative dilatation of coronary-artery stenosis: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. N. Engl. J. Med. 1979; 301: 61-68.
36. 36 Dangas G, Fuster V. Management of restenosis after coronary intervention. Am. Heart J. 1996; 132: 428-436.
37. 37 Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS et al. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 331: 496-501.
38. 38 Mudra H, Regar E, Klauss V et al. Serial follow-up after optimized ultrasound-guided deployment of Palmaz-Schatz stents: In-stent neointimal proliferation without significant reference segment response. Circulation 1997; 95: 363-370.
39. 39 Libby P. Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995; 91: 2844-2850.
40. 40 Woolf N. Pathology of Atherosclerosis. Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982.
41. 41 Gotlieb AI, Havenith MG. Atherosclerosis lesions and pathogenesis. In: Silver MD, ed. Cardiovascular Pathology, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1991; 225-265.
42. 42 Fuster V, Ross R, Topol EJ, eds. Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1996.
43. 43 Ross R, Glomset JA. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 295: 369-377.
44. 44 Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: An update. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986; 314: 488-500.
45. 45 Yutani C, Imakita M, Ishibashi-Ueda H et al. Localization of lipids and cell population in atheromatous lesion in aorta and its main arterial branches in patients with hypercholesterolemia. In: Yoshida Y, Yamaguchi T, Caro CG et al., eds. Role of Blood Flow in Atherogenesis. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, 1988; 25-31.
46. 46 Yoshida Y, Mitsumata M, Yamane T, Tomikawa M, Nishida K. Morphology and increased growth rate of atherosclerotic intimal smooth muscle cells. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1988; 112: 987-996.
47. 47 Stary HC, Blankenhorn DH, Chandler AB et al. A definition of the intima of human arteries and of its atherosclerosis-prone regions: A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 1992; 85: 391-405.
48. 48 Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S et al. A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis: A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 1994; 89: 2462-2478.
49. 49 Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE et al. A definition of advanced lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis: A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation 1995; 93: 1355-1374.
50. 50 Hisaki R, Yutani C. Plaque morphology of acute coronary syndrome. Jpn. Atheroscler. Thromb. 1998; 4: 156-161.
51. 51 Schatz RA, Baim DS, Leon M et al. Clinical experience with the Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent: Initial results of a multicenter study. Circulation 1991; 83: 148-161.
52. 52 Ellis SG, Topol EJ. Intracoronary stents: Will they fulfill their promise as an adjunct to angioplasty? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1989; 13: 1425-1430.
53. 53 Murphy JG, Garratt KN, Schwartz RS, Holmes Jr, DR. Intracoronary stenting: Bailout or bypass? Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 1990; 21: 260-262.
54. 54 Lembo NJ, Roubin GS. Intravascular stents. Cardiol. Clin. 1989; 7: 877-894.
55. 55 Schatz RA. A view of vascular stents. Circulation 1989; 79: 445-457.
56. 56 Barath P, Fishbein MC, Vari S, Forrester JS. Cutting balloon: An approach to percutaneous angioplasty. Am. J. Cardiol. 1991; 68: 1249-1252.
57. 57 Simpson JB, Robertson GC, Selmon MR. Percutaneous coronary atherectomy. Circulation 1988; 78 (Suppl. II): II-82.
58. 58 Nobuyoshi M, Kimura T, Ohishi H et al. Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Pathologic observations in 20 patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1991; 17: 433-439.
59. 59 Waller BF, Pinkerton CA, Orr CM et al. Morphological observations late (>30 days) after clinically successful coronary balloon angioplasty. Circulation 1991; 83 (Suppl. I): I-28-I-41.
60. 60 Fuster V, Falk E, Fallon JT, Bandimon L, Chesebro JH, Bandimon JJ. The three processes leading to post PTCA restenosis: Dependence on the lesion substrate. Thromb. Haemost. 1995; 74: 552-559.
61. 61 Post MJ, Borst C, Kuntz RE. The relative importance of arterial remodeling compared with intimal hyperplasia in lumen renarrowing after balloon angioplasty: A study in the normal rabbit and the hypercholesterolemic Yucatan micropig. Circulation 1994; 89: 2816-2821.
62. 62 Lafont A, Guzman LA, Whitlow PL et al. Restenosis after experimental angioplasty: Intimal, medial and adventitial changes associated with constrictive remodeling. Circ. Res. 1995; 76: 996-1002.
63. 63 Nakamura Y, Zhao H, Yutani C et al. Morphometric and histologic assessment of remodeling associated with restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Cardiology 1998; 90: 115-121.
64. 64 Macaya C, Serruys PW, Ruygrok P et al. Continued benefit of coronary stenting versus balloon angioplasty: One year clinical follow-up of BENESTENT trial, BENESTENT study group. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1996; 27: 255-261.
65. 65 Willerson JT. Stent restenosis. Circulation 1997; 96: 383-385.
66. 66 Serruys PW, Emanuelsson H, Van der Giessen W et al. Heparin-coated Palmaz-Schatz stents in human coronary arteries: Early outcome of the BENESTENT-II Pilot Study. Circulation 1996; 93: 411-412.
67. 67 Teirstein PS, Massullo V, Jani S et al. Catheter-based radiotherapy to inhibit restenosis after coronary stenting. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 336: 1697-1703.
68. 68 Topol EJ, Califf RM, Weisman HF et al. Randomized trial of coronary intervention with antibody against platelet IIb/IIIa integrin for reduction of clinical restenosis: Results at six months. Lancet 1994; 343: 881-886.
69. 69 EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998; 336: 1689-1696.
70. 70 Willerson JT, Yao SK, McNatt J et al. Frequency and severity of cyclic flow alterations and platelet aggregation predict the severity of neointimal proliferation following experimental coronary stenosis and endothelial injury. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 10624-10628.
71. 71 Kastrati A, Schuhlen H, Hausleiter J et al. Restenosis after coronary stent placement and randomization to a four-week combined antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy: Six-month angiographic follow-up of the intracoronary stenting and antithrombotic regimen (ISAR) trial. Circulation 1997; 96: 462-467.
72. 72 Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 331: 489-495.
73. 73 Carrozza JP, Kuntz RK, Schatz RA et al. Inter-series differences in the restenosis rate of Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent placement: Differences in demographics and post-procedure lumen diameter. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 1994; 31: 173-178.
74. 74 Manabe H, Yutani C. Atlas of Ischemic Heart Disease. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1997.
75. 75 Fulton WFM. Pathological concepts in acute coronary thrombosis: Relevance to treatment. Br. Heart J. 1993; 70: 403-408.
76. 76 Davies MJ. Stability and instability: Two faces of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 1996; 94: 2013-2020.
77. 77 Frost PH, Davis BR, Barlando AJ et al. for the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Research Group. Coronary heart disease risk factors in men and women aged 60 years and older: Findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program. Circulation 1996; 94: 26-34.
78. 78 Bondjers G, Glukhova M, Hansson GK et al. Hypertension and atherosclerosis: Cause and effect, or two effects with one unknown cause? Circulation 1991; 84 (Suppl. VI): VI-2-VI-16.
79. 79 Bierman EL. Atherogenesis of diabetes. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1992; 12: 647-656.
80. 80 Barrett-Connor EL, Cohn BA, Wingard DL et al. Why is diabetes mellitus a stronger risk factor for fatal ischemic heart disease in women than in men? JAMA 1991; 265: 627-631.
81. 81 Yutani C, Fujita H, Imakita M et al. Coronary atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus: A pathological study. In: Yamamoto A, Nakamura H, Nakai T, eds. Current Advances in Triglycerides and Atherosclerosis. Churchill Livingstone, Osaka, 1994; 163-171.
82. 82 Sigurdsson Jr G, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G et al. Interaction between a polymorphism of the apo A-I promoter region and smoking determines plasma levels of HDL and apoA-I. Arterioscler. Thromb. 1992; 14: 1017-1022.
83. 83 Heitzer T, Ylä-Herttuala S, Luoma J et al. Cigarette smoking potentiates endothelial dysfunction of forearm resistance vessels in patients with hypercholesterolemia: Role of oxidized LDL. Circulation 1996; 93: 1346-1353.
84. 84 Hung J, Lam JY, Lacoste L, Letchacovski G. Cigarette smoking acutely increases platelet thrombus formation in patients with coronary artery disease taking aspirin. Circulation 1995; 92: 2432-2436.
85. 85 Waters D, Lespérance J, Gladstone P et al. for the CCAIT Study Group. Effects of cigarette smoking on the angiographic evolution of coronary atherosclerosis: A Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (CCAIT) Substudy. Circulation 1996; 94: 614-621.
86. 86 Terres W, Becker P, Rosenberg A. Changes in cardiovascular risk profile during the cessation ot smoking. Am. J. Med. 1994; 97: 242-249.
87. 87 Castelli WP, Garrison RJ, Wilson PWF, Abbott RD, Kalousian S, Kannel WB. Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels: The Framingham Study. JAMA 1986; 256: 2835-2838.
88. 88 Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD for the MRFIT Research Group. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? JAMA 1986; 256: 2823-2828.
89. 89 Frost PH, Davis BR, Burlando AJ et al. for the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Research Group. Serum lipids and incidence of coronary heart disease: Findings from the systolic hypertension in the elderly program (SHEP). Circulation 1996; 94: 2381-2388.
90. 90 Brown BG, Zhao X-Q, Sacco DE, Albers JJ. Lipid lowering and plaque regression: New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation 1993; 87: 1781-1791.
91. 91 Lyon RT, Zarins CK, Lu CT, Yang CF, Glagov S. Vessels plaque, and lumen morphology after transluminal balloon angioplasty. Arteriosclerosis 1987; 7: 306-314.
92. 92 Schwartz RS, Holmes Jr DR, Topol EJ. The restenosis paradigm revisited: An alternative proposal for cellular mechanisms. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992; 20: 1284-1293.
93. 93 Chen Y-H, Chen Y-L, Lin S-J et al. Electron microscopic studies of phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells in coronary arteries of patients with unstable angina pectoris and postangioplasty restenosis. Circulation 1997; 95: 1169-1175.
94. 94 Hedin U. Extracellular Matrix Components in the Regulation Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic and Growth. Kongl Carolinska Medico Chirurgiska Institute, Stokholm, 1989.
95. 95 Takaichi S, Yutani C, Fujita H, Yamamoto A. Ultrastructural studies on the phenotypic modulation of human intimal smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1993; 100: 197-211.
96. 96 Dotter CT. Transluminal angioplasty: Pathologic basis. In: Zeitler E, Gruntzig A, Schoop W, eds. Percutaneous Vascular Recanalization. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978; 3-12.
97. 97 Califf RM, Fortin DF, Frid DJ et al. Restenosis after coronary angioplasty: An overview. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1991; 17: 2B-13B.
98. 98 Serruys PW, Rutsch W, Heyndrickx GR et al. Prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with thromboxane A2-receptor blockade: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Coronary Artery Restenosis Prevention on Repeated Thromboxane-Antagonism Study (CARPORT). Circulation 1991; 84: 1568-1580.
99. 99 Ip JH, Fuster V, Israel D, Bandimon L, Dadimon J, Chesebro JH. The role of platelets, thrombin and hyperplasia in restenosis after coronary angioplasty. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1991; 17: 77B-88B.
100. 100 Muller DM, Ellis SG, Topol EJ. Colchicine and antiplastic therapy for the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1991; 17: 126B-131B.
101. 101 The Multicenter European Research Trial with Cilazapril After Angioplasty to Prevent Transluminal Coronary Obstruction and Restenosis (MERCATOR) Study Group. Does the new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor Cilazapril prevent restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty? Results of the MERCATOR study: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 1992; 86: 100-110.
102. 102 Serruys PW, Klein W, Tijssen JPG et al. Evaluation of ketanserin in the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: A multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 1993; 88 (Part I): 1588-1601.
103. 103 Faxon DP, Spiro TE, Minor S et al. Low molecular weight heparin in prevention of restenosis after angioplasty: Results of enoxaparin restenosis (ERA) trial. Circulation 1994; 90: 908-914.
104. 104 Currier JW, Faxon DP. Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Have we been aiming at the wrong target? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1995; 25: 516-520.
105. 105 Mintz GS, Kovach JA, Javier SP, Ditrano CJ, Leon MB. Geometric remodeling is the predominant mechanism of late lumen loss after coronary angioplasty (abstract). Circulation 1993; 88 (Suppl. I): 164.
106. 106 Kovach JA, Mintz GS, Kent KM et al. Serial intravascular ultrasound studies indicate that chronic recoil is an important mechanism of restenosis following transcatheter therapy (abstract). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1993; 21 (Suppl. A): A484.
107. 107 O'Brien ER, Alpers CE, Stewart DK et al. Proliferation in primary and restenotic coronary atherectomy tissue: Implications for antiproliferative therapy. Circ. Res. 1993; 73: 223-231.
108. 108 Farb A, Virmani R, Atkinson JB, Anderson PG. Long-term histologic patency after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is predicted by the creation of a greater lumen area. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1994; 24: 1229-1235.
109. 109 Shi Y, Pieniek M, Fard A, O'Brien J, Mennion JD, Zalewski A. Adventitial remodeling after coronary arterial injury. Circulation 1996; 93: 340-348.
110. 110 Kimura T, Nosaka H, Yokoi H et al. Serial angiographic follow-up after Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation: Comparison with conventional balloon angioplasty. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1993; 21: 1557-1563.
111. 111 Rodriguez AE, Santaera O, Larribau M et al. Coronary stenting decreases restenosis in lesions with early loss in luminal diameter 24 hours after successful PTCA. Circulation 1995; 91: 1397-1402.
112. 112 Foley DP, Melkert R, Umans VA, De Jaegere PP, Strikwerda S, Serruys PW. Differences in restenosis propensity of devices for transluminal coronary intervention: A quantitative angiographic comparison of balloon angioplasty, directional atherectomy, stent implantation and excimer laser angioplasty. Europ. Heart J. 1995; 16: 1331-1346.
113. 113 Carrozza JP, Kuntz RE, Levine MJ et al. Angiographic and clinical outcome of intracoronary stenting: Immediate and long-term results from a large single-center experience. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992; 20: 328-337.
114. 114 Ellis SG, Savage M, Fischman D et al. Restenosis after placement of Palmaz-Schatz stents in native coronary arteries: Initial results of a multicenter experience. Circulation 1992; 86: 1836-1844.
115. 115 Rogers C, Edelman ER. Endovascular stent design dictates experimental restenosis and thrombosis. Circulation 1995; 91: 2995-3001.
116. 116 Kuntz RE, Gibson CM, Nobuyoshi M et al. Generalized model of restenosis after conventional balloon angioplasty, stenting, and directional atherectomy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1993; 21: 15-25.
117. 117 Karas SP, Gravanis MB, Santoian EC et al. Coronary intimal proliferation after balloon injury and stenting in swine: An animal model of restenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992; 20: 467-474.
118. 118 Kearney M, Pieczek RN, Haley L et al. Histopathology of instent restenosis in patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation 1997; 95: 1998-2002
119. 119 Girard T, Warren LA, Novotny WF et al. Functional significance of the Kunitz-type inhibitory domains of lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor. Nature 1989; 338: 518-520.
120. 120 Fareed J, Walenga JM, Kumar A et al. A modified stasis thrombosis model to study the antithrombotic actions of heparin and its fractions. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 1985; 11: 155-175.
121. 121 Rapp JH, Pan XM, Ghermay A, Gazetas P, Brady SE, Reilly LM. A blinded trial of local recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor versus either local or systemic heparin in a vein bypass model. J. Vasc. Surg. 1997; 25: 726-729.
122. 122 Ornberg R, Deune EG, Ozbek MR, Wun T, Kouri RK. Localization of topically applied TFPI binding sites in an intimectomized microvessel. Thromb. Haemost. 1995; 73: 55-58.
123. 123 Kaiser B, Fareed J. Recombinant full-length tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) prevents thrombus formation and rethrombosis after lysis in a rabbit model of jugular vein thrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. 1996; 76: 615-620.
124. 124 Jang Y, Guzman LA, Lincoff AM et al. Influence of blockade at specific levels of the coagulation cascade on restenosis in a rabbit atherosclerotic femoral artery injury model. Circulation 1995; 92: 3041-3050.
125. 125 Brown DM, Kania NM, Choi ET et al. Local irrigation with tissue factor pathway inhibitor inhibits intimal hyperplasia induced by arterial interventions. Arch. Surg. 1996; 131: 1086-1090.
126. 126 Kamikubo Y, Nakahara Y, Takemoto S, Hamuro T, Miyamoto S, Funatsu A. Human recombinant tissue-factor pathway inhibitor prevents the proliferation of cultured human neonatal aortic smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. 1997; 407: 116-120.