메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 49, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 311-320

Modulation of the host immune system by ectoparasitic arthropods: Blood-feeding and tissue-dwelling arthropods manipulate host defenses to their advantage

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0032909334     PISSN: 00063568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1313614     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (50)

References (69)
  • 4
    • 0006523070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mouthparts and feeding mechanisms of haematophagous arthropods
    • Wikel SK, ed. Wallingford (UK): CAB International
    • Bergman DK. 1996. Mouthparts and feeding mechanisms of haematophagous arthropods. Pages 30-61 in Wikel SK, ed. The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships. Wallingford (UK): CAB International.
    • (1996) The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships , pp. 30-61
    • Bergman, D.K.1
  • 5
    • 0029584659 scopus 로고
    • Dermacentor andersoni: Salivary gland proteins suppressing T-lymphocyte responses to concanavalin A in vitro
    • Bergman DK, Ramachandra RN, Wikel SK. 1995. Dermacentor andersoni: Salivary gland proteins suppressing T-lymphocyte responses to concanavalin A in vitro. Experimental Parasitology 81: 262-271.
    • (1995) Experimental Parasitology , vol.81 , pp. 262-271
    • Bergman, D.K.1    Ramachandra, R.N.2    Wikel, S.K.3
  • 6
    • 0032113893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of an immunosuppressant protein from tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae), salivary glands
    • _. 1998. Characterization of an immunosuppressant protein from tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae), salivary glands. Journal of Medical Entomology 35: 505-509.
    • (1998) Journal of Medical Entomology , vol.35 , pp. 505-509
  • 7
    • 0027434543 scopus 로고
    • Extracts of mosquito salivary gland inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha
    • Bissonnette EY, Rossignol PA, Befus AD. 1993. Extracts of mosquito salivary gland inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha. Parasite Immunology 15: 27-33.
    • (1993) Parasite Immunology , vol.15 , pp. 27-33
    • Bissonnette, E.Y.1    Rossignol, P.A.2    Befus, A.D.3
  • 8
    • 0027399332 scopus 로고
    • The skin immune system: Progress in cutaneous biology
    • Bos JD, Kapsenberg ML. 1993. The skin immune system: Progress in cutaneous biology. Immunology Today 14: 75-78.
    • (1993) Immunology Today , vol.14 , pp. 75-78
    • Bos, J.D.1    Kapsenberg, M.L.2
  • 9
    • 0024599530 scopus 로고
    • Degradation of bovine C3 by serine proteases from parasites Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera, Oestridae)
    • Boulard C. 1989. Degradation of bovine C3 by serine proteases from parasites Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera, Oestridae). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 20: 387-398.
    • (1989) Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology , vol.20 , pp. 387-398
    • Boulard, C.1
  • 10
    • 0344765142 scopus 로고
    • US Department of Agriculture. Washington (DC): US Department of Agriculture. Leaflet no. 205
    • Bruce WG. 1940. The horn fly and its control. US Department of Agriculture. Washington (DC): US Department of Agriculture. Leaflet no. 205.
    • (1940) The Horn Fly and Its Control
    • Bruce, W.G.1
  • 11
    • 0026570133 scopus 로고
    • Effect of hypodermin A, an enzyme secreted by Hypoderma lineatum (Insect Oestridae), on the bovine immune system
    • Chabaudie N, Boulard C. 1992. Effect of hypodermin A, an enzyme secreted by Hypoderma lineatum (Insect Oestridae), on the bovine immune system. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 31: 167-177.
    • (1992) Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology , vol.31 , pp. 167-177
    • Chabaudie, N.1    Boulard, C.2
  • 13
    • 0027638665 scopus 로고
    • Antibody responses of BALB/c mice to salivary antigens of hematophagous black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
    • Cross ML, Cupp MS, Cupp EW, Ramberg FB, Enriquez FJ. 1993a. Antibody responses of BALB/c mice to salivary antigens of hematophagous black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 30: 725-734.
    • (1993) Journal of Medical Entomology , vol.30 , pp. 725-734
    • Cross, M.L.1    Cupp, M.S.2    Cupp, E.W.3    Ramberg, F.B.4    Enriquez, F.J.5
  • 14
    • 0027652974 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of murine immunological responses by salivary gland extract of Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae)
    • Cross ML, Cupp MS, Cupp EW, Galloway AL, Enriquez FJ. 1993b. Modulation of murine immunological responses by salivary gland extract of Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 30: 928-935.
    • (1993) Journal of Medical Entomology , vol.30 , pp. 928-935
    • Cross, M.L.1    Cupp, M.S.2    Cupp, E.W.3    Galloway, A.L.4    Enriquez, F.J.5
  • 15
    • 0028178757 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of murine cellular immune responses and cytokines by salivary gland extract of the black fly Simulium vittatum
    • Cross ML, Cupp EW, Enriquez FJ. 1994a. Modulation of murine cellular immune responses and cytokines by salivary gland extract of the black fly Simulium vittatum. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 45: 119-124.
    • (1994) Tropical Medicine and Parasitology , vol.45 , pp. 119-124
    • Cross, M.L.1    Cupp, E.W.2    Enriquez, F.J.3
  • 16
    • 0028075637 scopus 로고
    • Differential modulation of murine cellular responses by salivary gland extract of Aedes aegypti
    • _. 1994b. Differential modulation of murine cellular responses by salivary gland extract of Aedes aegypti. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51: 690-696.
    • (1994) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , vol.51 , pp. 690-696
  • 17
    • 0002365394 scopus 로고
    • Survival strategies of parasites in their immunocompetent hosts
    • Warren KS, ed. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science
    • Dessaint J-P, Capron AR. 1993. Survival strategies of parasites in their immunocompetent hosts. Pages 87-99 in Warren KS, ed. Immunology and Molecular Biology of Parasitic Infections. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science.
    • (1993) Immunology and Molecular Biology of Parasitic Infections , pp. 87-99
    • Dessaint, J.-P.1    Capron, A.R.2
  • 18
    • 0024955493 scopus 로고
    • Immune suppression induced by the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neuman, 1901
    • Fivaz BH. 1989. Immune suppression induced by the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neuman, 1901. Journal of Parasitology 75: 946-952.
    • (1989) Journal of Parasitology , vol.75 , pp. 946-952
    • Fivaz, B.H.1
  • 20
    • 0029397539 scopus 로고
    • Ixodid tick salivary gland extracts inhibit production of lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA of several different human cytokines
    • Fuchsberger N, Kita M, Hajnicka V, Imanishi J, Labuda M, Nuttall PA. 1995. Ixodid tick salivary gland extracts inhibit production of lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA of several different human cytokines. Experimental and Applied Acarology 19: 671-676.
    • (1995) Experimental and Applied Acarology , vol.19 , pp. 671-676
    • Fuchsberger, N.1    Kita, M.2    Hajnicka, V.3    Imanishi, J.4    Labuda, M.5    Nuttall, P.A.6
  • 21
    • 0027478543 scopus 로고
    • Mode of inoculation of Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi influences infection and immune response in inbred strains of mice
    • Gern L, Schaible UE, Simon MM. 1993. Mode of inoculation of Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi influences infection and immune response in inbred strains of mice. Journal of Infectious Diseases 167: 971-975.
    • (1993) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.167 , pp. 971-975
    • Gern, L.1    Schaible, U.E.2    Simon, M.M.3
  • 22
    • 0032004999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of anti-sandfly saliva antibodies on Phlebotomus argentipes and Leishmania donovani
    • Ghosh KN, Mukhopadhyay J. 1998. The effect of anti-sandfly saliva antibodies on Phlebotomus argentipes and Leishmania donovani. International Journal for Parasitology 28: 275-281.
    • (1998) International Journal for Parasitology , vol.28 , pp. 275-281
    • Ghosh, K.N.1    Mukhopadhyay, J.2
  • 23
    • 0029083388 scopus 로고
    • Sand fly vector saliva selectively modulates macrophage functions that inhibit killing of Leishmania major and nitric oxide production
    • Hall LR, Titus RG. 1995. Sand fly vector saliva selectively modulates macrophage functions that inhibit killing of Leishmania major and nitric oxide production. Journal of Immunology 155: 3501-3506.
    • (1995) Journal of Immunology , vol.155 , pp. 3501-3506
    • Hall, L.R.1    Titus, R.G.2
  • 24
    • 0027516098 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on the bovine immune system
    • Inokuma H, Kerlin RC, Kemp DH, Willadsen P. 1993. Effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on the bovine immune system. Veterinary Parasitology 47: 107-118.
    • (1993) Veterinary Parasitology , vol.47 , pp. 107-118
    • Inokuma, H.1    Kerlin, R.C.2    Kemp, D.H.3    Willadsen, P.4
  • 25
    • 0027936962 scopus 로고
    • 2 production by the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) into feeding sites and its effect on the response of bovine mononuclear cells to mitogen
    • 2 production by the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) into feeding sites and its effect on the response of bovine mononuclear cells to mitogen. Veterinary Parasitology 53: 293-299.
    • (1994) Veterinary Parasitology , vol.53 , pp. 293-299
    • Inokuma, H.1    Kemp, D.H.2    Willadsen, P.3
  • 26
    • 0001379009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune responses to fleas, bugs and sucking lice
    • Wikel SK, ed. Wallingford (UK): CAB International
    • Jones CJ. 1996. Immune responses to fleas, bugs and sucking lice. Pages 150-174 in Wikel SK, ed. The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships. Wallingford (UK): CAB International.
    • (1996) The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships , pp. 150-174
    • Jones, C.J.1
  • 27
    • 0011718628 scopus 로고
    • Langerhans cells: A unique subpopulation of antigen presenting dendritic cells
    • Bos JD, ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press
    • Kapsenberg ML, Teunissen MBM, Bos JD. 1990. Langerhans cells: A unique subpopulation of antigen presenting dendritic cells. Pages 109-124 in Bos JD, ed. Skin Immune System (SIS). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
    • (1990) Skin Immune System (SIS) , pp. 109-124
    • Kapsenberg, M.L.1    Teunissen, M.B.M.2    Bos, J.D.3
  • 28
    • 0026443804 scopus 로고
    • Potent immunosuppression by secretory/excretory products of larvae from the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina
    • Kerlin RL, East IJ. 1992. Potent immunosuppression by secretory/excretory products of larvae from the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Parasite Immunology 14:595-604.
    • (1992) Parasite Immunology , vol.14 , pp. 595-604
    • Kerlin, R.L.1    East, I.J.2
  • 29
    • 0030475974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The great escape. Immune evasion by pathogens
    • Kotwal GJ. 1996. The great escape. Immune evasion by pathogens. The Immunologist 4: 157-164.
    • (1996) The Immunologist , vol.4 , pp. 157-164
    • Kotwal, G.J.1
  • 30
    • 0028106372 scopus 로고
    • Salivary gland extracts of partially fed Dermacentor reticulatus ticks decrease natural killer cell activity in vitro
    • Kubes M, Fuchsberger N, Labuda M, Zuffova E, Nuttall PA. 1994. Salivary gland extracts of partially fed Dermacentor reticulatus ticks decrease natural killer cell activity in vitro. Immunology 82:113-116.
    • (1994) Immunology , vol.82 , pp. 113-116
    • Kubes, M.1    Fuchsberger, N.2    Labuda, M.3    Zuffova, E.4    Nuttall, P.A.5
  • 31
    • 0028117165 scopus 로고
    • Subversion of the immune system by pathogens
    • Marrack P, Kappler J. 1994. Subversion of the immune system by pathogens. Cell 76: 323-332.
    • (1994) Cell , vol.76 , pp. 323-332
    • Marrack, P.1    Kappler, J.2
  • 32
    • 0031026703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enzymatic effect of hypodermin A, a parasite protease, on bovine lymphocyte membrane antigens
    • Moire N, Nicolas-Gaulard I, LeVern Y, Boulard C. 1997. Enzymatic effect of hypodermin A, a parasite protease, on bovine lymphocyte membrane antigens. Parasite Immunology 19: 21-27.
    • (1997) Parasite Immunology , vol.19 , pp. 21-27
    • Moire, N.1    Nicolas-Gaulard, I.2    LeVern, Y.3    Boulard, C.4
  • 33
    • 0024353079 scopus 로고
    • TH1 and TH2 cells: Differential patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties
    • Mossman TR, Coffman RL. 1989. TH1 and TH2 cells: Differential patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annual Review of Immunology 7: 145-173.
    • (1989) Annual Review of Immunology , vol.7 , pp. 145-173
    • Mossman, T.R.1    Coffman, R.L.2
  • 34
    • 0029059559 scopus 로고
    • Effect of the parasite enzyme, hypodermin A, on bovine lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 production via the prostaglandin pathway
    • Nicolas-Gaulard I, Moire N, Boulard C. 1995. Effect of the parasite enzyme, hypodermin A, on bovine lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 production via the prostaglandin pathway. Immunology 84: 160-165.
    • (1995) Immunology , vol.84 , pp. 160-165
    • Nicolas-Gaulard, I.1    Moire, N.2    Boulard, C.3
  • 35
    • 0026830127 scopus 로고
    • Variation in skin inflammatory responses between sheep bred for resistance of susceptibility to fleece rot and blowfly strike
    • O'Meara TJ, Nesa M, Raadsma HW, Saville DG, Sandeman RM. 1992. Variation in skin inflammatory responses between sheep bred for resistance of susceptibility to fleece rot and blowfly strike. Research in Veterinary Science 52: 205-210.
    • (1992) Research in Veterinary Science , vol.52 , pp. 205-210
    • O'Meara, T.J.1    Nesa, M.2    Raadsma, H.W.3    Saville, D.G.4    Sandeman, R.M.5
  • 36
    • 0345195605 scopus 로고
    • Overview: Parasitism and immunity
    • Lachmann PJ, Peters K, Rosen FS, Walport MJ, eds. Boston: Blackwell Science
    • Playfair JHL. 1993. Overview: Parasitism and immunity. Pages 1439-1454 in Lachmann PJ, Peters K, Rosen FS, Walport MJ, eds. Clinical Aspects of Immunology. 5th ed. Boston: Blackwell Science.
    • (1993) Clinical Aspects of Immunology. 5th Ed. , pp. 1439-1454
    • Playfair, J.H.L.1
  • 37
    • 0026914639 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of host immune responses by ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): Effect of salivary gland extracts on host macrophages and lymphocyte cytokine production
    • Ramachandra RN, Wikel SK. 1992. Modulation of host immune responses by ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): Effect of salivary gland extracts on host macrophages and lymphocyte cytokine production. Journal of Medical Entomology 29: 818-826.
    • (1992) Journal of Medical Entomology , vol.29 , pp. 818-826
    • Ramachandra, R.N.1    Wikel, S.K.2
  • 38
    • 0023520954 scopus 로고
    • Ixodes dammini: Salivary anti-complement activity
    • Ribeiro JMC. 1987 Ixodes dammini: Salivary anti-complement activity. Experimental Parasitology 64: 347-353.
    • (1987) Experimental Parasitology , vol.64 , pp. 347-353
    • Ribeiro, J.M.C.1
  • 39
    • 0029090233 scopus 로고
    • Blood feeding arthropods: Live syringes or invertebrate pharmacologists?
    • _. 1995. Blood feeding arthropods: Live syringes or invertebrate pharmacologists? Infectious Agents and Disease 4: 143-152.
    • (1995) Infectious Agents and Disease , vol.4 , pp. 143-152
  • 40
    • 0022795651 scopus 로고
    • Ixodes dammini: Salivary anaphylatoxin inactivating activity
    • Ribeiro JMC, Spielman A. 1986. Ixodes dammini: Salivary anaphylatoxin inactivating activity. Experimental Parasitology 62: 292-297.
    • (1986) Experimental Parasitology , vol.62 , pp. 292-297
    • Ribeiro, J.M.C.1    Spielman, A.2
  • 43
    • 0026446362 scopus 로고
    • The hamster immune response to tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi differs from the response to needle inoculated, cultured organisms
    • Roehrig JT, Piesman J, Hunt AR, Keen MG, Happ CM, Johnson BB. 1992. The hamster immune response to tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi differs from the response to needle inoculated, cultured organisms. Journal of Immunology 149: 3648-3653.
    • (1992) Journal of Immunology , vol.149 , pp. 3648-3653
    • Roehrig, J.T.1    Piesman, J.2    Hunt, A.R.3    Keen, M.G.4    Happ, C.M.5    Johnson, B.B.6
  • 44
    • 0003084503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune responses to mosquitoes and flies
    • Wikel SK, ed. Wallingford (UK): CAB International
    • Sandeman RM. 1996. Immune responses to mosquitoes and flies. Pages 175-203 in Wikel SK, ed. The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships. Wallingford (UK): CAB International.
    • (1996) The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships , pp. 175-203
    • Sandeman, R.M.1
  • 46
    • 0027789086 scopus 로고
    • Changes in immunity to Ixodes ricinus by rabbits infested at different levels
    • Schorderet S, Brossard M. 1993. Changes in immunity to Ixodes ricinus by rabbits infested at different levels. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7: 186-192.
    • (1993) Medical and Veterinary Entomology , vol.7 , pp. 186-192
    • Schorderet, S.1    Brossard, M.2
  • 47
    • 0029934966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ticks and Borrelia: Model systems for investigating pathogen-arthropod interactions
    • Schwan TG. 1996. Ticks and Borrelia: Model systems for investigating pathogen-arthropod interactions. Infectious Agents and Disease 5: 167-181.
    • (1996) Infectious Agents and Disease , vol.5 , pp. 167-181
    • Schwan, T.G.1
  • 49
    • 0028939675 scopus 로고
    • T cell and non-T cell compartments can independently determine resistance to Leishmania major
    • Shankar AH, Titus RG. 1995. T cell and non-T cell compartments can independently determine resistance to Leishmania major. Journal of Experimental Medicine 181: 845-855.
    • (1995) Journal of Experimental Medicine , vol.181 , pp. 845-855
    • Shankar, A.H.1    Titus, R.G.2
  • 50
    • 0020971455 scopus 로고
    • Lectin receptors as lymphocyte surface markers
    • Sharon N. 1983. Lectin receptors as lymphocyte surface markers. Advances in Immunology 34: 213-298.
    • (1983) Advances in Immunology , vol.34 , pp. 213-298
    • Sharon, N.1
  • 53
    • 0027267832 scopus 로고
    • Salivary gland material from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis has an inhibitory effect on macrophage function in vitro
    • Theodos CM, Titus RG. 1993. Salivary gland material from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis has an inhibitory effect on macrophage function in vitro. Parasite Immunology 15: 481-487.
    • (1993) Parasite Immunology , vol.15 , pp. 481-487
    • Theodos, C.M.1    Titus, R.G.2
  • 54
    • 0032078521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salivary gland lysate from the sandfly Lutziomyia longipalpis suppresses the immune response of mice to sheep red blood cells in vivo and concanavalin A in vitro
    • Titus RG. 1998. Salivary gland lysate from the sandfly Lutziomyia longipalpis suppresses the immune response of mice to sheep red blood cells in vivo and concanavalin A in vitro. Experimental Parasitology 89: 133-136.
    • (1998) Experimental Parasitology , vol.89 , pp. 133-136
    • Titus, R.G.1
  • 55
    • 0025264334 scopus 로고
    • The role of vector saliva in transmission of arthropod-borne disease
    • Titus RG, Ribeiro JMC. 1990. The role of vector saliva in transmission of arthropod-borne disease. Parasitology Today 6: 157-160.
    • (1990) Parasitology Today , vol.6 , pp. 157-160
    • Titus, R.G.1    Ribeiro, J.M.C.2
  • 56
    • 0024792513 scopus 로고
    • Biology of natural killer cells
    • Trinchieri G. 1989. Biology of natural killer cells. Advances in Immunology 47: 187-376.
    • (1989) Advances in Immunology , vol.47 , pp. 187-376
    • Trinchieri, G.1
  • 57
    • 0028970060 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-12: A pro-inflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen specific adaptive immunity
    • _. 1995. Interleukin-12: A pro-inflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen specific adaptive immunity. Annual Review of Immunology 13: 251-276.
    • (1995) Annual Review of Immunology , vol.13 , pp. 251-276
  • 59
    • 0018745493 scopus 로고
    • Acquired resistance to ticks: Expression of resistance by C4 deficient guinea pigs
    • Wikel SK. 1979. Acquired resistance to ticks: Expression of resistance by C4 deficient guinea pigs. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 28: 586-590.
    • (1979) American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , vol.28 , pp. 586-590
    • Wikel, S.K.1
  • 60
    • 0020009396 scopus 로고
    • Immune responses to arthropods and their products
    • _. 1982a. Immune responses to arthropods and their products. Annual Review of Entomology 27: 21-48.
    • (1982) Annual Review of Entomology , vol.27 , pp. 21-48
  • 61
    • 0042083700 scopus 로고
    • Influence of Dermacentor andersoni infestation on lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens
    • _. 1982b. Influence of Dermacentor andersoni infestation on lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 79: 513-518.
    • (1982) Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology , vol.79 , pp. 513-518
  • 62
    • 0022047272 scopus 로고
    • Effects of tick infestation on the plaque-forming cell response to a thymic dependent antigen
    • _. 1985. Effects of tick infestation on the plaque-forming cell response to a thymic dependent antigen. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 79: 195-198.
    • (1985) Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology , vol.79 , pp. 195-198
  • 63
    • 0030019155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host immunity to ticks
    • _. 1996. Host immunity to ticks. Annual Review of Entomology 41: 1-22.
    • (1996) Annual Review of Entomology , vol.41 , pp. 1-22
  • 64
    • 0030862678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tick-host immunology: Significant advances and challenging opportunities
    • Wikel SK, Bergman DK. 1997. Tick-host immunology: Significant advances and challenging opportunities. Parasitology Today 13: 383-389.
    • (1997) Parasitology Today , vol.13 , pp. 383-389
    • Wikel, S.K.1    Bergman, D.K.2
  • 66
    • 0031014147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infestation with pathogen-free nymphs of the tick Ixodes scapularis induces host resistance to transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by ticks
    • Wikel SK, Ramachandra RN, Bergman DK, Burkot TR, Piesman J. 1997. Infestation with pathogen-free nymphs of the tick Ixodes scapularis induces host resistance to transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by ticks. Infection and Immunity 65: 335-338.
    • (1997) Infection and Immunity , vol.65 , pp. 335-338
    • Wikel, S.K.1    Ramachandra, R.N.2    Bergman, D.K.3    Burkot, T.R.4    Piesman, J.5
  • 67
    • 0006610909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune responses to mange mites and chiggers
    • Wikel SK, ed. Wallingford (UK): CAB International
    • Wrenn WJ. 1996. Immune responses to mange mites and chiggers. Pages 259-289 in Wikel SK, ed. The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships. Wallingford (UK): CAB International.
    • (1996) The Immunology of Host-Ectoparasitic Arthropod Relationships , pp. 259-289
    • Wrenn, W.J.1
  • 68
    • 0030053040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of acute Ixodes scapularis-induced Borrelia burgdorferi infection using tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2 and interferon gamma
    • Zeidner N, Dreitz M, Belasco D, Fish D. 1996. Suppression of acute Ixodes scapularis-induced Borrelia burgdorferi infection using tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2 and interferon gamma. Journal of Infectious Diseases 173: 187-195.
    • (1996) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.173 , pp. 187-195
    • Zeidner, N.1    Dreitz, M.2    Belasco, D.3    Fish, D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.