Host immunity to ticks

Annual Review of Entomology

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1-22

  Wikel, Stephen K ^a  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunomodulation; Resistance; Vaccination

Indexed keywords

ACARI;

ANIMAL; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; INFESTATION; REVIEW; TICK;

ANIMALS; HOST-PARASITE RELATIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY; TICK INFESTATIONS; TICKS;

EID: 0030019155     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.000245     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Alexander JO'D. 1986. The physiology of itch. Parasitol. Today 2:345-51
2. Allen JR. 1973. Tick resistance: basophils in skin reactions of resistant guinea pigs. Int. J. Parasitol. 3:195-200
3. Allen JR. 1989. Immunology of interactions between ticks and laboratory animals. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 7:5-13
4. Allen JR, Doube BM, Kemp DH. 1977. Histology of bovine skin reactions to Ixodes holocyclus, Neuman. Can. J. Comp. Med. 41:26-35
5. Allen JR, Kemp DH. 1982. Observations on the behavior of Dermacentor andersoni larvae infesting normal and resistant guinea pigs. Parasitology 84: 195-204
6. Allen JR, Khalil HM, Graham JE. 1979. The location of tick salivary gland antigens, complement and immunoglobulin in the skin of guinea pigs infested with Dermacentor andersoni larvae. Immunology 38:467-72
7. Allen JR, Khalil HM, Wikel SK. 1979. Langerhans cells trap tick salivary gland antigens in tick-resistant guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 122:563-65
8. Anderson BE, Dawson JE, Jones, DC, Wilson KH. 1991. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a new species associated with human ehrlichiosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 2838-42
9. Bakken JS, Dumler JS, Chen SM, Eckeman MR, Van Etta LC, Walker DH. 1994. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the upper midwest United States. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 272:212-18
10. Barriga OO, da Silva SS, Azevedo JSC. 1993. Inhibition and recovery of tick function in cattle repeatedly infested with Boophilus microplus. J. Parasitol. 79:710-15
11. Bennett GF. 1969. Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae): experimental infestations on cattle restrained from grooming. Exp. Parasitol. 26:323-28
12. 2 inhibits production of Thl lymphokines but not of Th2 lymphokines. J. Immunol. 146:108-13
13. Bissonnette EY, Rossignol PA, Befus AD. 1993. Extracts of mosquito salivary gland inhibit tumor necrosis factor α release from mast cells. Parasite Immunol. 15:27-33
14. Brossard M. 1982. Rabbits infested with adult Ixodes ricinus L.: effects of mepyramine on acquired resistance. Experientia 38:702-4
15. Brossard M, Fivaz V. 1982. Ixodes ricinus L.: mast cells, basophils and eosinophils in the sequence of cellular events in the skin of infested or reinfested rabbits. Parasitology 85:583-92
16. Brossard M, Girardin P. 1979. Passive transfer of resistance in rabbits infested with adult Ixodes ricinus L.: humoral factors influence feeding and egg laying. Experientia 35:1395-96
17. Brossard M, Monneron JP, Papatheodorou V. 1982. Progressive sensitization of circulating basophils against Ixodes ricinus L. antigens during repeated infestations of rabbits. Parasite Immunol. 4:355-61
18. Brossard M, Rutti B, Haug T. 1991. Immunological relationships between host and ixodid ticks. In Parasite-Host Associations: Coexistence or Conflict, ed. CA Toft, A Aeschliman, L Bolic, pp. 177-200. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
19. Brown SJ. 1985. Immunology of acquired resistance to ticks. Parasitol. Today 1:165-71
20. Brown SJ. 1988. Western blot analysis of Amblyomma americanum-derived stage-specific and shared antigens using serum from guinea pigs expressing resistance. Vet. Parasitol. 28:163-71
21. Brown SJ, Askenase PW. 1986. Amblyomma americanum: physiochemical isolation of a protein derived from the tick salivary gland that is capable of inducing immune resistance in guinea pigs. Exp. Parasitol. 62:40-50
22. Brown SJ, Galli SJ, Gleich GJ, Askenase PW. 1982. Ablation of immunity to Amblyomma americanum by anti-basophil serum: cooperation between basophils and eosinophils in expression of immunity to ectoparasites (ticks) in guinea pigs. J. Immunol. 129: 790-96
23. Brown SJ, Shapiro SZ, Askenase PW. 1984. Characterization of tick antigens inducing host immune resistance. I. Immunization of guinea pigs with Amblyomma americanum derived salivary gland extracts and identification of an important salivary gland protein antigen with guinea pig anti-tick antibodies. J. Immunol. 133:3319-25
24. Champagne DE. 1994. The role of salivary vasodilators in bloodfeeding and parasite transmission. Parasitol. Today 10:430-33
25. Cross MC, Cupp MS, Galloway AL, Enriquez FJ. 1993. Modulation of murine immunological responses by salivary gland extract of Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae). J. Med. Entomol. 30: 928-35
26. de Castro JJ, Cunningham MP, Dolan TT, Dransfield RD, Newson RM, Young AS. 1985. Effects on cattle of artificial infestations with the tick Rhipicephalus apppendiculatus. Parasitology 90:21-33
27. de Castro JJ, Newson RM. 1993. Host resistance in cattle tick control. Parasitol. Today 9:13-17
28. den Hollander N, Allen JR. 1985. Dermacentor variabilis: acquired resistance to ticks in BALB/c mice. Exp. Parasitol. 59:118-29
29. Dessaint J-P, Capron AR. 1993. Survival strategies of parasites in their immunocompetent hosts. In Immunology and Molecular Biology of Parasitic Infections, ed. KS Warren, pp. 87-99. Oxford: Blackwell
30. Dharampaul S, Kaufman WR, Belosevic M. 1993. Differential recognition of saliva antigens from the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae) by sera from infested and immunized rabbits. J. Med Entomol. 30:262-66
31. Dizij A, Arndt S, Seitz HM, Kurtenbach K. 1994. Clethrionomys glareolus acquired resistance to Ixodes ricinus: a mechanism to prevent spirochete inoculation? In Advances in Lyme Borreliosis Research, ed. R Cevenini, V Sambri, M LaPlaca, pp. 228-31. Bologna
32. Dvorak HF, Dvorak AM, Simpson BA, Richardson HB, Leskowitz S, Karnovsky MJ. 1970. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. II. A light and electron microscopic description. J. Exp. Med. 132:558-82
33. Fivaz BH. 1989. Immune suppression induced by the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neuman, 1901. J. Parasitol. 75:946-52
34. Frank MM, Fries LF. 1989. Complement. In Fundamental Immunology, ed. WE Paul, pp. 679-701. New York: Raven
35. George JE, Osburn RL, Wikel SK. 1985. Acquisition and expression of resistance by Bos indicus and Bos indicus × Bos taurus calves to Amblyomma americanum infestation. J. Parasitol. 71:174-82
36. Gill HS, Boid R, Ross CA. 1986. Isolation and characterization of salivary gland antigens from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Parasite Immunol. 8: 11-25
37. Girardin P, Brossard M. 1989. Effects of cyclosporin A on humoral immunity to ticks and on cutaneous immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to Ixodes ricinus L. salivary-gland antigens in re-infested rabbits. Parasitol. Res. 75:657-62
38. Golde WT, Burkot TR, Sviat S, Keen MG, Mayer LW, et al. 1993. The major histocompatibility complex-restricted response of recombinant inbred strains of mice to natural tick transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Exp. Med. 177: 9-17
39. Goldman DP, Artenstein AW, Bolan CD. 1992. Human ehrlichiosis. a newly recognized tick-borne disease. Am. Fam. Phys. 46:199-208
40. Gordon JR, Allen JR. 1987. Isolation and characterization of salivary gland antigens from the female tick, Dermacentor andersoni. Parasite Immunol. 9: 337-52
41. Gordon JR, Allen JR. 1991. Factor V and VII anticoagulant activities in the salivary glands of feeding Dermacentor andersoni ticks. J. Parasitol. 77:167-70
42. Hoogstraal H. 1981. Changing patterns of tick-borne diseases in modern society. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 26:75-99
43. 2 production by the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) into feeding sites and its effect on the response of bovine mononuclear cells to mitogen. Vet. Parasitol. 53: 293-99
44. Inokuma H, Kerlin RL, Kemp DH, Willadsen P. 1993. Effects of cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) infestation on the bovine immune system. Vet. Parasitol. 47:107-18
45. Jaworski DC, Muller MT, Simmen FA, Needham GR. 1990. Amblyomma americanum: identification of tick salivary gland antigens from unfed and early feeding females with comparisons to Ixodes dammini and Dermacentor variabilis. Exp. Parasitol. 70:217-26
46. Jaworski DC, Rossell R, Coons LB, Needham GR. 1992. Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) attachment cement and salivary gland cells contain similar immunoreactive polypeptides. J. Med. Entomol. 29:305-9
47. Johnston TH, Bancroft MJ. 1918. A tick-resistant condition in cattle. R. Soc. Queensland Proc. 30:219-317
48. Kanellopoulos JM, DePetris S, Leca G, Crumpton MJ. 1985. The mitogenic lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris does not recognize the T3 antigen of human T-lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 15:478-86
49. Kaufman WR. 1989. Tick-host interactions: a synthesis of current concepts. Parasitol. Today 5:47-56
50. Kay BH, Kemp DH. 1994. Vaccination against arthropods. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 50:87-96 (Suppl.)
51. Kroemer G, de Alboran IM, Gonzalo JA, Martinez AC. 1993. Immunoregulation by cytokines. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 13:163-91
52. Kubes M, Fuchsberger N, Labuda M, Zuffova E, Nuttall P. 1994. Salivary gland extracts of partially fed Dermacentor reticulatus ticks decrease natural killer cell activity in vitro. Immunology. 82:113-16
53. Lebel B, Scheinmann P, Canu P, Burtin C. 1980. Histamine levels in mouse tissues of different strains: influence of sex. Agents Act. 10:149-50
54. Limo MK, Voigt WP, Tumbo-Oeri AG, ole-Moi Yoi OK. 1991. Purification and characterization of an anticoagulant from the salivary glands of the ixodid tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Exp. Parasitol. 72:418-29
55. Marrack P, Kappler J. 1994. Subversion of the immune system by pathogens. Cell 76:323-32
56. v mice to acquire resistance against larval Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks. J. Parasitol. 71:443-48
57. v mice by intracutaneous injection of cultured mast cells. J. Parasitol. 73:155-60
58. Mbow ML, Rutti B, Brossard M. 1994. IFN-G, IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA expression in the skin and draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice repeatedly infested with nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks. Cell. Immunol. 156:254-61
59. McSwain JL, Essenberg RC, Sauer JR. 1982. Protein changes in the salivary glands of the female lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, during feeding. J. Parasitol. 68:100-6
60. Mossman TR, Coffman RL. 1989. TH1 and TH2 cells: differential patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7:145-73
61. Newson RM, Chiera JW. 1989. Development of resistance in calves to nymphs of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acarina: Ixodidae) during test feeds. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 6:19-27
62. Nithiuthai S, Allen JR. 1984. Significant changes in epidermal Langerhans cells of guinea-pigs infested with ticks (Dermacentor andersoni). Immunology 51: 133-41
63. Nithiuthai S, Allen JR. 1984. Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on epidermal Langerhans cells in guinea-pigs. Immunology 51:143-51
64. Nithiuthai S, Allen JR. 1984. Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the acquisition and expression of tick resistance in guinea-pigs. Immunology 51:153-59
65. Nithiuthai S, Allen JR. 1985. Langerhans cells present tick antigens to lymph node cells from tick sensitized guineapigs. Immunology 55:157-63
66. Nolan J. 1990. Acaricide resistance in single and multi-host ticks and strategies for control. Parassitologia 32:145-53
67. Opdebeeck JP, Lee RP, Wong JYM, Jackson LA. 1992. Vaccination of cattle against Boophilus microplus. In Proc. First Int. Conf. Tick-borne Pathogens at the Host Vector Interface: An Agenda for Research, ed. UG Munderloh, TJ Kurtti. pp. 233-39. St. Paul: Univ. Minn. Coll. Agric.
68. Opdebeeck JP, Wong JYM, Jackson, LA, Dobson, C. 1988. Vaccines to protect Hereford cattle against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Immunology 63:363-67
69. Paine SH, Kemp DH, Allen JR. 1983. In vitro feeding of Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles): effects of histamine and other mediators. Parasitology 86:419-28
70. Papatheodorou V, Brossard M. 1987. C3 levels in the sera of rabbits infested and reinfested with Ixodes ricinus L. and in midguts of fed ticks. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 3:53-59
71. Ramachandra RN, Wikel SK. 1992. Modulation of host-immune responses by ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): effect of salivary gland extracts on host macrophages and lymphocyte cytokine production. J. Med. Entomol. 29:818-26
72. Ramachandra RN, Wikel SK. 1995. Effects of Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) salivary gland extracts on Bos indicus and Bos taurus lymphocytes and macrophages: in vitro cytokine elaboration and lymphocyte blastogenesis. J. Med. Entomol. 32:338-45
73. Rechav Y. 1987. Resistance of Brahman and Hereford cattle to African ticks with reference to serum gamma globulin levels and blood composition. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 3:219-32
74. Rechav Y, Clarke FC, Dauth J. 1991. Acquisition of immunity in cattle against the blue tick, Boophilus decoloratus. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 11:51-56
75. Ribeiro JMC. 1987. Role of saliva in blood-feeding by arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 463-78
76. Ribeiro JMC. 1989. Role of saliva in tick/host interactions. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 7:15-20
77. Ribeiro JMC. 1989. Vector saliva and its role in parasite transmission. Exp. Parasitol. 69:104-6
78. 2a by RP-HPLC/ bioassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Exp. Parasitol. 74:112-16
79. Ribeiro JMC, Makoul GT, Levine J, Robinson DR, Spielman A. 1985. Antihemostatic, antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of the saliva of a tick, Ixodes dammini. J. Exp. Med. 161:332-44
80. Ribeiro JMC, Makoul GT, Robinson DR. 1988. Ixodes dammini: evidence for salivary prostacyclin secretion. J. Parasitol 74:1068-69
81. Ribeiro JMC, Spielman A. 1986. Ixodes dammini: salivary anaphylatoxin inactivating activity. Exp. Parasitol. 62:292-97
82. Riding GA, Jarmey J, McKenna RV, Pearson R, Cobon GS, Willadsen P. 1994. A protective "concealed" antigen from Boophilus microplus. Purification, localization and possible function. J. Immunol. 153:5158-66
83. Riek RF. 1962. Studies on the reactions of animals to infestation with ticks. VI. Resistance of cattle to infestation with the tick Boophilus microplus. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 13:532-50
84. Rikihisa Y. 1991. The tribe Ehrichieae and ehrlichial diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4:286-308
85. Roehrig JT, Piesman J, Hunt AR, Keen MG, Happ CM, Johnson BJB. 1992. The hamster immune response to ticktransmitted Borrelia burgdorferi differs from the response to needle inoculated, cultured organisms. J. Immunol. 149: 3648-53
86. Rutti B, Brossard M. 1989. Repetitive detection by immunoblotting of an integumental 25-kDa antigen in Ixodes ricinus and a corresponding 20-kDa antigen in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus with sera from pluriinfested mice and rabbits. Parasitol. Res. 75:325-29
87. Rutti B, Brossard M. 1992. Vaccination of cattle against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus with detergent solubilized tick tissue proteins and purified 20 kDa protein. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 67: 50-54
88. Sauer JR, McSwain JL, Bowman AS, Essenberg RC. 1995. Tick salivary gland physiology. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40:245-67
89. Sauer JR, McSwain JL, Essenberg RC. 1994. Cell membrane receptors and regulation of cell function in ticks and blood-sucking insects. Int. J. Parasitol. 24:33-52
90. Schorderet S, Brossard M. 1993. Changes in immunity to Ixodes ricinus by rabbits infested at different levels. Med. Vet. Entomol. 7:186-92
91. Shapiro SZ, Buscher G, Dobbelaere DAE. 1987. Acquired resistance to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae): identification of an antigen eliciting resistance in rabbits. J. Med. Entomol. 24:147-54
92. Shapiro SZ, Voigt WP, Fujisaki K. 1986. Tick antigens recognized by serum from a guinea pig resistant to infestation with the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. J. Parasitol. 72:454-63
93. Sharon N. 1983. Lectin receptors as lymphocyte surface markers. Adv. Immunol. 34:213-98
94. Spach DH, Lues WC, Campbell GL, Quick RE, Anderson DE Jr, Fritsche TR. 1993. Tick-borne diseases in the United States. New Engl. J. Med. 329: 936-47
95. Sleeves EBT, Allen JR. 1990. Basophils in skin reactions of mast celldeficient mice infested with Dermacentor variabilis. Int. J. Parasitol. 20:655-67
96. Strother GR, Burns EC, Smart LI. 1974. Resistance of purebred Brahman, Hereford, and Brahman × Hereford crossbred cattle to the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acarina: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 11:559-63
97. Tellam RL, Smith D, Kemp DH, Willadsen P. 1992. Vaccination against ticks. In Animal Parasite Control Utilizing Biotechnology, ed. WK Yong. pp. 303-31. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
98. Thomford JW, Conrad PA, Telford SR III, Mathiesen D, Bowman BH, et al. 1994. Cultivation and phylogenetic characterization of a newly recognized pathogenic protozoan. J. Inf. Dis. 169: 1050-56
99. Titus RG, Ribeiro JMC. 1990. The role of vector saliva in transmission of arthropod-borne disease. Parasitol. Today 6:157-60
100. Trager W. 1939. Acquired immunity to ticks. J. Parasitol. 25:57-81
101. Trang LE. 1980. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Sem. Arthritis Rheum. 9: 153-90
102. Trichieri G. 1989. Biology of natural killer cells. Adv. Immunol. 47:187-376
103. 2-dependent mechanism. J. Exp. Med. 180: 1077-85
104. Ushio H, Watanabe N, Kiso Y, Higuchi, S, Matsuda H. 1993. Protective immunity and mast cell and eosinophil responses in mice infested with larval Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks. Parasitol. Immunol. 15:209-14
105. Voss-McCowan M. 1991. Changes in the midgut of female Amblyomma americanum as a result of feeding upon hosts expressing different levels of acquired anti-tick resistance. PhD thesis. Univ. N. Dak. 310 pp.
106. Ward PA, Dvorak HF, Cohen S, Yoshida T, Data R, Selvaggio SS. 1975. Chemotaxis of basophils by lymphocyte-dependent and lymphocyte independent mechanisms. J Immunol. 114: 1523-27
107. Wharton RH, Roulston WJ. 1970. Resistance of ticks to chemicals. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 15:381-404
108. Wheeler CM, Coleman JL, Benach JL. 1991. Salivary gland antigens of Ixodes dammini are glycoproteins that have interspecies cross-reactivity. J. Parasitol. 77:965-73
109. Whelen AC, Richardson LK, Wikel SK. 1984. Ixodid tick antigen recognized by the infested host: immunoblotting studies. IRCS Med. Sci. 12:910-1
110. Whelen AC, Richardson LK, Wikel SK. 1986. Dot-ELISA assessment of guinea pig antibody responses to repeated Dermacentor andersoni infestations. J. Parasitol. 72:155-62
111. Whelen AC, Wikel SK. 1993. Acquired resistance of guinea pigs to Dermacentor andersoni mediated by humoral factors. J. Parasitol. 79:908-12
112. Wikel SK. 1979. Acquired resistance to ticks. Expression of resistance by C4 deficient guinea pigs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 28:586-90
113. Wikel SK. 1980. Host resistance to tickborne pathogen by virtue of resistance to tick infestation. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 74:103-4
114. Wikel SK. 1982. Immune responses to arthropods and their products. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 27:21-48
115. 2 histamine antagonists on the expression of resistance. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 76:179-85
116. Wikel SK. 1982. Influence of Dermacentor andersoni infestation on lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 76:627-32
117. Wikel SK. 1985. Effects of tick infestation on the plaque-forming cell response to a thymic dependent antigen. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 79: 195-98
118. Wikel SK. 1985. Resistance to ixodid tick infestation induced by administration of tick tissue culture cells. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 79:513-18
119. Wikel SK. 1988. Immunological control of hematophagous arthropod vectors: utilization of novel antigens. Vet. Parasitol. 29:235-64
120. Wikel SK, Graham JE, Allen JR. 1978. Acquired resistance to ticks. IV. Skin reactivity and in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to salivary gland antigen. Immunology 32:257-63
121. Wikel SK, Osburn RL. 1982. Immune responsiveness of the bovine to repeated low-level infestations with Dermacentor andersoni. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 76:405-14
122. Wikel SK. Ramachandra RN, Bergman DK. 1992. Immunological strategies for suppression of vector arthropods: novel approaches in vector control. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 17:10-19
123. Wikel SK, Ramachandra RN, Bergman DK. 1994. Tick-induced modulation of the host immune response. Int. J. Parasitol. 24:59-66
124. Wikel SK, Whelen AC. 1986. Ixodid-host immune interaction. Identification and characterization of relevant antigens and tick-induced host immunosuppression. Vet. Parasitol. 20: 149-74
125. Willadsen P. 1980. Immunity to ticks. Adv. Parasitol. 18:293-313
126. Willadsen P, McKenna RV. 1991. Vaccination with 'concealed' antigens: myth or reality? Parasite Immunol. 13: 605-16
127. Yao Q, Cua D, Sensintaffer J, Dimacalli M, Stohlman S. 1994. Increased TNF transcription in the absence of protein release by mouse hepatitis virus infected macrophages. FASEB J. 8:A252