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S. Dumitriu. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. This recent collection includes 30 chapters written by experts on many aspects of polysaccharide structure and function. Extensive up-to-date bibliographies at the end of each chapter make this book an excellent starting point for learning about polysaccharide structure/property relationships.
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Dumitriu S Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility. 1998;Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York. This recent collection includes 30 chapters written by experts on many aspects of polysaccharide structure and function. Extensive up-to-date bibliographies at the end of each chapter make this book an excellent starting point for learning about polysaccharide structure/property relationships.
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Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility
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Progress in structural characterization of functional polysaccharides
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S. Dumitriu. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. This chapter provides a review of several important techniques for polysaccharide structure determination. The treatment of small-angle X-ray scattering is especially thorough and authoritative.
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Kajiwara K, Miyamoto T Progress in structural characterization of functional polysaccharides. Dumitriu S Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility. 1998;1-55 Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York. This chapter provides a review of several important techniques for polysaccharide structure determination. The treatment of small-angle X-ray scattering is especially thorough and authoritative.
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Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility
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Kajiwara, K.1
Miyamoto, T.2
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10
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0000176571
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Surface structure of native cellulose microcrystals by AFM
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α) cellulose allomorph at the crystal surface is also observed. Resolution at the level of the sugar ring is as a result of the crystalline nature of the sample.
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α) cellulose allomorph at the crystal surface is also observed. Resolution at the level of the sugar ring is as a result of the crystalline nature of the sample.
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Appl Phys a
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Baker, A.A.1
Helbert, W.2
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High-resolution atomic force microscopy of native Valonia cellulose I microcrystals
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Baker AA, Helbert W, Sugiyama J, Miles MJ High-resolution atomic force microscopy of native Valonia cellulose I microcrystals. J Struct Biol. 119:1997;129-138.
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β cellulose in algal microfibrils
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β cellulose in algal microfibrils. Macromolecules. 31:1998;6275-6279.
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Imaging of individual biopolymers and supramolecular assemblies using noncontact atomic force microscopy
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McIntire TM, Brant DA Imaging of individual biopolymers and supramolecular assemblies using noncontact atomic force microscopy. Biopolymers. 42:1997;133-146.
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Biopolymers
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McIntire, T.M.1
Brant, D.A.2
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Observation of the helical structure of the bacterial polysaccharide acetan by atomic force microscopy
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Kirby AR, Gunning AP, Morris VJ, Ridout MJ Observation of the helical structure of the bacterial polysaccharide acetan by atomic force microscopy. Biophys J. 68:1995;360-363.
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0000870782
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Single-walled carbon nanotube probes for high-resolution nanostructure imaging
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This paper reports developments in atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip technology based on carbon nanotubes. Progress on this front may lead to improvements in the lateral resolution available with AFM.
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Wong SS, Woolley AT, Odom TW, Huang J-L, Kim P, Vezenov DV, Lieber CM Single-walled carbon nanotube probes for high-resolution nanostructure imaging. Appl Phys Lett. 73:1998;3465-3467. This paper reports developments in atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip technology based on carbon nanotubes. Progress on this front may lead to improvements in the lateral resolution available with AFM.
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Appl Phys Lett
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Wong, S.S.1
Woolley, A.T.2
Odom, T.W.3
Huang, J.-L.4
Kim, P.5
Vezenov, D.V.6
Lieber, C.M.7
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16
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0032558150
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Observations of the (1→3)-β-D-glucan linear triple helix to macrocycle interconversion using noncontact atomic force microscopy
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'Soft' biological samples were imaged using noncontact atomic force microscopy (NCAFM), a method that avoids the sample disruption or displacement that may occur in contact AFM modes. Aerosol deposition of samples was employed to produce many usable microscopic fields, with apparent retention of the solution phase polymer conformation and extent of aggregation.
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McIntire TM, Brant DA Observations of the (1→3)-β-D-glucan linear triple helix to macrocycle interconversion using noncontact atomic force microscopy. J Am Chem Soc. 120:1998;6909-6019. 'Soft' biological samples were imaged using noncontact atomic force microscopy (NCAFM), a method that avoids the sample disruption or displacement that may occur in contact AFM modes. Aerosol deposition of samples was employed to produce many usable microscopic fields, with apparent retention of the solution phase polymer conformation and extent of aggregation.
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J Am Chem Soc
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McIntire, T.M.1
Brant, D.A.2
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Imaging carbohydrate polymers with noncontact mode atomic force microscopy
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R.R. Townsend, & A.T. Hotchkiss. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc
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McIntire TM, Brant DA Imaging carbohydrate polymers with noncontact mode atomic force microscopy. Townsend RR, Hotchkiss AT Techniques in Glycobiology. 1997;187-208 Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York.
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Techniques in Glycobiology
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McIntire, T.M.1
Brant, D.A.2
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Tapping mode atomic force microscopy of scleroglucan networks
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Vuppu AK, Garcia AA, Vernia C Tapping mode atomic force microscopy of scleroglucan networks. Biopolymers. 42:1997;89-100.
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Biopolymers
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Vuppu, A.K.1
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Vernia, C.3
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Tapping mode atomic force microscopy of hyaluronan: Extended and intramolecularly interacting chains
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Cowman MK, Li M, Balazs EA Tapping mode atomic force microscopy of hyaluronan: extended and intramolecularly interacting chains. Biophys J. 75:1998;2030-3037.
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0032211762
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Characterization of the polysaccharide produced by Acetobacter xylinum strain CRI/4 by light scattering and atomic force microscopy
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Atomic force microscopy was used to monitor the molecular size and shape distributions of bacterial polysaccharides as a function of changes in the culture conditions. The paper suggests a rapid, quantitative and, possibly, routine alternative to conventional chromatographic surveys of bacterial polysaccharide fermentation products.
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Ridout MJ, Brownsey GJ, Gunning AP, Morris VJ Characterization of the polysaccharide produced by Acetobacter xylinum strain CRI/4 by light scattering and atomic force microscopy. Int J Biol Macromol. 23:1998;287-293. Atomic force microscopy was used to monitor the molecular size and shape distributions of bacterial polysaccharides as a function of changes in the culture conditions. The paper suggests a rapid, quantitative and, possibly, routine alternative to conventional chromatographic surveys of bacterial polysaccharide fermentation products.
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Int J Biol Macromol
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Ridout, M.J.1
Brownsey, G.J.2
Gunning, A.P.3
Morris, V.J.4
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0031668869
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Fibrillar polysaccharides in marine macromolecular organic matter as imaged by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy
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Santschi PH, Balnois E, Wilkinson KJ, Zhang J, Buffle J, Guo L Fibrillar polysaccharides in marine macromolecular organic matter as imaged by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Limnol Oceanogr. 43:1998;896-908.
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Santschi, P.H.1
Balnois, E.2
Wilkinson, K.J.3
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Guo, L.6
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23
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0032582698
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The polysialic acid units of the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM form filament bundle networks
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Toikka J, Aalto J, Häyrinen J, Pelliniemi LJ, Finne J The polysialic acid units of the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM form filament bundle networks. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;28557-28559.
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24
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Mapping cell wall polysaccharides of living microbial cells using atomic force microscopy
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Gad M, Itoh A, Ikai A Mapping cell wall polysaccharides of living microbial cells using atomic force microscopy. Cell Biol Int. 21:1997;697-706.
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25
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0005572508
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AFM, a tool for single-molecule experiments
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This paper provides a brief review of applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) for investigating single-molecule properties. Force/extension curves were used to map the pattern of a polysaccharide laid out on a gold surface. A similar technique for mapping polysaccharide on microbial cell surfaces is discussed elsewhere [24].
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Ludwig M, Rief M, Schmidt L, Li H, Oesterhelt F, Gautel M, Gaub HE AFM, a tool for single-molecule experiments. Appl Phys A. 68:1999;173-176. This paper provides a brief review of applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) for investigating single-molecule properties. Force/extension curves were used to map the pattern of a polysaccharide laid out on a gold surface. A similar technique for mapping polysaccharide on microbial cell surfaces is discussed elsewhere [24].
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Appl Phys a
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Ludwig, M.1
Rief, M.2
Schmidt, L.3
Li, H.4
Oesterhelt, F.5
Gautel, M.6
Gaub, H.E.7
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26
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0032530435
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Molecular determinants of bacterial adhesion monitored by atomic force microscopy
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The surface properties of a series of E. coli mutants that differ in the length of the lipopolysaccharide core were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Repulsive interactions between the cell surface and the AFM tip are shown to increase as the length of the core polysaccharide is reduced.
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Razatos A, Ong YL, Sharma MM, Georgiou G Molecular determinants of bacterial adhesion monitored by atomic force microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;11059-11064. The surface properties of a series of E. coli mutants that differ in the length of the lipopolysaccharide core were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Repulsive interactions between the cell surface and the AFM tip are shown to increase as the length of the core polysaccharide is reduced.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.95
, pp. 11059-11064
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Razatos, A.1
Ong, Y.L.2
Sharma, M.M.3
Georgiou, G.4
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27
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0031729148
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Evaluating the interaction of bacteria with biomaterials using atomic force microscopy
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Razatos A, Ong YL, Sharma MM, Georgiou G Evaluating the interaction of bacteria with biomaterials using atomic force microscopy. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 9:1998;1361-1373.
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Razatos, A.1
Ong, Y.L.2
Sharma, M.M.3
Georgiou, G.4
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28
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0031042739
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Single molecule force spectroscopy on polysaccharides by atomic force microscopy
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Rief M, Oesterhelt F, Heymann B, Gaub HE Single molecule force spectroscopy on polysaccharides by atomic force microscopy. Science. 275:1997;1295-1297.
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Science
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Rief, M.1
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0030024985
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Overstretching B-DNA: The elastic response of individual double-stranded and single-stranded DNA molecules
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Smith SB, Cui Y, Bustamante C Overstretching B-DNA: the elastic response of individual double-stranded and single-stranded DNA molecules. Science. 271:1996;795-799.
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Smith, S.B.1
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31
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11544281834
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Elastically coupled two-level systems as a model for biopolymer extensibility
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Biopolymers, including polysaccharides, that display a yield domain in their force/extension curves were modeled in order to describe both the energetics and the kinetics of the conversion of individual polymer segments (e.g. sugars) between two different states of extension. The theory is able to simulate the fully reversible yield behavior observed in single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments with many polysaccharides, as well as the yield behavior in which reversal is accompanied by hysteresis. In the latter case, the rate of conversion of the local extensible modules is slow compared with the rate of chain extension. This paper provides a clear and physically satisfying interpretation of the experimental observations.
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Rief M, Fernandez JM, Gaub HE Elastically coupled two-level systems as a model for biopolymer extensibility. Phys Rev Lett. 81:1998;4764-4767. Biopolymers, including polysaccharides, that display a yield domain in their force/extension curves were modeled in order to describe both the energetics and the kinetics of the conversion of individual polymer segments (e.g. sugars) between two different states of extension. The theory is able to simulate the fully reversible yield behavior observed in single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments with many polysaccharides, as well as the yield behavior in which reversal is accompanied by hysteresis. In the latter case, the rate of conversion of the local extensible modules is slow compared with the rate of chain extension. This paper provides a clear and physically satisfying interpretation of the experimental observations.
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Phys Rev Lett
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Rief, M.1
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0032481560
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Single-molecule force spectroscopy on xanthan by AFM
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Single-molecule force/extension curves for double-stranded xanthan were shown to have an irreversible yield domain that is convincingly interpreted to arise from the disruption of the double helix of the native polysaccharide. Denatured, single-stranded xanthan molecules show no yield behavior at all, because the glucose units are already fully extended in the cellulosic backbone of xanthan and cannot be extended further by tension.
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Li H, Rief M, Oesterhelt F, Gaub HE Single-molecule force spectroscopy on xanthan by AFM. Adv Mater. 3:1998;316-319. Single-molecule force/extension curves for double-stranded xanthan were shown to have an irreversible yield domain that is convincingly interpreted to arise from the disruption of the double helix of the native polysaccharide. Denatured, single-stranded xanthan molecules show no yield behavior at all, because the glucose units are already fully extended in the cellulosic backbone of xanthan and cannot be extended further by tension.
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Adv Mater
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Li, H.1
Rief, M.2
Oesterhelt, F.3
Gaub, H.E.4
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Comparative flexibility, extension, and conformation of some simple polysaccharide chains
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Burton BA, Brant DA Comparative flexibility, extension, and conformation of some simple polysaccharide chains. Biopolymers. 22:1983;1769-1792.
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Burton, B.A.1
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36
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0033529204
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Atomic levers control pyranose ring conformation
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This paper offers convincing evidence that reversible yield behavior in polysaccharides is associated with the tension-induced interconversion of sugar residues among different ring conformations.
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Marszalek P, Pang Y-P, Li H, El Yazal J, Oberhauser AF, Fernandez JM Atomic levers control pyranose ring conformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;7894-7898. This paper offers convincing evidence that reversible yield behavior in polysaccharides is associated with the tension-induced interconversion of sugar residues among different ring conformations.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Marszalek, P.1
Pang, Y.-P.2
Li, H.3
El Yazal, J.4
Oberhauser, A.F.5
Fernandez, J.M.6
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Excluded-volume effects in sodium hyaluronate solutions revisited
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Tsutsumi K, Norisuye T Excluded-volume effects in sodium hyaluronate solutions revisited. Polym J. 30:1998;345-349.
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Tsutsumi, K.1
Norisuye, T.2
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38
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0001332147
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Small angle X-ray scattering from sodium hyaluronate in aqueous sodium chloride
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The charging of a polyelectrolyte provokes chain expansion as a result of long-range repulsive (excluded volume) interactions between sequentially remote segments of the polymer chain. At the same time, the short-range electrostatic interactions may affect the inherent local chain stiffness. This paper uses small-angle X-ray scattering measurements on short hyaluronic acid (HA) segments to help deconvolute these two contributions to the polyelectrolyte expansion of HA.
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Mizukoshi N, Norisuye T Small angle X-ray scattering from sodium hyaluronate in aqueous sodium chloride. Polym Bull. 40:1998;555-562. The charging of a polyelectrolyte provokes chain expansion as a result of long-range repulsive (excluded volume) interactions between sequentially remote segments of the polymer chain. At the same time, the short-range electrostatic interactions may affect the inherent local chain stiffness. This paper uses small-angle X-ray scattering measurements on short hyaluronic acid (HA) segments to help deconvolute these two contributions to the polyelectrolyte expansion of HA.
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Polym Bull
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, pp. 555-562
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Mizukoshi, N.1
Norisuye, T.2
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39
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Potato D-enzyme catalyzes the cyclization of amylose to produce cycloamylose, a novel cyclic glucan
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41
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0031589761
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Conformation of cyclomaltooligosaccharide ('cycloamylose') of dp21 in aqueous solution
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Kitamura S, Isuda H, Shimada J, Takada T, Takaha T, Okada S, Mimura M, Kajiwara K Conformation of cyclomaltooligosaccharide ('cycloamylose') of dp21 in aqueous solution. Carbohydr Res. 304:1997;303-314.
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Kitamura, S.1
Isuda, H.2
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Okada, S.6
Mimura, M.7
Kajiwara, K.8
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42
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0029846362
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Conformation of cyclic and linear (1→2)-β-D-glucans in aqueous solution
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Mimura M, Kitamura S, Gotoh S, Takeo K, Urakawa H, Kajiwara K Conformation of cyclic and linear (1→2)-β-D-glucans in aqueous solution. Carbohydr Res. 289:1996;25-37.
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43
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0039972311
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Chain dimensions and scattering function of (1→3)-β-D-glucan simulated by the Monte Carlo method
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Kitamura S, Minami T, Nakamura Y, Isuda H, Kobayashi H, Mimura M, Urakawa H, Kajiwara K, Ohno S Chain dimensions and scattering function of (1→3)-β-D-glucan simulated by the Monte Carlo method. J Mol Struct (Theochem). 395-396:1997;425-435.
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Kitamura, S.1
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Urakawa, H.7
Kajiwara, K.8
Ohno, S.9
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44
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0033348203
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The equilibrium spatial distribution of aqueous pullulan: small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and realistic computer modeling
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in press. This paper illustrates the close interplay of molecular mechanics, statistical mechanics and experimental small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) investigations in developing a detailed atomistic model for the solution behavior of a polysaccharide
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Liu JH-Y, Brant DA, Kitamura S, Kajiwara K, Mimura M: The equilibrium spatial distribution of aqueous pullulan: small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and realistic computer modeling. Macromolecules 1999, in press. This paper illustrates the close interplay of molecular mechanics, statistical mechanics and experimental small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) investigations in developing a detailed atomistic model for the solution behavior of a polysaccharide.
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Macromolecules
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Liu, J.H.-Y.1
Brant, D.A.2
Kitamura, S.3
Kajiwara, K.4
Mimura, M.5
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45
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0000287183
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Factors controlling relative stability of anomers and hydroxymethyl conformers of glucopyranose
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Barrows SE, Storer JW, Cramer CJ, French AD, Truhlar DG Factors controlling relative stability of anomers and hydroxymethyl conformers of glucopyranose. J Comput Chem. 19:1998;1111-1129.
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Barrows, S.E.1
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Cramer, C.J.3
French, A.D.4
Truhlar, D.G.5
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46
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0032439584
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A comparison and chemometric analysis of several molecular mechanics force fields and parameter sets applied to carbohydrates
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Pérez S, Imberty A, Engelsen SB, Gruza J, Mazeau K, Jimenez-Barbero J, Poveda A, Espinosa J-F, van Eyck BP, Johnson Get al. A comparison and chemometric analysis of several molecular mechanics force fields and parameter sets applied to carbohydrates. Carbohydr Res. 314:1998;141-155.
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Carbohydr Res
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Pérez, S.1
Imberty, A.2
Engelsen, S.B.3
Gruza, J.4
Mazeau, K.5
Jimenez-Barbero, J.6
Poveda, A.7
Espinosa, J.-F.8
Van Eyck, B.P.9
Johnson, G.10
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47
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0032540692
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Use of locally enhanced sampling in free energy calculations: Testing and application to the α→β anomerization of glucose
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Simmerling C, Fox T, Kollman PA Use of locally enhanced sampling in free energy calculations: testing and application to the α→β anomerization of glucose. J Am Chem Soc. 120:1998;5771-5782.
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Woods RJ Computational carbohydrate chemistry: what theoretical methods can tell us. Glycoconj J. 15:1998;209-216.
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