Supraspinal pathways and the development of muscle-tone dysregulation

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology

Volumn 41, Issue 10, 1999, Pages 708-715

  Dietz, V ^a  

^a BALGRIST UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN INJURY; CEREBRAL PALSY; ELECTROMYOGRAM; GAIT DISORDER; HEMIPARESIS; HUMAN; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUSCLE REFLEX; MUSCLE TONE; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPASTICITY;

CEREBRAL PALSY; CHILD; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HUMANS; LOCOMOTION; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; MUSCLE TONUS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; SPINAL NERVES;

EID: 0032869531     PISSN: 00121622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0012162299001449     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Schomburg ED. (1990) Spinal sensorimotor systems and their supraspinal control. Neuroscience Research 7: 265-340.
2. Grillner S. (1981) Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Motor Control. Vol. II. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society. p 1179-236.
3. MacPherson JM, Horak FB, Dunbar DC, Dow RS. (1989) Stance dependence of automatic postural adjustments in humans. Experimental Brain Research 78: 557-66.
4. Nilsson J, Thorstensson A, Halbertsma J. (1985) Changes in leg movements and muscle activity with speed of locomotion and mode of progression in humans. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 123: 457-75.
5. Lance JW. (1980) Symposium synopsis. In: Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP, editors. Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers. p. 485-495.
6. Dietz V. (1992) Spasticity: exaggerated reflexes or movement disorder? In: Forssberg H, Hirschfeld H, editors. Movement Disorders in Children. Vol. 36: Medicine and Sport Science. Basel: Karger. p 225-33.
7. Mendell LM. (1984) Modifiability of spinal synapses. Physiological Reviews 64: 260-324.
8. Carr LJ, Harrison LM, Evans AL, Stephens JA. (1993) Patterns of central motor reorganization in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Brain 116: 1223-47.
9. Nacimiento W, Mautes A, Töpper R, Oestreicher AB, Gispen WH, Nacimiento AC, Moth J, Kreutzberg GW. (1993) B-50 (GAP-42) in the spinal cord caudal to hemisection: indication for lack of intraspinal sprouting in dorsal root axons. Journal of Neuroscience Research 35: 603-17.
10. Ashby P. (1989) Discussion I. In: Emre M, Benecke R, editors. Spasticity. The Current Status of Research and Treatment. Carnforth: Parthenon. p 68-9.
11. Burke D, Ashby P. (1972) Are spinal "presynaptic" inhibitory mechanisms suppressed in spasticity? Journal of Neurological Science 15: 321-6.
12. Faist M, Mazevet D, Dietz V, Pierrot-Deseilligny E. (1994) A quantitative assessment of presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents in spastics: differences in hemiplegics and paraplegics. Brain 117: 1449-55.
13. Thilmann AF, Fellows SJ, Garms E. (1990) Pathological stretch reflexes on the 'good' side of hemiparetic patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 53: 208-14.
14. Thilmann AF, Fellows SJ, Garms E. (1991) The mechanism of spastic muscle hypertonus: variation in reflex gain over the time course of spasticity. Brain 114: 233-44.
15. Ibrahim IK, Berger W, Trippel M, Dietz V. (1993) Stretch-induced electromyographic activity and torque in spastic elbow muscles Brain 116: 971-89.
16. O'Dwyer NJ, Ada L. (1996) Reflex hyperexcitability and muscle contracture in relation to spastic hypertonia. Current Opinion in Neurology 9:451-5.
17. O'Dwyer NJ, Ada L, Neilson PD. (1996) Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain 119: 1737-49.
18. Berger W, Quintern J, Dietz V. (1984) Tension development and muscle activation in the leg during gait in spastic hemiparesis: the independence of muscle hypertonia and exaggerated stretch reflexes. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 47: 1029-33.
19. Dietz V, Quintern J, Berger W. (1981) Electrophysiological studies of gait in spasticity and rigidity. Evidence that altered mechanical properties of muscle contribute to hypertonia. Brain 104: 431-49.
20. Dietz V, Trippel M, Berger W. (1991) Reflex activity and muscle tone during elbow movements of patients with spastic paresis. Annals of Neurology 30: 767-84.
21. Powers RK, Campbell DL, Rymer WZ. (1989) Stretch reflex dynamics in spastic elbow flexor muscles. Annals of Neurology 25: 32-42.
22. Jones CA, Yang JF. (1994) Reflex behavior during walking in incomplete spinal-cord-injured subjects. Experimental Neurology 128: 239-48.
23. Sinkjaer T, Andersen JB, Nielsen JF. (1996) Impaired stretch reflex and joint torque modulation during spastic gait in multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of Neurology 243: 566-74.
24. Dietz V, Ketelsen UP, Berger W, Quintern J. (1986) Motor unit involvement in spastic paresis: relationship between leg muscle activation and histochemistry. Journal of Neurological Science 75: 89-103.
25. Rosenfalck A, Adreassen S. (1980) Impaired regulation of force and firing pattern of single motor units in patients with spasticity. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 43: 907-16
26. Dietz V, Berger W. (1983) Normal and impaired regulation of muscle stiffness in gait: a new hypothesis about muscle hypertonia. Experimental Neurology 79: 680-7.
27. Powers RK, Marder-Meyer J, Rymer WZ. (1988) Quantitative relations between hypertonia and stretch reflex threshold in spastic hemiparesis. Annals of Neurology 23: 115-24.
28. Lee WA, Boughton A, Rymer WZ. (1987) Absence of stretch reflex gain enhancement in voluntarily activated spastic muscle. Experimental Neurology 98: 317-35.
29. Dietz V, Colombo G, Jensen L. (1994) Locomotor activity in spinal man. Lancet 344: 1260-3.
30. Dietz V, Colombo G, Jensen L, Baumgartner L. (1995) Locomotor capacity of spinal cord in paraplegic patients. Annals of Neurology 37: 574-82.
31. Dietz V. (1992) Human neuronal control of automatic functional movements: interaction between central programs and afferent input. Physiological Reviews 72: 33-69.
32. Dietz V, Gollhofer A, Kleiber M, Trippel M. (1992) Regulation of bipedal stance: dependence on 'load' receptors. Experimental Brain Research 89: 229-31.
33. Gollhofer A, Schmidtbleicher D, Dietz V. (1984) Regulation of muscle stiffness in human locomotion. International Journal of Sports Medicine 5: 19-22.
34. Jankowska E, Lundberg A. (1981) Interneurones in the spinal cord. Trends in Neuroscience 4: 230-3.
35. Barbeau H, Rossignol S. (1994) Enhancement of locomotor recovery following spinal cord injury. Current Opinion in Neurology 7: 517-24.
36. Forssberg H. (1986) A developmental model of human locomotion. In: Grillner S, Stein PSG, Stuart DG, Forssberg H, Herman RM. Wenner-Gren International Symposium Series. Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion. London: Macmillan. p 485-501.
37. Kuhn RA. (1950) Functional capacity of the isolated human spinal cord. Brain 73: 1-51.
38. Calancie B, Needham-Shropshire B, Jacobs P, Willer K, Zych G, Green BA. (1994) Involuntary stepping after chronic spinal cord injury. Evidence for a central rhythm generator for locomotion in man. Brain 117: 1143-59.
39. Harkema SJ, Requejo PS, Hurley SL, Patel UK, Dobkin BH, Edgerton VR. (1997) Human lumbosacral spinal cord interprets loading during stepping. Journal of Neurophysiology 77: 797-811.
40. Nicol DJ, Granat MH, Baxendale RH, Tison SJM. (1995) Evidence for a human spinal stepping generator. Brain Research 684: 230-2.
41. Brown JK, Rodda J, Walsh EG, Wright GW. (1991) Neurophysiology of lower-limb function in hemiplegic children. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 33: 1037-47.
42. Brouwer B, Wheeldon RK, Stradiotto-Parker N, Allum J. (1998) Reflex excitability and isometric force production in cerebral palsy: the effect of serial casting. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 40: 168-75.
43. Lin JP, Brown JK, Brotherstone R. (1994) Assessment of spasticity in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. II: Distal lower-limb reflex excitability and function. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 36: 290-303.
44. Trahan J, Marcoux S. (1995) Factors associated with the inability of children with cerebral palsy to walk at six years: a retrospective study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 36: 787-95.
45. Berger W, Quintern J, Dietz V. (1982) Pathophysiological aspects of gait in children with cerebral palsy. Electroencephalography Clinical Neurophysiology 53: 538-48.
46. Dietz V, Berger W. (1995) Cerebral palsy and muscle transformation. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 37: 180-4.
47. Forssberg H, Wallberg H. (1980) Infant locomotion: a preliminary movement and electromyographic study. In: Berg K, Eriksson BD, editors. Children and Exercise. IX: International Series on Sport Sciences. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. p 32-49.
48. Leonard CT, Hirschfeld H, Forssberg H. (1991) The development of independent walking in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 33: 567-77.
49. Leonard CT, Hirschfeld H. (1995) Myotatic reflex responses of non-disabled children and children with spastic cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 37: 783-99.
50. Mykleburst BM, Gottlieb GL, Agarwal GC. (1986) Stretch reflexes of the normal infant. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 28: 440-9.
51. O'Dwyer NJ, Neilson P, Nash J. (1994) Reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy using feedback of the tonic stretch reflex: a controlled study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 36: 770-86.
52. Brouwer B, Smits E. (1996) Corticospinal input onto motor neurons projecting to ankle muscles in individuals with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 38: 787-96.
53. Leonard CT, Moritani T, Hirschfeld H, Forssberg H. (1990) Deficits in reciprocal inhibition of children with cerebral palsy as revealed by H-reflex testing. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 32: 974-84.
54. Tardieu C, Lespargot A, Tabary C, Bret MD. (1988) For how long must the soleus muscle be stretched each day to prevent contracture? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 30: 3-10.
55. Forssberg H. (1992) Preface. In: Forssberg H, Hirschfeld H, editors. Movement Disorders in Children Vol. 36: Medicine and Sport Science. Basel: Karger. p 7-8.
56. McLaughlin JF, Astley SJ, Bjornson KF, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, Price R, Temkin N. (1998) Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator masked randomized clinical trial. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 40: 220-32.
57. Latash ML, Anson JG. (1996) What are 'normal movements' in atypical populations? Behavioral Brain Science 19: 55-106.
58. Young JL, Mayer RF. (1982) Physiological alterations of motor units in hemiplegia. Journal of Neurological Science 54: 401-12.
59. Dietz V, Berger W. (1984) Interlimb coordination of posture in patients with spastic paresis. Impaired function of spinal reflexes. Brain 107: 965-78.
60. Hufschmidt A, Mauritz KH. (1985) Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: a peripheral contribution to increased tone. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 48: 676-85.
61. Sinkjaer T, Toft E, Larsen K, Andreassen S, Hansen H. (1993) Non-reflex and reflex mediated ankle joint stiffness in multiple sclerosis patients with spasticity. Muscle and Nerve 16: 69-76.
62. Edström L. (1970) Selective changes in the sizes of red and white muscle fibres in upper motor lesions and Parkinsonism. Journal of Neurological Science 11: 537-50.
63. Lin JP, Brown JK. (1992) Peripheral and central mechanisms of hindfoot equinus in childhood hemiplegia. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 34: 949-65.
64. Quintern J, Minwegen P, Mauritz KH. (1989) Control mechanisms for restoring posture and movements in paraplegics. In: Allum JHJ, Hulliger M, editors. Afferent Control of Posture and Locomotion. Progress Brain Research. Vol. 80. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p 489-502.
65. Yarkony GM, Roth EJ, Cybulski GR, Jaeger RJ. (1992) Neuromuscular stimulation in spinal cord injury. II: Prevention of secondary complications. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaton 73: 195-200.
66. Dietz V. (1995) Locomotor training in paraplegic patients. Annals of Neurology 38:965. (Letter.)
67. Hesse S, Bertelt CH, Schaffrin A, Malezik M, Mauritz KH. (1994) Restoration of gait in nonambulatory hemiparetic patients by treadmill training with partial body-weight support. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 75: 1087-93.
68. Hesse S, Helm B, KrajnikJ, Gregoric M, Mauritz KH. (1997) Treadmill training with partial body weight support: influence of body weight release on the gait of hemiparetic patients. Journal of Neurological Rehabilitation 11: 15-20.
69. Hoogstraten MC, van der Ploeg RJ, van der Burg W, Vreeling A, van Marie S, Minderhoud JM. (1988) Tizanidine versus baclofen in the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurolologica Scandinavica 77: 224-30.
70. Steinbock P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Amstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. (1997) A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 39: 178-84.
71. Wright FV, Shell EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. (1998) Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 40: 239-47.
72. Corry IS, Cosgrove AP, Walsh EG, McClean D, Graham HK. (1997) Botulinum toxin A in the hemiplegic upper limb: a double-blind trial. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 39: 185-93.