Policy of economic transition in Kyrgyzstan

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 197-223

  Abazov, Rafis ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC REFORM; PRIVATIZATION; TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY;

KYRGYZSTAN;

EID: 0032866520     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02634939995687     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. See for arguments: John Rapley, Understanding Development: Theory and Practice in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Pub, 1996), pp 27-44.
2. Ibid, pp 45-46.
3. J. Brohman, Popular Development: Rethinking the Theory and Practice of Development (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), pp 64-68.
4. Support for the EOI is based on several interconnected arguments of the Neoclassical Theory, For details, see: Brohman, ibid, pp 64-65.
5. Support for the EOI is based on several interconnected arguments of the Neoclassical Theory, For details, see: Brohman, ibid, pp 64-65.
6. World Bank: The East Asian Miracle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
7. Special section: The World Bank's The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy, Alice H. Amsden, ed. World Development, Vol 22, No 4, April 1994, pp 615-670.
8. The Economy of the USSR: A Study Undertaken in Response to a Request by the Houston Summit, IMF, IBRD, OECD, EBRD (1990), p 18.
9. As happened in China where even price reforms had been prolonged for two decades.
10. R. Pomfret, The Economies of Central Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp 135-136.
11. Yanqi Tong, Transitions from State Socialism: Economic and Political Changes in Hungary and China (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Pub. Inc., 1997), p 220.
12. Tajikistan was engaged in civil war and political unrest.
13. For some critics see: A. Apostolov, 'Review on the economies of Central Asia' Europe-Asia Studies, January 1997, pp 112.
14. Slovo Kyrgyzstana, 10 January 1992.
15. See, for example, statement by the leader of the Communist Party Zhumgalbek Amanbaev, Slovo Kyrgyzstana, 1 May 1993.
16. See for example: Predlozhenia k kontseptsii ekonomicheskogo razvitia I integratsii gosudarstv uchastnikov SNG (Concept of the Economic Development and Integration of the CIS members). Vestnik NII Ekonomiki, 1996, 4, pp 3-38.
17. T. Koichuev, 'Kyrgyzstan: economic crisis and transition strategy', in Central Asia in Transition: Dilemmas of Political and Economic Development, Boris Rumer, ed (NY: M.E, Sharpe, 1996), pp 190-197.
18. T. Koichuev, Ekonomicheskaia revolutsia - put' k preodoleniu nevzgod (Bishkek: Ilim, 1992).
19. See for example: A. Akaev, 'About the economic development and political situation in the republic of Kyrgyzstan (Report by President of Republic of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akaev at the Third Session of the Republics Supreme Soviet)', Vechernii Frunze, 30 January 1991.
20. R, Pomfret, The Economies of Central Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp 25-62, 106-118.
21. See for more comprehensive overview and critics of the economic reforms in Kyrgyzstan: T. Koichuev, 'Kyrgyzstan: economic crisis and transition strategy', Central Asia in Transition: Dilemmas of Political and Economic Development, Boris Rumer, ed. (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), pp 166-197.
22. It is often called 'rent seeking lobby'.
23. In this system, enterprises that sold a certain amount of their production to the state (and at the state imposed prices), got rights to sell its additional production independently and at market prices (it became known as the 'dual pricing' system).
24. Narodnoe Khoziastvo SSR v 1989 godu (Moscow: FiS, 1990), p 137.
25. For some details of price liberalization see: Kyrgyz Republic: IMF Economic Review (Washington DC, IMF, December 1993), p 32.
26. In fact, Kyrgyzstan was the first among the CARs to obtain an IMF memorandum of agreement accepting its economic reform programme in May 1993. 'The Kyrgyz Republic. USEIA Report', BISNIS Home Page, December 1996, p 11.
27. Japan's Overseas Economic Co-operation Fund provided US$60 million for this purpose.
28. 'Business outlook in Kyrgyz Republic', EIU Business Eastern Europe, 23 February 1998, pp 1-2.
29. The law on 'General Principles of Privatisation and Enterpreneurship in the Kyrgyz Republic' was adopted on 20 December 1991.
30. Initially, the government introduced vouchers, but when the voucher system of privatization proved ineffective the vouchers were replaced by coupons See for details: Marek Dabrowski, Wladislaw Jermakowicz, 'Economic reforms in Kyrgyzstan', Communist Economies and Economic Transformation, Vol 7, No 3, 1995, pp 269-297.
31. Kyrgyzstan Investment Guide (Bishkek: Goskominvest, 1994), pp 23-26.
32. International assistance from international organizations and from individual countries (such as Japan, Germany, the USA, etc.) amounted to US$680 million dollars by the end of 1996.
33. R. Abazov, The Balkanization of the economy of the Central Asian Republics and its impact on the non-state sector', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol 20, No 4, 1996, pp 744-753.
34. Kyrgyz Republic. National Human Development Report, 1996 (UNDP, 1996), pp 20-21. Also, M. Dabrowski, W. Jermabowicz, Economic Reforms in Kyrgysstan, pp. 284-285.
35. Kyrgyz Republic. National Human Development Report, 1996 (UNDP, 1996), pp 20-21. Also, M. Dabrowski, W. Jermabowicz, Economic Reforms in Kyrgysstan, pp. 284-285.
36. See for details, Turkestan-Newsletter: Business. 22 April 1998, Vol 98, No 50; also Turkestan-Newsletter: Kyrgysstan, 1 May 1998, Vol 98, No 2.
37. See for details, Turkestan-Newsletter: Business. 22 April 1998, Vol 98, No 50; also Turkestan-Newsletter: Kyrgysstan, 1 May 1998, Vol 98, No 2.
38. Kyrgyz Republic. EIU Country Report (4th quarter 1996), p 6.
39. By 1997, employment in mining, manufacturing and construction fell to almost half of 1989 level. See: ILO Yearbook of Labour Statistics 1997 (Geneva: ILO, 1997), pp 131-132.
40. One of the changes was a replacement of the former Soviet turnover tax by a value-added tax, which became one of the most important sources of revenue. See for Kyrgyzstan's reforms of the tax system and recent tax legislation: 'Kyrgyz Republic; recent economic development', IMF Staff Country Report No. 98/8, Washington, DC: IMF, 1998, pp 16-18.
41. Slovo Kyrgyzstana, 28-29 January 1997, pp 1, 3.
42. ILO Yearbook of Labour Statistics (Geneva: ILO, 1997), p 444.
43. See: The Kyrgyz Republic. EIU Country Economic Profile 1995-1996 (London: EIU, 1996), p 42.
44. Personal interview by the author in 1995 and 1997. According to the UNDP report, the number of the temporary laid off workers reached 92,000 in November 1994. See: Kyrgyz Republic. National Human Development Report, 1995 (UNDP, 1995), p 20.
45. 'The Kyrgyz Republic. USEIA Report', BISNIS Home Page, December 1996, p 3.
46. Kyrgyz Republic. National Human Development Report. 1996 (UNDP, 1996) pp 33-34.
47. According to UNDP Human Development Report Kyrgyzstan was in 99th place in Global HDI Ranking in 1996, Kazakhstan was in 72nd place, Turkmenistan in the 90th and Uzbekistan in the 94th place. See: Human Development under Transition: Europe and CIS (UNDP, May 1997), pp 112, 122, 236.
48. In order to provide some level of social welfare, in 1993 Kyrgyzstan's government established the Minimum Consumer Budget (MCB), which was linked to a set of 33 food and non-food goods and services. A minimum wage was established according to which some payments (such as pensions, family subsidies, etc.) were indexed. See for details: Kyrgyz Republic National Human Development Report 1996 (UNDP, 1996), pp 28-34.
49. Jude Howell, Toping with transition: insights from Kyrgyzstan', The Third World Quarterly, Vol 17, No 1, 1996, pp 53-68.
50. Ibid, pp 63-66.
51. Ishan Kapur and Emmanuel van der Mensbrugghe, 'External borrowing by the Baltic States, Russia and other countries of the Former Soviet Union: development and policy issues', IMF Working Paper, WP/92/72, June 1997, p 30. Following 'zero option agreement' in 1992-1993, the Kyrgyz Republic was left with almost no external debt, because the Russian federation de facto inherited external debt of the USSR. However, at the moment when the republic left the rouble zone, its correspondent account was converted into the government debt to Russia. Ibid, p 4-5.
52. Ishan Kapur and Emmanuel van der Mensbrugghe, 'External borrowing by the Baltic States, Russia and other countries of the Former Soviet Union: development and policy issues', IMF Working Paper, WP/92/72, June 1997, p 30. Following 'zero option agreement' in 1992-1993, the Kyrgyz Republic was left with almost no external debt, because the Russian federation de facto inherited external debt of the USSR. However, at the moment when the republic left the rouble zone, its correspondent account was converted into the government debt to Russia. Ibid, p 4-5.
53. Ibid, pp 8-9.
54. EIU: Business Eastern Europe, 23 February 1998, pp 1-2.
55. 'Kyrgyz Republic: recent economic trends', IMF Staff Country Report No 98/8. January 1998, p 9.
56. The programme was sponsored by the World Bank.
57. EUI estimates. See: Kyrgyz Republic. EIU Country Report, 1st quarter 1998, p 6.
58. The agricultural sector of national economy was the only sector where overall employment increased in the post-Soviet era from 577,2 million in 1989 to 811.8 million people in 1996. All other sectors of the national economy experienced a significant decline in the number of employed. See: ILO Yearbook of Labour Statistics, pp 131-132.
59. Officially, the Prime Minister and the government had volunteared their resignation.
60. J. Hellman, 'Winner takes all: the politics of partial reforms' in Postcommunist Transitions, World Politics, Vol 50, No 1, January 1998, pp 203-234.
61. According to official reports, by 1998 the following level of privatization was achieved: 99 per cent in retail trade and food processing sectors, 56.3 per cent in construction sector, 47.1 per cent in transportation and 79.2 per cent in other industrial sectors. Turkestan-newsletter, Business, Vol 98-050, 21 April 1998.
62. Kyrgyz Republic. National Human Development Report, 1996 (UNDP, 1996), pp 22-23.
63. During the Soviet era, the small and medium enterprises were state property, but de facto they had often been run by a kind of family enterprises.