Spinal cord injury research: Review and synthesis

Critical Care Nursing Quarterly

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 80-99

  Sullivan, Jacqueline ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

SCI prevention, treatment, adaptation; SCI research; Spinal cord injury (SCI)

Indexed keywords

METHYLPREDNISOLONE;

DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ECONOMIC ASPECT; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

EID: 0032866162     PISSN: 08879303     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002727-199908000-00011     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. DHHS Publication No. 91-50212.
2. Lasfargues JE., Curtis, D., Morrone, F., Carswell, J., & Nguyen, T. A model for estimating spinal cord injury prevalence in the United States. Paraplegia. 1995;33(2):62-68.
3. Blumer, CE. & Quine, S. Prevalence of spinal cord injury: An international comparison. Neuroepidemiology. 1995;14(5):258-268.
4. Farmer, J., Vaccaro, A., Albert, TJ., Malone, S., Balderston, RA., & Cotler, JM. Neurologic deterioration after cervical spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1998;11(3):192-196.
5. Farmer, JC., Vaccaro, AR., Balderston, RA., Albert, TJ., & Cotler, J. The changing nature of admissions to a spinal cord injury center: violence on the rise. Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1998;11(5):400-403.
6. Crozier, KS., Graziani, V., Ditunoo, JF., & Herbison, GJ. Spinal cord injury: Prognosis for ambulation based on sensory examination in patients who are initially motor complete. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1991;72(2):119-121.
7. Herbison, GJ., Zerby, SA., Cohen, ME., Marino, RJ, & Ditunno, JF. Motor power differences within the first two weeks post-SCI in cervical spinal cord injured quadriplegic subjects. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;9(4):373-380.
8. Wu, L., Marino, RJ., Herbison, GJ., & Ditunno, JF. Recovery of zero-grade muscles in the zone of partial preservation in motor complete quadriplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1992;73(1):40-43.
9. Schaefer, DM., Flanders, AE., Osterholm, JL., & Northrup, BE. Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in the acute phase of cervical spine injury. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1992;76:218-223.
10. Poynton, AR., O'Farrell, DA., Shannon, F., Murray, P., McManus, F., & Walsh, MG. An evaluation of factors affecting neurological recovery following spinal cord injury. Injury. 1997;28(8):545-548.
11. Poynton, AR., O'Farrell, DA., Shannon, F., Murray, P., McManus, F., & Walsh, MG. Sparing of sensation to pin prick predicts recovery of a motor segment after injury to the spinal cord. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery-British Volume. 1997;79(6):952-954.
12. Burns, SP, Golding, DG, Rolle, WA, Graziani, V., & Ditunno, JF. Recovery of ambulation in motor-incomplete tetraplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1997;78(11):1169-1172.
13. Curt, A., Keck, ME, & Dietz, V. Functional outcome following spinal cord injury: Significance of motor-evoked potentials and ASIA scores. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998;79(1):81-86.
14. Cohen, ME., Ditunno, JF, Donovan, WH., & Maynard, FM. A test of the 1992 International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(8):554-560.
15. Capaul, M., Zollinger, H., Satz, N., Dietz, V., Lehmann, D., & Schurch, B. Analyses of 94 consecutive spinal cord injury patients using ASIA definition and modified Frankel score classification. Paraplegia. 1994;32(9):583-587.
16. Kirshblum, SC., & O'Connor, KC. Predicting neurologic recovery in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998;79(11):1456-1466.
17. Ditunno, JF, Graziani, V., & Tessler, A. Neurologic assessment in spinal cord injury. Advances in Neurology. 1997;72:325-333.
18. Ditunno, JF. Functional assessment measures in CNS trauma. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;9Suppl 1:S301-305.
19. Segal, ME., Ditunno, JF., & Staas, WE. Inter-institutional agreement of individual functional independence measure (FIM) items measured at two sites on one sample of SCI patients. Paraplegia. 1993;31(10):622-631.
20. McKinley, W., Cifu, D., Keyser-Marcus, L., & Wilson, K. Comparison of rehabilitation outcomes in violent versus non-violent traumatic SCI. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 1998;21(1):32-36.
21. Middleton, JW., Truman, G., & Geraghty, TJ. Neurological level effect on the discharge functional status of spinal cord injured persons after rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998;79(11):1428-1432.
22. Simpson, RK, Contant, CF, Robertson, CS, & Goodman, JC. Spectral analysis of corticomotor evoked potentials in spinal cord injury. Part 1: Acute studies. Neurological Research. 1993;15(6):367-372.
23. Simpson, RK, Contant, CF, Robertson, CS, & Goodman, JC. Spectral analysis of corticomotor evoked potentials in spinal cord injury. Part 2: Chronic studies. Neurological Research. 1993;15(6):373-378.
24. Curt, A., Keck, ME., & Dietz, V. Clinical value of F-wave recordings in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Electroencephalography & Clinical Neurphysiology. 1997;105(3):189-193.
25. Green, JB, Sora, E., Bialy, Y., Ricamato, A., & Thatcher, RW. Cortical somatosensory reorganization after spinal cord injury: An electroencephalographic study. Neurology. 1998;50(4):1115-1121.
26. Anderson, TE & Stokes, BT. Experimental models for spinal cord injury research: Physical and physiological considerations. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;Supplement 9(1):S135-142.
27. Wrathall, JR. Spinal cord injury models. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992; Supplement 9(1):S129-134.
28. Bregman, BS., Diener, PS., McAtee, M., Dai, HN., & James, C. Intervention strategies to enhance anatomical plasticity and recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Advances in Neurology. 1997;72:257-275.
29. Tator, CH. & Koyanagi, I. Vascular mechanisms in pathophysiology of human spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997;86(3):483-492.
30. Tator, CH. Update on the pathophysiology and pathology of acute spinal cord injury. Brain Pathology. 1995;5(4):407-413.
31. Tator, CH. & Fehlings, MG. Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1991;75(1):15-26.
32. Vick, RS., Neuberger, TJ., & DeVries, GH. Role of adult oligodendrocytes in remyelination after neural injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;Supplement 9(1):S93-103.
33. Tator, CH. Biology of neurological recovery and functional restoration after spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 1998;42(4):696-707.
34. Stichel, CC. & Muller HW. Experimental strategies to promote axonal regeneration after traumatic central nervous system injury. Progress in Neurobiology. 1998;56(2):119-148.
35. Liu, D & McAdoo, DJ. An experimental model combining microdialysis and electrophysiology, histology, and neurochemistry for exploring mechanisms of secondary damage in spinal cord injury; Effects of potassium. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1993;10(3);349-362.
36. Xu, GY., McAdoo, DJ, Hughes, MG, Robak, G., & deCastro, R. Considerations in the determination by microdialysis of resting extracellular amino acid concentrations and release upon spinal cord injury. Neuroscience. 1998;86(3):1011-1021.
37. Steeves, JD. & Tetzlaff, W. Engines, accelerators, and brakes on functional spinal cord repair. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1998;860:412-424.
38. Westgren, N. & levi, R. Quality of life and traumatic spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998;79(11):1433-1439.
39. Kreuter, M., Sullivan, M., Dahllof, AG., & Siosteen, A. Partner relationships, functioning, mood and global quality of life in persons with spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(4):252-261.
40. Kannisto, M., Merikanto, J., Alaranta, H., Hokkanen, H., & Sinonten, H. Comparisons of health-related quality of life in three subgroups of spinal cord injury patients. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(3):193-199.
41. Post, MW., Van Dijk, AJ., Van Asbeck, FW., & Schrijvers, AJ. Life satisfaction of persons with spinal cord injury compared to a population group. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabiliation Medicine. 1998;30(1):23-30.
42. Boswell, BB. Exploring quality of life of adults with spinal cord injuries. Perceptual & Motor Skills. 1997;84(3):1149-1150.
43. Lundqvist, C., Siosteen, A., Sullivan, L., Blomstrand, C., Lind, B., & Sullivan, M. Spinal cord injuries: A shortened measure of function and mood. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(1):17-21.
44. Anson, CA., Stanwyck, DJ., & Krause, JS. Social support and health status in spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1993;31(10):632-638.
45. Krause, JS. Skin sores after spinal cord injury: Relationship to life adjustment. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(1):51-56.
46. Krause, JS. Aging and life adjustment after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(5):320-328.
47. Anke, AG., Stenehjem, AE., & Stanghelle, JK. Pain and life quality within two years of spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1995;33(10):555-559.
48. Horn, W., Yoels, W., Wallace, D., Macrina, D., & Wrigley, M. Determination of self-efficacy among persons with spinal cord injuries. Disability & Rehabilitation. 1998;20(4):138-141.
49. Shnek, ZM., Foley, FW., LaRocca, NG., Gordon, WA., DeLuca, J., Schwartzman, HG., Halper, J., Lennox, S., & Irvine, J. Helplessness, self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, and depression in multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 1997;19(3):287-294.
50. Craig, AR., Hancock, K., Chang, E., & Dickson, H. Immunizing against depression and anxiety after spinal cord injury. Archives in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998;79(4):375-377.
51. Craig, A., Hancock, K., Chang, E., & Dickson, H. The effectiveness of group psychological intervention in enhancing perceptions of control following spinal cord injury. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;32(1):112-118.
52. Craig, AR., Hancock, K., Dickson, H., & Chang, E. Longterm psychological outcomes in spinal cord injured persons: Results of a controlled trial using cognitive behavior therapy. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1997;78(1):33-38.
53. Scivoletto, G., Petrelli, A., DiLucente, L., & Castellano, V. Psychological investigation of spinal cord injury patients. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(8):516-520.
54. Radnitz, CL., Hsu, L., Willard, J., Perez-Strumolo, L., Festa, J., & Lillian, LB et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans with spinal cord injury: Trauma-related risk factors. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1998;11(3):505-520.
55. Hartkopp, A., Bronnum-Hansen, H., Seidenschnur, AM., & Biering-Sorensen, F. Suicide in a spinal cord injured population: Its relation to functional status. Archives in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998;79(11):1356-1361.
56. Lucke, KT. Knowledge acquisition and decision-making: Spinal cord injured individuals perceptions of caring during rehabilitation. SCI Nursing. 1997;14(3):87-95.
57. Brillhart, B. & Johnson, K. Motivation and the coping process of adults with disabilities: A qualitative study. Rehabilitation Nursing. 1997;22(5):249-252.
58. Weitzenkamp, DA., Gerhart, KA, Charlifue, SW., Whiteneck, GG., & savic, G. Spouses of spinal cord injury survivors: The added impact of caregiving. Archives in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1997;78(8):822-827.
59. Sullivan, J. Surviving uncertainty and projecting recovery: A qualitative study of patients': and family members' experiences with acute spinal cord injury. Dissertation Abstracts International. 1994. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
60. Duh, MS., Shepard, MJ., Wilberger, JE., & Bracken, MB. The effectiveness of surgery on the treatment of acute spinal cord injury and its relation to pharmacological treatment. Neurosurgery. 1994;35(2):240-248.
61. Delamarter, RB., Sherman, J., & Carr, JB. Pathophysiology of spinal cord injury: Recovery after immediate and delayed decompression. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1995;77(7):1042-1049.
62. Carlson, GD., Minato, Y., Okada, A., Gorden, CD, Warden, KE, Barbeau, JM, et al. Early time-dependent decompression for spinal cord injury: Vascular mechanisms of recovery. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1997;14(12):951-962.
63. Aarabi, B., Alibaii, E., Taghipur, M., & Kamgarpur, A. Comparative study of functional recovery for surgically explored and conservatively managed spinal cord missile injuries. Neurosurgery. 1996;39(6):1133-1140.
64. Vaccaro, AR., Daugherty, RJ., Sheehan, TP., Dante, SJ., Cotler, JM, & Balderston, RA. Neurologic outcome of early versus late surgery for cervical spinal cord injury. Spine. 1997;22(22):2609-2613.
65. Xu, GY., McAdoo, DJ., Hughes, MG., robak, G., & deCastro, R. Considerations in the determination by microdialysis of resting extracellular amino acid concentrations and release upon spinal cord injury. Neuroscience. 1998;86(3):1011-1021.
66. Matsuyama, Y., Sato, K., Kamiya, M., Yano, J., Iwata, H., & Isobe, K. Nitric oxide: A possible etiologic factor in spinal cord cavitation. Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1998;11(3):248-252.
67. Yick, LW., Wu, W., So, KF., & Wong, SY. Time course of NOS expression and neuronal death in Clarke's nucleus following traumatic injury in adult rat spinal cord. Neuroscience Letters. 1998;241(2-3):155-158.
68. Zhang, Z. & Guth, L. Experimental spinal cord injury: Wallerian degeneration in the dorsal column followed by revascularization, glial proliferation, and nerve regeneration. Experimental Neurology. 1977;147(1):159-171.
69. Nshisho, T., Tonai, T., Tamura, Y, & Ikata, T. Experimental and clinical studies of eicosanoids in cerebrospinal fluid after spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 1996;39(5):950-956.
70. Liu, D., & McAdoo, DJ. An experimental model combining microdialysis with electrophysiology, histology, and neurochemistry for exploring mechanisms of secondary damage in spinal cord injury: Effects of potassium. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1993;10(3):349-362.
71. Farooque, M., Hillered, L., Holtz, A., & Olsson, Y. Effects of methylprednisolone on Yextracellular lactic acidosis and amino acids after severe compression injury of rate spinal cord. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1996;66(3):1125-1130.
72. Liu, D & McAdoo, DJ. Methylprednisolone reduces excitatory amino acid release following experimental spinal cord injury. Brain Research. 1993 ;609(1-2):293-297.
73. Young, W. Methylprednisolone treatment of acute spinal cord injury: An introduction. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1991;Supplement 8(1):S43-46.
74. Koyanagi, I. & Tator, CH. Effects of a single huge dose of methylprednisolone on blood flow, evoked potentials, and histology after acute spinal cord injury in the rat. Neurological Research. 1997;19(3):289-299.
75. Haghighi, SS., Clapper, A., Johnson, GC., Stevens, A., Prapaisilp, A. Effect of 4-aminopyridine and single dose methylprednisolone on functional recovery after a chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(1):6-12.
76. Perez-Espejo, MA., Haghighi, SS, Adelstein, EH, & Madsen, R. The effects of taxol, methylprednisolone, and 4-aminopyridine in compresive spinal cord injury: A qualitative experimental study. Surgical Neurology. 1996;46(4):350-357.
77. DeLey, G. & Leybaert, L. Effect of flunarizine and methylprednisolone on functional recovery after experimental spinal injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1993;10(1):25-35.
78. Constantini, S. & Young, W. The effects of methylprednisolone and the ganglioside GM-1 on acute spinal cord injury in rats. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1994;80(1):97-111.
79. Ross, IB. & tator, CH. Spinal cord blood flow and evoked potential responses after treatment with nimodipine or methylprednisolone in spinal cord injured rats. Neurosurgery. 1993;33(3):470-476.
80. Ross, IB., Tator, CH., & Theriault, E. Effect of nimodipine or methylprednisolone on recovery from acute experimental spinal cord injury in rats. Surgical Neurology. 1993;40(6):461-470.
81. Pointillart, V., Gense, D., Gross, C., Bidabe, AM., Gin, AM., Rivel, J., et al. Effects of nimodipine on posttraumatic spinal cord ischemia in baboons. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1993;10(2):201-213.
82. Imamura, H. & Tator, CH. Effect of intrathecal nimodipine on spinal cord blood flow and evoked potentials in the normal or injured spinal cord. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(7):497-506.
83. Gambardella, G., Collufio, D., Caruso, GN, Abbate, F., Germana, G., & Tomasello, F. Experimental incomplete spinal cord injury: Treatment with a combination of nimodipine and adrenaline. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1995;39(1):67-74.
84. van de Meent, H., Hamers, FP., Lankhorst, AJ., Joosten, EA., & Gipsen, WH. Beneficial effects of melanocortin alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on clinical and neurophysiological recovery after experimental spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 1997;40(1):122-130.
85. von Euler, m., Li-Li, M., Whitemore, S., Seiger, A., & Sunstrom, E. No pretiective effect of the NMDA antagonist memantine in experimental spinal cord injuries. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1997;14(1):53-61.
86. Puniak, MA., Freeman, GM., Agresta, CA., VanNewkirk, L., Barone, CA., & Salzman, SK. Comparison of a serotonin antagonist, opiod antagonist, and TRH analog for the acute treatment of experimental spinal cord trauma. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1991;8(3):193-203.
87. Akdemir, H., Pasaoglu, H., Arman, F., Coksevin, B., & Pasaoglu, A. Effects of TRH and high dose corticosteroid therapy on evoked potentials, and tissue Na, K, and water content in experimental spinal injury. Research in Experimental Medicine. 1993;1193(5):297-304.
88. Winkler, T., Sharma, HS., Stalberg, E., Olsson, Y, & Nyberg, F. Naloxone reduces alterations in evoked potentials and edema in trauma to the rat spinal cord. Acta Neurochirurgica-Supplementum. 1994;60:511-515.
89. Haghighi, SS., Hall, ED, Geng, XZ., Oro, JJ., & Johnson, GC. Therapeutic value of 21-aminosteroid U74389F in acute spinal cord injury. Neurological Research. 1993;15(5):321-326.
90. Tuzgen, S., Kaynar, MY., Guner, A., Gumustas, K., Belce, A., Etus, V. et al. The effect of epidural cooling on lipid peroxidation after experimental spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(9):654-657.
91. Diener, PS. & Bregman, BS. Fetal spinal cord transplants support growth of supraspinal and segmental projections after cervical spinal cord hemisection in the neonatal rate. Journal of Neuroscience. 1998;18(2):779-793.
92. Blesch, A & Tuszynski, MH. Robust growth of chronically injured spinal cord axons induced by grafts of genetically modified NGF-secreting cells. Experimental Neurology. 1997;148(2):44-452.
93. Tessler, Fischer, J., Giszter, S., Himes, BT., Miya, D., Mori, F., & Murray, M. Embryonic spinal cord transplants enhance locomotor performance in spinalized newborn rats. Advances in Neurology. 1997;72:291-303.
94. Bregman, BS., Kunkel-Bagden, E., Reier, PJ., Dai, HN, McAtee, M., & Gao, D. Recovery of function after spinal cord injury: Mechanisms underlying transplant-mediated recovery differ after spinal cord injury in newborn and adult rats. Experimental Neurology. 1993;123(1):3-16.
95. Tator, Ch., Duncan, EG., Edmonds, VE., Lapczak, LI., & Andrews, DF. Complications and costs of management of acute spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1993;31(11):700-714.
96. Tator, CH., Duncan, EG, Edmonds, VE., Lapczak, LI, & Andrews, DF. Neurological recovery, mortality, and length of stay after acute spinal cord injury associated with changes in management. Paraplegia. 1995;33(5):254-262.
97. DeVivo, MJ. Causes and costs of spinal cord injury in the United States. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(12):809-813.
98. Krause, JS., Sternberg, M., Lottes, S., & Maides, J. Mortality after spinal cord injury: An ii year prospective study. Archives in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997;78(8):815-821.
99. McColl, MA., Walker, J., Stirling, P., Wilkins, R., & Corey, P. Expectations of life and health among spinal cord injured adults. Spinal Cord. 1997;35(12):818-828.
100. Frankel, HL., Coll, JR., Charlifue, SW., Whiteneck, GG., Gardner, BP., Jamous, MA., et al. Longterm survival in spinal cord injury: A fifty year investigation. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(4):266-274.
101. Yeo, JD., Walsh, J., Rutkowski, S., Soden, R., Craven, M., & Middleton, J. Mortality following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(5):329-336.
102. Levi, L., Wolf, A., & Belzberg, H. Hemodynamic parameters in patients with acute cervical cord trauma: Description, intervention, and prediction of outcome. Neurosurgery. 1993;33(6):1007-1016.
103. Johnson, RL., Gerhart, KA., McCray, J., Menconi, JC., & Whiteneck, GG. Secondary conditions following spinal cord injury in a population based sample. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(1):45-50.
104. Hartkopp, PA., Bronnum-Hansen, H., Seidenschnur, AM., Bierling-Sorensen, F. Survival and cause of death after traumatic spinal cord injury: A longterm epidemiological study. Ugeskrift for Laeger. 1998;160(43):6207-6210.
105. Waters, RL., Adkins, RH., Sie, J., & Cressey, J. Post-rehabilitation outcomes after spinal cord injury caused by firearms and motor vehicle crash among ethnically diverse groups. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998;79(10):1237-1243.
106. Krause, JS. Dimensions of subjective wellbeing after spinal cord injury: An empirical analysis by gender and race/ethnicity. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998;79(8):900-909.
107. Shackelford, M., Farley, T., & Vines, CL. A comparison of women and men with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(5):337-339.
108. Huang, TS., Wang, YH, Lee, SH, & Lai, JS. Impaired hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in men with spinal cord injuries. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1998;77(2):108-112.
109. Sipski, ML. Sexual functi9oning in the spinal cord injured. International Journal of Impotence Research. 1998; Supplement 10(2):S128-130.
110. Bracken, MB., Shepard, MJ., Collins, WF., Holford, TR., Young, W., Baskin, DS., et al. A randomized controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 1990;322(20):1405-1411.
111. Bracken, MB. Treatment of acute spinal cord injury with methylprednisolone: results of a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1991;Supplement 8(1):S47-50.
112. Bracken, MB. Pharmacolgical treatment of acute spinal cord injury: Current status and future prospects. Paraplegia. 1992;30(2):102-107.
113. Young, W. & Bracken, MB. The Second National acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;Supplement 9(1):S397-405.
114. Hall, ED. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in CNS trauma. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1991;Supplement 8(1):S31-40.
115. Hall, ED. The neuroprotective pharmacology of methylprednisolone. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1992;76(1):13-22.
116. Prendergast, MR., Saxe, JM., Ledgerwood, AM., Lucas, CE., & Lucas WF. Massive steroids do not reduce the zone of injury after penetrating spinal cord injury. Journal of Trauma. 1994;37(4):576-579.
117. George, ER., Scholten, DJ., Buechler, CM., Jordan-Tibbs, J., Mattice, C., & Albrecht, RM. Failure of methylprednisolone to improve the outcome of spinal cord injuries. American Surgeon. 1995;61(8):659-663.
118. Gerndt, SJ., Rodriguez, JL:, Pawlik, JW., Taheri, PA., Wahl, WL., Michaels, AJ., & Papadopoulos, SM. Consequences of high dose steroid therapy for acute spinal cord injury. Journal of Trauma. 1997;42(2):279-284.
119. Nesathurai, S. Steroids and spinal cord injury: Revisiting the NASCIS 2 and NASCIS 3 Trials. Journal of Trauma. 1998;45(6):1088-1093.
120. Bracken, MB. & Holford, TR. Effects of timing of methylprednisolone or naloxone administration on recovery of segmental and long tract neurological function in NASCIS 2. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1993;79(4):500-507.
121. Shepard, MJ. & Bracken, MB. The effect of methylprednisolone, naloxone, and spinal cord trauma on four liver enzymes: Observations from NASCIS 2. Paraplegia. 1994;32(4):236-245.
122. Ducker, TB. & Zeidman, SM. Spinal cord injury: Role of steroid therapy. Spine 1994;19(20):2281-2287.
123. Wing, PC., Nance, P., Connell, DG., & Gagnon, F. Risk of avascular necrosis following short term megadose methylprednisolone treatment. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(9):633-636.
124. Bracken, MB., Shepard, MJ., Collins, WF., Holford, TR., Baskin, DS., Eisenberg, HM., et al. Methylprednisolone or naloxone treatment after acute spinal cord injury: One year follow-up data. Results of NASCIS 2. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1992;76(1):23-31.
125. Young, W. Secondary injury mechanisms in acute spi nal cord injury. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1993;Supplement 11(1):13-22.
126. Bracken, MB. Pharmacological treatment of acute spinal cord injury: Current status and future projects. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1993;Supplement 11(1):43-48.
127. Bracken, MB., Shepard, MJ., Holford, TR., Leo-Summers, L., Aldrich, EF., Fazl, M. et al. Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilizad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury: Results of the Third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997;277(20):1597-1604.
128. Bracken, MB., Shepard, MJ., Holford, TR., Leo-Summers, L., Aldrich, EF., Fazl, M. et al. Methylprednisolone or tirilizad mesy late administtration after acute spinal cord injury: One year follow up. Results of the third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury randomized controlled trial. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1998;89(5):699-706.
129. Heary, RF., Vaccaro, AR., Mesa, JJ., Northrup, BE., Albert, TJ., Balderston, RA., & Cotler, JM. Steroids and gunshot wounds to the spine. Neurosurgery. 1997;41(3):576-583.
130. Levy, ML., Gans, W., Wijesinghe, HS., SooHoo, WE., Adkins, RH., & Stillerman, CB. Use of methylprednisolone as an adjunct in the management of patients with penetrating spinal cord injury: Outcome analysis. Neurosurgery. 1996;39(6):1141-1149.
131. Geisler, FH. Clinical trials of pharmacotherapy for spinal cord injury. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1998;845:374-381.
132. Geisler, FH. GM-I ganglioside and motor recovery following human spinal cord injury. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1993;Supplement 11(1):49-55.
133. Geisler, FH., Dorsey, FC., & Coleman, WP. Past and current clinical studies with GM-1 ganglioside in acute spinal cord injury. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1993;22(6):1041-1047.
134. Geisler, FH., Dorsey, FC., & Coleman, WP. GM-1 ganglioside in human spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;Supplement 9(2):S517-530.
135. Geisler, FH., Dorsey, FC., & Coleman, WP. GM-1 ganglioside in human spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;Supplement 9(1):S407-416.
136. Potter, PJ., Hayes, KC., Hsieh, JT., Delaney, GA., & segal, JL. Sustained improvements in neurological function in spinal cord injured patients treated with oral 4-aminopyridine: Three cases. Spinal Cord. 1998;36(3):147-155.
137. Pitts, LH., Ross, A., Chase, GA., & Faden, AI. Treatment with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1995;12(3):235-243.
138. Hall, ED., Braughler, JM., & McCall, JM. Antioxidant effects in brain and spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;Supplement 9(1):S165-172.
139. Nockels, R. & Young, W. Pharmacolgocial strategies in the treatment of experimental spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;Supplement9(1):S211-217.
140. Watts, C & eyster, EF. National Head and Spnal Cord Injury Prevention Program of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Journal of Neurotrauma. 1992;Supplement 9(1):S307-312.
141. Wright, M., Rivara, FP., & Ferse, D. Evaluation of the Think First head and spinal cord injury prevention program. Injury Prevention. 1995;1(2):81-85.
142. Tyroch, AH., Davis, JW., Kaups, KL., & Lorenzo, M. Spinal cord injury: A preventable public burden. Archives of Surgery. 1997;132(7):778-781.